Hasil untuk "Dentistry"

R. Paravina, R. Ghinea, L. J. Herrera et al.

R. Jacobs, B. Salmon, M. Codari et al.

In implant dentistry, three-dimensional (3D) imaging can be realised by dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), offering volumetric data on jaw bones and teeth with relatively low radiation doses and costs. The latter may explain why the market has been steadily growing since the first dental CBCT system appeared two decades ago. More than 85 different CBCT devices are currently available and this exponential growth has created a gap between scientific evidence and existing CBCT machines. Indeed, research for one CBCT machine cannot be automatically applied to other systems. Supported by a narrative review, recommendations for justified and optimized CBCT imaging in oral implant dentistry are provided. The huge range in dose and diagnostic image quality requires further optimization and justification prior to clinical use. Yet, indications in implant dentistry may go beyond diagnostics. In fact, the inherent 3D datasets may further allow surgical planning and transfer to surgery via 3D printing or navigation. Nonetheless, effective radiation doses of distinct dental CBCT machines and protocols may largely vary with equivalent doses ranging between 2 to 200 panoramic radiographs, even for similar indications. Likewise, such variation is also noticed for diagnostic image quality, which reveals a massive variability amongst CBCT technologies and exposure protocols. For anatomical model making, the so-called segmentation accuracy may reach up to 200 μm, but considering wide variations in machine performance, larger inaccuracies may apply. This also holds true for linear measures, with accuracies of 200 μm being feasible, while sometimes fivefold inaccuracy levels may be reached. Diagnostic image quality may also be dramatically hampered by patient factors, such as motion and metal artefacts. Apart from radiodiagnostic possibilities, CBCT may offer a huge therapeutic potential, related to surgical guides and further prosthetic rehabilitation. Those additional opportunities may surely clarify part of the success of using CBCT for presurgical implant planning and its transfer to surgery and prosthetic solutions. Hence, dental CBCT could be justified for presurgical diagnosis, preoperative planning and peroperative transfer for oral implant rehabilitation, whilst striving for optimisation of CBCT based machine-dependent, patient-specific and indication-oriented variables.

Hidemichi Kihara, Wataru Hatakeyama, Futoshi Komine et al.

PURPOSE The digitization of the dental field has been vigorously promoted in recent years. An impression using an intraoral scanner is considered to significantly change future dental treatment. The purpose of this review is to evaluate accuracy and practicality of various intraoral scanners and verification method of intraoral scanners. STUDY SELECTION This review was based on articles searched through the MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The main keywords that were employed during the search were "Oral Scanner, Intraoral Scanners, Desktop Scanner, and Digital Impression". RESULT It was reported that illuminance and color temperature affected trueness and precision of intraoral scanners. The repeatability of intraoral scanners indicated the possibility of producing fixed prostheses within the range of being partially edentulous. It is considered difficult to use intraoral scanners in fabricating cross-arch fixed prostheses. However, with intraoral scanners, it may be considered possible to fabricate mouth guards and dentures equivalent to those of desktop scanners. Current intraoral scanner scans are considered more comfortable than traditional impressions that use irreversible hydrocolloid and elastomeric impression materials. CONCLUSION Since the intraoral scanner is an evolving device, further improvement in accuracy is expected in the future. In addition, verification of the accuracy of intraoral scanners must be conducted accordingly.

Elaheh Fakhri, H. Eslami, Parham Maroufi et al.

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer derived from deacetylation of chitin and it has been investigated with interdisciplinary approaches for multitude applications. Chitosan biomaterials possess unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, muco-adhesion and a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Additionally, chitosan is the only cationic polysaccharide in nature and can be chemically modified to derivatives, based on the aim of function and application. The distinctive properties of chitosan and its derivatives have aroused interest in pharmaceutical industries and biomedical fields worldwide. This review discusses the crucial role of chitosan in production of bio-dental materials and accentuates its current profitable utilizations in oral drug delivery system, bone tissue engineering for treatment of periodontitis and dentin-pulp regeneration. Chemical modifications and incorporation of diverse bioactive molecules in order to improve the mechanical and biological characteristics of chitosan have also been discussed.

F. H. Schünemann, M. Galárraga-Vinueza, R. Magini et al.

BACKGROUND Zirconia has emerged as a versatile dental material due to its excellent aesthetic outcomes such as color and opacity, unique mechanical properties that can mimic the appearance of natural teeth and decrease peri-implant inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to critically explore the state of art of zirconia surface treatment to enhance the biological and osseointegration behavior of zirconia in implant dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search in PubMed database was carried out until May 2018 using the following combination of key words and MeSH terms without time periods: "zirconia surface treatment" or "zirconia surface modification" or "zirconia coating" and "osseointegration" or "biological properties" or "bioactivity" or "functionally graded properties". RESULTS Previous studies have reported the influence of zirconia-based implant surface on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast and fibroblasts at the implant to bone interface during the osseointegration process. A large number of physicochemical methods have been used to change the implant surfaces and therefore to improve the early and late bone-to-implant integration, namely: acid etching, gritblasting, laser treatment, UV light, CVD, and PVD. The development of coatings composed of silica, magnesium, graphene, dopamine, and bioactive molecules has been assessed although the development of a functionally graded material for implants has shown encouraging mechanical and biological behavior. CONCLUSION Modified zirconia surfaces clearly demonstrate faster osseointegration than that on untreated surfaces. However, there is no consensus regarding the surface treatment and consequent morphological aspects of the surfaces to enhance osseointegration.

N. Zitzmann, L. Matthisson, H. Ohla et al.

The aim of this systematic review was to investigate current penetration and educational quality enhancements from digitalization in the dental curriculum. Using a modified PICO strategy, the literature was searched using PubMed supplemented with a manual search to identify English-language articles published between 1994 and 2020 that reported the use of digital techniques in dental education. A total of 211 articles were identified by electronic search, of which 55 articles were selected for inclusion and supplemented with 27 additional publications retrieved by manual search, resulting in 82 studies that were included in the review. Publications were categorized into five areas of digital dental education: Web-based knowledge transfer and e-learning, digital surface mapping, dental simulator motor skills (including intraoral optical scanning), digital radiography, and surveys related to the penetration and acceptance of digital education. This review demonstrates that digitalization offers great potential to revolutionize dental education to help prepare future dentists for their daily practice. More interactive and intuitive e-learning possibilities will arise to stimulate an enjoyable and meaningful educational experience with 24/7 facilities. Augmented and virtual reality technology will likely play a dominant role in the future of dental education.

Jaejoon Hwang, Yun-Hoa Jung, Bong-Hae Cho et al.

Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI), represented by deep learning, can be used for real-life problems and is applied across all sectors of society including medical and dental field. The purpose of this study is to review articles about deep learning that were applied to the field of oral and maxillofacial radiology. Materials and Methods A systematic review was performed using Pubmed, Scopus, and IEEE explore databases to identify articles using deep learning in English literature. The variables from 25 articles included network architecture, number of training data, evaluation result, pros and cons, study object and imaging modality. Results Convolutional Neural network (CNN) was used as a main network component. The number of published paper and training datasets tended to increase, dealing with various field of dentistry. Conclusion Dental public datasets need to be constructed and data standardization is necessary for clinical application of deep learning in dental field.

Morad Hebi, Mohammed Ajebli, Zakariae Mankour et al.

A global health concern, insulin resistance (IR) is associated with metabolic diseases like obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Because of their cost, side effects, and partial efficacy, current therapies frequently fall short. This review aims to critically assess trigonelline (TRG)'s therapeutic potential in treating insulin resistance by analyzing evidence, evaluating its effectiveness in increasing insulin sensitivity, and discussing its advantages over conventional treatments, while also addressing critically research gaps and clinical translation opportunities. A systematic search was performed using scientific databases like PubMed and Scopus to assess the pharmacological benefits of TRG in IR and its metabolic complications. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select relevant preclinical and clinical studies, ensuring high methodological quality. Coffee and fenugreek contain the natural alkaloid TRG, which has shown promise as a treatment option. The preclinical and clinical data on TRG's contribution to bettering lipid metabolism, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity (IS) are summarized in this review. TRG works through a variety of mechanisms, such as GLP-1 modulation, PPARγ activation, stimulation of the p38 MAPK/ATF-2 signaling pathway and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings were supported by in silico investigations. Clinical trials are scarce despite encouraging preclinical results, underscoring the need for additional study to confirm TRG's safety and effectiveness in people. The potential of TRG as a fresh, organic remedy is highlighted in this manuscript.

Nora Alhazmi, Rana Almazroa, Muhannad Alshehri et al.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate facial soft-tissue features in adults with skeletal Class I relationships using three-dimensional (3D) imaging and machine learning to identify sex-specific anthropometric patterns and provide reference data for orthodontic assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 Saudi Arabian adults (50 men, mean age 25 ± 2.1 years; 44 women, mean age 23 ± 1.9 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships and body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m² were included in this cross-sectional study. Standardized 3D facial photographs were obtained using a radiation-free system (ProMax 3D ProFace, Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Sex differences were evaluated using conventional statistical tests. An L1-regularized logistic regression model was applied for feature selection and sex classification. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Significant sexual dimorphism was observed in facial regions. Men exhibited greater vertical and transverse dimensions, particularly in the mandible, middle face, and ocular region. Middle facial width was significantly greater in men than in women (135.82 ± 9.43 mm vs. 129.03 ± 7.13 mm; P < 0.001). Women showed higher vermilion height-to-mouth width and upper face height-to-mandibular width ratios. The machine learning model classified sex with high accuracy (91.3% ± 6.2%), precision (96.0% ± 8.0%), recall (85.5% ± 11.9%), F1-score (89.7% ± 7.0%), and AUC (0.91 ± 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that combining 3D facial imaging with machine learning effectively captures sexual dimorphism in a Saudi Arabian adult population. The findings provide clinically relevant reference data for personalized orthodontic assessment and treatment planning and support forensic applications.

Ahmed A. Madfa, Abdullah F. Alshammari, Bassam A. Anazi et al.

IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), is transforming healthcare education and clinical decision-making. While models like ChatGPT and Claude have demonstrated utility in medical contexts, their performance in dental diagnostics remains underexplored; additionally, the potential of emerging platforms, like Manus, is yet to be evaluated.ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic accuracy and consistency of the ChatGPT, Claude, and Manus—using authentic, case-based dental scenarios.MethodsA set of 117 multiple-choice questions based on validated clinical dental vignettes spanning various specialities was administered to each model under standardised conditions at two separate time points. Responses were scored against expert-validated answer keys. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa, and statistical comparisons were made using the chi-square, McNemar, and t-tests.ResultsClaude and Manus consistently outperformed ChatGPT across both testing phases. In the second round, Claude and Manus achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 92.3%, compared to ChatGPT's 76.9%. Claude and Manus also demonstrated higher intra-model consistency (Cohen's kappa = 0.714 and 0.782, respectively) than ChatGPT (kappa = 0.560). Although the numerical trends favoured Claude and Manus, pairwise differences in accuracy did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionClaude and Manus demonstrated numerically higher diagnostic performance and greater response stability compared with ChatGPT; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. This variability across models highlights the need for larger-scale evaluations. These findings underscore the importance of considering both accuracy and consistency when selecting AI tools for integration into dental practice and curricula.

M. Blatz, J. Conejo

This article describes and illustrates the current state of chairside computer-aided design computer-aided manufacturing technologies and materials. It provides a historical background and discusses the different components of the chairside digital workflow: intraoral scanners, design software, milling machines, and sinter furnaces. The material range available for chairside digital dentistry is broad and includes polymethyl methacrylates, composite resins, and a large variety of ceramics. Clinical applications and success rates of the different material groups are summarized and discussed based on the current scientific evidence.

Wenjing Song, S. Ge

Oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Plaque biofilm—a major cause of caries, periodontitis and other dental diseases—is a complex community of bacteria or fungi that causes infection by protecting pathogenic microorganisms from external drug agents and escaping the host defense mechanisms. Antimicrobial nanoparticles are promising because of several advantages such as ultra-small sizes, large surface-area-to-mass ratio and special physical and chemical properties. To better summarize explorations of antimicrobial nanoparticles and provide directions for future studies, we present the following critical review. The keywords “nanoparticle,” “anti-infective or antibacterial or antimicrobial” and “dentistry” were retrieved from Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases in the last five years. A total of 172 articles met the requirements were included and discussed in this review. The results show that superior antibacterial properties of nanoparticle biomaterials bring broad prospects in the oral field. This review presents the development, applications and underneath mechanisms of antibacterial nanoparticles in dentistry including restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, orthodontics, dental prostheses and periodontal field.

M. Tahriri, M. Monico, A. Moghanian et al.

The emerging science of graphene-based engineered nanomaterials as either nanomedicines or dental materials in dentistry is growing. Apart from its exceptional mechanical characteristics, electrical conductivity and thermal stability, graphene and its derivatives can be functionalized with several bioactive molecules, allowing them to be incorporated into and improve different scaffolds used in regenerative dentistry. This review presents state of the art graphene-based engineered nanomaterial applications to cells in the dental field, with a particular focus on the control of stem cells of dental origin. The interactions between graphene-based nanomaterials and cells of the immune system, along with the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials are discussed. In the last section, we offer our perspectives on the various applications of graphene and its derivatives in association with titanium dental implants, membranes for bone regeneration, resins, cements and adhesives, as well as tooth-whitening procedures.

Poyan Barabari, K. Moharamzadeh

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has become a real challenge for healthcare providers around the world and has significantly affected the dental professionals in practices, universities and research institutions. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the relevant aspects of dentistry in relation to COVID-19 and to discuss potential impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on clinical dentistry, dental education and research. Although the coronavirus pandemic has caused many difficulties for provision of clinical dentistry, there would be an opportunity for the dental educators to modernize their teaching approaches using novel digital concepts in teaching of clinical skills and by enhancement of online communication and learning platforms. This pandemic has also highlighted some of the major gaps in dental research and the need for new relevant knowledge to manage the current crisis and minimize the impact of such outbreaks on dentistry in the future. In conclusion, COVID-19 has had many immediate complications for dentistry of which some may have further long-term impacts on clinical practice, dental education and dental research.

I. Bordea, S. Candrea, Gabriela Teodora Alexescu et al.

Abstract Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) is a material with multiple uses due to its biocompatibility and its resemblance to the nonorganic bone structure. It is used in various dental domains such as implantology, surgery, periodontology, esthetics and prevention. The aim of this study is to provide a wide understanding of nano-HA and to promote treatments based on nanomaterials in dentistry. A search in two data bases, Scopus, and PubMED, was conducted over a 5 years period. We chose a 5 years period because this revealed the most recent published studies with the key words ‘nano-HA’ and ‘dentistry’. A number of 32 studies were included in this systematic review. In implantology the main use of nano-HA was as a coating material for titanium implants and its effect was assessed in the matter of osteointegration and inflammatory response as well as antibacterial activity. In tissue engineering the use of nano-HA was directed to surgery and periodontology and this material was assessed mainly as a grafting material. In esthetics and prevention its use was mainly focused on dentinal hypersensitivity treatment, remineralizing potential and as bleaching co-agent. Nano-HA is a relatively novel material with outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical and biological properties that makes it suitable for multiple interventions. It outperformed most of the classic materials used in implantology and surgery but it should be further investigated for bone engineering and caries prevention therapy.

Zahra Nafisi, Adele Pouyafard, Amene Hosseini Yekani et al.

Introduction: Dental injuries are very common and negatively affect an individual's life. The effective management of emergencies in such situations depends on the knowledge of non-experts, such as healthcare providers, who are on-site during the event. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge extent and self-perceived practice of healthcare providers in elementary schools in Abarkuh City regarding the emergency management of traumatic dental injuries. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized an online, anonymous questionnaire designed to gather demographic information, assess the background of previous exposure to dental traumatic injuries, and evaluate caregivers' performance in managing such injuries. The questionnaire was distributed to virtual groups of healthcare providers, who had one week to complete it. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression tests. Results: A total of 189 questionnaires were filled out, resulting in a response rate of 80.77%. The average knowledge score of the respondents was 5.63 ± 1.98 out of a possible 10 points, whereas their respondents’ average performance score was 4.48 ± 1.86 on the scale of 7 points. Linear regression analysis indicated that the caregivers' previous knowledge significantly influenced their knowledge level (p < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic variables, the study revealed that caregivers' work experience positively impacted their knowledge score (p = 0.009). However, the self-reported performance ratings of healthcare providers did not show any significant correlation with demographic variables. Conclusion: The results of this study show that primary school healthcare workers have inadequate knowledge and self-reported performance concerning dental injuries resulting from trauma.

Yun Wu, Yile Zhu, Bin Zheng

The cognitive load plays a key role in surgical education, influencing task performance and skill acquisition. This review explores three primary approaches to assessing cognitive load in the surgical context—paper-based measures, physiological measures, and performance-based measures—and highlights their relevance and applications in surgical education. Paper-based tools, such as the NASA Task Load Index and its surgical adaptation, the Surgery Task Load Index, offer simplicity but lack real-time insight. Physiological measures, including heart rate, eye tracking, and electrodermal activity, provide objective and timely data. Neuroimaging techniques, such as electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, provide direct evidence of brain activity but face challenges such as cost and complexity. Performance-based metrics, such as secondary tasks, infer cognitive load from working memory capacity. Accurate assessment of cognitive load can improve training outcomes by adapting demands to cognitive capacity. Future directions include the development of more accurate, multimodal, and user-friendly tools for dynamic, timely assessment, ultimately advancing personalized surgical training and improving patient care.

J. Grischke, Lars Johannsmeier, Lukas Eich et al.

OBJECTIVES This paper provides an overview of existing applications and concepts of robotic systems and artificial intelligence in dentistry. This review aims to provide the community with novel inputs and argues for an increased utilization of these recent technological developments, referred to as Dentronics, in order to advance dentistry. METHODS First, background on developments in robotics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are reviewed that may enable novel assistive applications in dentistry (Sec A). Second, a systematic technology review that evaluates existing state-of-the-art applications in AI, ML and robotics in the context of dentistry is presented (Sec B). RESULTS A systematic literature research in pubmed yielded in a total of 558 results. 41 studies related to ML, 53 studies related to AI and 49 original research papers on robotics application in dentistry were included. ML and AI have been applied in dental research to analyze large amounts of data to eventually support dental decision making, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning with the help of data-driven analysis algorithms based on machine learning. So far, only few robotic applications have made it to reality, mostly restricted to pilot use cases. SIGNIFICANCE The authors believe that dentistry can greatly benefit from the current rise of digital human-centered automation and be transformed towards a new robotic, ML and AI-enabled era. In the future, Dentronics will enhance reliability, reproducibility, accuracy and efficiency in dentistry through the democratized use of modern dental technologies, such as medical robot systems and specialized artificial intelligence. Dentronics will increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis, improve risk-assessment-strategies, diagnosis, disease prediction and finally lead to better treatment outcomes.

Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura, C. Castro-Ruiz

The proximity to the patient during dental care, high generation of aerosols, and the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva have suggested the oral cavity as a potential reservoir for COVID-19 transmission. Mouthwashes are widely-used solutions due to their ability to reduce the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Although there is still no clinical evidence that they can prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, preoperative antimicrobial mouth rinses with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been recommended to reduce the number of microorganisms in aerosols and drops during oral procedures. This paper therefore aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current recommendations on the use of mouthwashes against the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of most conventional antiseptic mouthwashes used in dentistry.

M. M. Pérez, L. J. Herrera, Francisco Carrillo et al.

OBJECTIVE To determine the visual whiteness thresholds for esthetic dentistry using the whiteness index for dentistry based on CIELAB color space (WID). METHODS A total of 60 observers (Dentists and Laypersons; n=30) from three research sites participated in the study. A psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of simulated images of teeth on a calibrated display was performed. Images of simulated upper central incisors (SUCI) were consecutively displayed in pairs (60) and the whiteness of each SUCI pair was compared. WID was used to calculate the visual thresholds (WPT- perceptibility threshold; and WAT- acceptability threshold) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure. Data was statistical analyzed using paired t-test (α=0.05). RESULTS WPT and WAT were 0.72 (CI: 0.0-2.69; r2=0.52) and 2.62 (CI: 0.2-7+; r2=0.57) WID units, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between WPT and WAT, and between dentist (WPT=0.46WID units; WAT=2.20 WID units) and layperson (WPT=0.94 WID units; WAT=2.95 WID units). SIGNIFICANCE The visual whiteness difference thresholds determined with WID index can serve as reference values for research and manufacturing of dental materials, and for clinical practice situations such as assessing the effectiveness of bleaching treatments.