Hasil untuk "Cooperation. Cooperative societies"

T. Clutton‐Brock

Zaifa Xue, Tao Zhang, Tuo Xu et al.

GraphSAGE is a widely used graph neural network. The introduction of causal inference has improved its robust performance and named as Causal GraphSAGE. However, Causal GraphSAGE focuses on measuring causal weighting among individual nodes, but neglecting the cooperative relationships among sampling nodes as a whole. To address this issue, this paper proposes Cooperative Causal GraphSAGE (CoCa-GraphSAGE), which combines cooperative game theory with Causal GraphSAGE. Initially, a cooperative causal structure model is constructed in the case of cooperation based on the graph structure. Subsequently, Cooperative Causal sampling (CoCa-sampling) algorithm is proposed, employing the Shapley values to calculate the cooperative contribution based on causal weights of the nodes sets. CoCa-sampling guides the selection of nodes with significant cooperative causal effects during the neighborhood sampling process, thus integrating the selected neighborhood features under cooperative relationships, which takes the sampled nodes as a whole and generates more stable target node embeddings. Experiments on publicly available datasets show that the proposed method has comparable classification performance to the compared methods and outperforms under perturbations, demonstrating the robustness improvement by CoCa-sampling.

Lei Shi, Zhixue He, Chen Shen et al.

Addressing collective issues in social development requires a high level of social cohesion, characterized by cooperation and close social connections. However, social cohesion is challenged by selfish, greedy individuals. With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), the dynamics of human-machine hybrid interactions introduce new complexities in fostering social cohesion. This study explores the impact of simple bots on social cohesion from the perspective of human-machine hybrid populations within network. By investigating collective self-organizing movement during migration, results indicate that cooperative bots can promote cooperation, facilitate individual aggregation, and thereby enhance social cohesion. The random exploration movement of bots can break the frozen state of greedy population, help to separate defectors in cooperative clusters, and promote the establishment of cooperative clusters. However, the presence of defective bots can weaken social cohesion, underscoring the importance of carefully designing bot behavior. Our research reveals the potential of bots in guiding social self-organization and provides insights for enhancing social cohesion in the era of human-machine interaction within social networks.

Ulrich Faigle

Systems of cooperation and interaction are usually studied in the context of real or complex vector spaces. Additional insight, however, is gained when such systems are represented in vector spaces with multiplicative structures, i.e., in algebras. Algebras, on the other hand, are conveniently viewed as polynomial algebras. In particular, basic interpretations of natural numbers yield natural polynomial algebras and offer a new unifying view on cooperation and interaction. For example, the concept of Galois transforms and zero-dividends of cooperative games is introduced as a nonlinear analogue of the classical Harsanyi dividends. Moreover, the polynomial model unifies various versions of Fourier transforms. Tensor products of polynomial spaces establish a unifying model with quantum theory and allow to study classical cooperative games as interaction activities in a quantum-theoretic context.

Homa Vaezi, Ata Ghafari gilandeh, Alireza Mohammadi

In the new era, various disasters have cast a shadow on the lives of societies. In fact, today no society can be immune from disaster and its short and long-term consequences. Community-based disaster risk management is used as a new method in disaster management for the participation of all sections of society and is one of the new approaches in the field of risks. From this perspective, reducing the risk of disaster is a goal, and its main strategy is to improve the capacities and resources of vulnerable groups in society and reduce their vulnerability in dealing with future disasters. Sub-approaches of community-based disaster management; include the structural approach and institutional approach. The structural approach emphasizes socio-economic structures and its planning model is supportive. The institutional approach is based on the concept of resilience and its planning model is cooperative. In this research, in order to find, identify and extract the main components of community-based disaster management, the method of qualitative content analysis was used with a descriptive approach and using the meta-synthesis method through library studies, and the purpose of that is to categorize the components and factors of community-based disaster management sub-approaches under the title of structural approach and institutional approach. For this purpose, the components and factors of sub-approaches have been identified and then classified by MAXQDA software. The statistical population of the research consists of scientific research articles published in databases, domestic and foreign publications related to the research subject, from 2000 to 2020. Based on the results, a total of 569 codes were identified in the MAXQDA software environment, of which 324 codes are related to the components of the structural approach and 245 codes are related to the components of the institutional approach of community-based disaster management. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Despite the efforts made in many countries to reduce risk; The damages, costs, and negative effects of many disasters are increasing. Therefore, only through proper planning and the use of new management methods and dimensions, it is possible to reduce various consequences and damages caused by them. Some studies show that in human societies, risk reduction mechanisms are usually not carried out voluntarily by the people, and the reason for this is that most people think that the only preventive measures of the government make them safe. This attitude is the result of mastering the modern approach to the disaster management system. But what is certain is that today, due to the ineffectiveness of the modern approach in the field of disaster management, which is the result of the dominance of the top-down perspective; The community-based approach is the principle and an accepted approach in this field. Community-based disaster risk management is a collaborative approach that aims to reduce vulnerability and strengthen people's capacity to deal with disasters by increasing resilience at local levels, as well as minimizing human suffering, and accelerating the recovery period. Therefore, identifying the theoretical and practical components and using the theoretical frameworks of this approach is effective in reducing the effects of possible natural hazards in urban areas and promoting urban sustainability. Sub-approaches of community-based disaster management; include the structural approach and institutional approach. The structural approach emphasizes socio-economic structures and its planning model is supportive. Structure-based thinking in the field of crisis management emphasizes that individuals and societies evaluate the constraints that have been created for themselves or imposed and implemented on them in the form of social, economic, political, therapeutic, environmental, organizational institutions and evaluate their impact in reducing risks and reducing vulnerability. The institutional approach is based on the concept of resilience and its planning model is cooperative. The idea of a collaborative planning process is an unlimited exchange of ideas based on democracy. According to this model, institutional processes should facilitate cooperation, mutual learning, and reaching a consensus, and stakeholders with different interests should cooperate with each other to prepare the plan, without the supervision of the institutions that traditionally controlled the planning processes. 2-Materials and Methods In this research, in order to find, identify and extract the main components of community-based disaster management, the method of qualitative content analysis was used with a descriptive approach and using the meta-synthesis method through library studies, and the purpose of that is to categorize the components and factors of community-based disaster management sub-approaches. For this purpose, the components and factors of social crisis management sub-approaches have been identified and then classified by MAXQDA software. The statistical population of the research consists of scientific research articles published in databases, domestic and foreign publications related to the research subject, from 2000 to 2020. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to measure reliability. This coefficient was calculated as 0.751 for the components of the structural approach of community-based disaster management and 0.765 for the components of the institutional approach of community-based disaster management, which indicates a high agreement between the reviewers. In the current research, a total of 120 articles have been selected as a sample, 62 articles were studied for structural approach codes and 58 articles were studied for institutional approach codes, and all articles and components were approved by experts. 3- Results and Discussion Based on the results, a total of 569 codes were identified in the MAXQDA software environment, of which 324 codes are related to the components of the structural approach and 245 codes are related to the components of the institutional approach of community-based disaster management. Among the codes identified in the structural approach; The method of internal and external communication (19 references), the description of the duties of related organizations (20 references), and the allocation of logistics reinforcement credits (14 references) were among the most important codes identified. In the institutional approach, the quality of disaster management training (16 references), the use of people's participation in disaster prevention plans (17 references), the willingness of people to solve each other's problems (12 references) are among the most important codes. 4- Conclusion According to the literature review, we find that in the articles that have been studied; Determining the indicators and dimensions of community-oriented crisis management has not been done coherently and each article has only studied a part of the issue of community-based disaster management, or they have focused only on one of the phases of disaster management (before, during and after the disaster). Therefore, the current research has tried to identify and present all the factors and indicators that are effective in community-based disaster management in two structural and institutional sub-approaches that can be used and applied in all phases of disaster management.

Nayana Dasgupta, Mirco Musolesi

Solving the problem of cooperation is fundamentally important for the creation and maintenance of functional societies. Problems of cooperation are omnipresent within human society, with examples ranging from navigating busy road junctions to negotiating treaties. As the use of AI becomes more pervasive throughout society, the need for socially intelligent agents capable of navigating these complex cooperative dilemmas is becoming increasingly evident. Direct punishment is a ubiquitous social mechanism that has been shown to foster the emergence of cooperation in both humans and non-humans. In the natural world, direct punishment is often strongly coupled with partner selection and reputation and used in conjunction with third-party punishment. The interactions between these mechanisms could potentially enhance the emergence of cooperation within populations. However, no previous work has evaluated the learning dynamics and outcomes emerging from Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) populations that combine these mechanisms. This paper addresses this gap. It presents a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the behaviors and learning dynamics associated with direct punishment, third-party punishment, partner selection, and reputation. Finally, we discuss the implications of using these mechanisms on the design of cooperative AI systems.

mohammad alimohammad, ُSeyed Jamal Farajallah Hosseini, Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi et al.

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effective factor in the formation of network agricultural production cooperative in the Alborz Province. The statistical population of the study includes cooperatives which are administrated by the "Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare" and the "Rural Cooperative Organization" of the Alborz Province (N = 540). ). From this target population, 176 cooperatives were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Eventually, 175 questionnaires were collected and analyzed from the sample population. A questionnaire was developed to examine the technical, economical, educational, legal, social, and policy making factors affecting the formation of network among agricultural production cooperatives. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in the field of Agricultural Extension and Education. To calculate the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which is applied for multi-scale questions, was used. The mean of Cronbach's alpha coefficients in this study was 0.803 which shows that the internal consistency of the questionnaire items is appropriate. The results showed that policy making, economic, legal, and educational factors had the most impact, while technical and social factors had no impact development of networks among agricultural production cooperatives.

Almira Nazari, Younos Vakil Alroaia, Farshad Faezi Razi

Context and purpose. With the advent of the new millennium and due to rapid changes in the technology industry around the world, the competitiveness and ultimate survival of an organization depends on its ability to develop and produce new and innovative products and services. Relying on innovation, the countries of the world seek to increase productivity and improve the economic situation, and one of the main reasons for this attention is the increasing competition between societies. Therefore, in this study seeks to provide an entrepreneurial leadership model based on the open innovation approach in knowledge-based cooperatives.Methodology/approach. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and using Grounded Theory. The participants of this research included 15 academic experts and experts and managers of knowledge-based cooperatives who were selected by the snowball sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the required data.Findings and conclusions. The entrepreneurial leadership model based on the open innovation approach is based on the core category of creativity, and in the dimension of entrepreneurial leadership, it is based on the categories of acquiring new technology, determining the position of commercialization and professional competencies of knowledge-based cooperatives. Cooperatives should improve their commercialization position by focusing on customer-oriented innovation.Originality. Focusing on the development of the entrepreneurial leadership model based on open innovation in knowledge-based cooperatives, the current study provides a set of theoretical and practical implications for managers and entrepreneurs to develop the sharing of ideas and knowledge.

Bahareh Isazadeh Malekmian, Rasoul Abbasi, mohammad reza fallah

Context and purpose. This study aimed to present the framework of rural cooperative development antecedents. Methodology/approach. The approach of the present research is mixed, based on the applied purpose and exploratory in terms of data collection. The statistical population in both of qualitative and quantitative stages include experts in the field of agriculture and rural cooperatives, including managers and experts of rural cooperatives as well as managers and active members of rural cooperatives. The sampling method is purposive in qualitative stage and convenient in the quantitative stage. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interview tools were used and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation (26 people) was reached and theme analysis technique has also been used to analyze the data. In the quantitative stage, a questionnaire was used to collect data so that 40 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample and the weighted average technique was used to prioritize the topics. Findings and conclusions. Findings show that the development background of rural cooperatives can be classified into four general dimensions: individual-cognitive development, inclusive institutional development, multiple capacity building and endogenous synergy. As a result and based on the research findings, the most important preconditions for the development of rural cooperatives include thirteen components: psychological development, collaborative space development, performance management, empowerment, institutional-government development, awareness and education, financial support, infrastructure-technical capability, systems upgrading, marketing and sales, supply chain management, local development And knowledge of the interior and surroundings.Originality. Previous studies mainly in the field of pathology of rural cooperatives.

N. Lettinga, H. Mell, Y. Algan et al.

Abstract Abstract Cooperation is a universal phenomenon, it is present in all human cultures from hunter–gatherers to industrialised societies, and it constitutes a fundamental aspect of social relationships. There is, however, variability in the amount of resources people invest in cooperative activities. Recent findings indicate that this variability may be partly explained as a contextually appropriate response to environmental conditions. Specifically, adverse environments seem to be associated with less cooperation and recent findings suggest that this effect is partly mediated by differences in individuals’ life-history strategy. In this paper, we set out to replicate and extend these findings by measuring actual cooperative behaviour in three economic games – a Dictator game, a Trust game and a Public Goods game – on a nationally representative sample of 612 people. Although we found that the cooperation and life-history strategy latent variables were adequately captured by the models, the hypothesised relationship between childhood environmental adversity and adult cooperation and the mediation effect by life-history strategy were not found.

Kimmo Eriksson, Brent Simpson, I. Vartanova

Cooperation in collective action problems and resource dilemmas is often assumed to depend on the values of the individuals involved, such as their degree of unselfishness and tolerance. Societal differences in cooperation and cooperative norms may therefore result from cultural variation in emphasis on these personal values. Here we draw on several cross-national datasets to examine whether society-level emphasis on unselfishness and tolerance and respect for other people predict how societies vary in cooperation [in a continuous prisoner’s dilemma (PD)] and in norms governing cooperation [in a common pool resource dilemma (CPR)]. The results suggest that high levels of cooperation and cooperative norms are promoted specifically by a cultural emphasis on tolerance.

Junjie Wei, D. Han

Cooperation is ubiquitous in human as well as animals societies, however, the study of the driving forces behind cooperation is still an open question. Thus, exploring the hidden order related to cooperation has become a hot issue recently. Fortunately, evolutionary game theory and network science provide some new research perspectives for the cooperative behavior. In this letter, we focus on the present study of cooperation mechanism, and further put forward some feasible research prospects from the perspective of evolutionary game by arranging and researching the thread of history. Specifically, we first summarize the cooperation research status from the aspects of network topology and individuals' strategy updating rules etc., and we then discuss the hidden order behind the emergence and maintenance of cooperation, the development trends are presented in the last.

D. Madeo, C. Mocenni

Cooperation is widely recognized to be fundamental for the well-balanced development of human societies. Several different approaches have been proposed to explain the emergence of cooperation in populations of individuals playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, characterized by two concurrent natural mechanisms: the temptation to defect and the fear to be betrayed by others. Few results are available for analyzing situations where only the temptation to defect (Chicken game) or the fear to be betrayed (Stag-Hunt game) is present. In this paper, we analyze the emergence of full and partial cooperation for these classes of games. We find the conditions for which these Nash equilibria are asymptotically stable, and we show that the partial one is also globally stable. Furthermore, in the Chicken and Stag-Hunt games, partial cooperation has been found to be more rewarding than the full one of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. This result highlights the importance of such games for understanding and sustaining different levels of cooperation in social networks.

Daniele Vilone, John Realpe-Gómez, G. Andrighetto

Cooperation is crucial to overcome some of the most pressing social challenges of our times, such as the spreading of infectious diseases, corruption and environmental conservation. Yet, how cooperation emerges and persists is still a puzzle for social scientists. Since human cooperation is individually costly, cooperative attitudes should have been eliminated by natural selection in favour of selfishness. Yet, cooperation is common in human societies, so there must be some features which make it evolutionarily advantageous. Using a cognitive inspired model of human cooperation, recent work Realpe-Gómez (2018) has reported signatures of criticality in human cooperative groups. Theoretical evidence suggests that being poised at a critical point provides evolutionary advantages to groups by enhancing responsiveness of these systems to external attacks. After showing that signatures of criticality can be detected in human cooperative groups composed by Moody Conditional Cooperators, in this work we show that being poised close to a turning point enhances the fitness and make individuals more resistant to invasions by free riders.

Eric Schnell, Robin Schimmelpfennig, Michael Muthukrishna

Human societies have expanded from small bands to large nation-states over the past 12,000 years. Yet, how groups scale up cooperation and why cooperation varies widely between societies, remains a central puzzle. We present a theoretical model that addresses these puzzles by extending the classic Stag Hunt game to (a) multiple players, (b) multiple rewards (“stags”) of different sizes, and (c) endogenous population growth. This framework reveals a “cooperation ladder” where each rung corresponds to a reward that requires a threshold number of cooperators. As cooperation increases, larger rewards become attainable. Securing a larger reward raises carrying capacity (e.g. by providing more food or energy), enabling subsequent population growth and unlocking the possibility of further cooperative gains. However, between these thresholds, cooperation can stagnate or reverse, effectively incentivizing free-riders at intermediate levels. We show that history matters. Early cooperation and population growth can set groups on divergent, path-dependent trajectories. Our model predicts multiple stable equilibria, with surges in cooperation when a new threshold is within reach, and stalls when higher rewards seem unattainable. This framework helps explain key patterns including why cooperation can sometimes accelerate rapidly, why some societies get stuck at smaller scales, and how seemingly selfish behavior can persist in cooperative groups. Expanding the scale of cooperation may depend on how incentives correspond to both environmental conditions, existing levels of cooperation, and population dynamics, offering a new lens on historical transitions in social complexity and insights for modern coordination challenges such as climate change. Significance Statement Small groups can sometimes grow into large-scale cooperative societies, while other societies stagnate at smaller scales. Our theoretical model reveals that population growth and cooperative thresholds for accessing resources or energy create a “cooperation ladder.” As a group’s population increases, new larger-scale payoffs become attainable, which in turn fuels further growth. However, between these critical thresholds, cooperation tends to stall and some free-riding is tolerated. This mechanism offers a new explanation for historical bursts in population and cooperation (such as the agricultural and Industrial revolutions), why some societies remain small, and how selfish behavior can persist in cooperative groups. It also provides insights into global coordination challenges like climate change by highlighting the material conditions needed to sustain and expand large-scale cooperation.

M. Dyble, T. Clutton‐Brock

Comparative studies of mammals confirm Hamilton’s prediction that differences in cooperative and competitive behavior across species will be related to contrasts in kinship between group members. Although theoretical models have explored the factors affecting kinship within social groups, few have analyzed the causes of contrasts in kinship among related species. Here, we describe interspecific differences in average kinship between group members among social mammals and show that a simple mathematical model that includes the number of breeding females, male reproductive skew, and litter size successfully predicts ~95% of observed variation in average kinship between group members across a sample of mammals. Our model shows that a wide range of conditions can generate groups with low average relatedness but only a small and rather specific set of conditions are likely to generate high average levels of relatedness between their members, providing insight into the relative rarity of advanced forms of cooperation in mammalian societies.

Valentine Fédérico, D. Allainé, J. Gaillard et al.

In animal societies, individuals can cooperate in a variety of tasks, including rearing young. Such cooperation is observed in complex social systems, including communal and cooperative breeding. In mammals, both these social systems are characterized by delayed dispersal and alloparenting, whereas only cooperative breeding involves reproductive suppression. While the evolution of communal breeding has been linked to direct fitness benefits of alloparenting, the direct fitness cost of reproductive suppression has led to the hypothesis that the evolution of cooperative breeding is driven by indirect fitness benefits accrued through raising the offspring of related individuals. To decipher between the evolutionary scenarios leading to communal and cooperative breeding in carnivores, we investigated the coevolution among delayed dispersal, reproductive suppression, and alloparenting. We reconstructed ancestral states and transition rates between these traits. We found that cooperative breeding and communal breeding evolved along separate pathways, with delayed dispersal as the first step for both. The three traits coevolved, enhancing and stabilizing one another, which resulted in cooperative social systems as opposed to intermediate configurations being stable. These findings promote the key role of coevolution among traits to stabilize cooperative social systems and highlight the specificities of evolutionary patterns of sociality in carnivores.

Mengmeng Liu, Yinghong Ma, Le Song et al.

Abstract Cooperation network is one of the structural social relationships naturally formed in the evolution of human societies. Previous research has focused on well-mixed structures, and yet most individuals in real interactions have sentiments and unequal status in duration and changing in time. This raises the question of whether cooperation can persist despite different sentiments and unequal status of individuals. In this paper, sentiments are included the positive and the negative, and unequal statues are the small node and the big node based the node degree. We develop a game model to study cooperative behaviors based unequal statuses and sentiments, and experimentally examine the model by digital and real networks. Surprisingly, we find that small nodes are more prone to choose positive cooperation relative to comparable big nodes on the promise of enough profits of the tacit knowledge and the excess return. Our results reveal that the unequal status is the hidden mechanism for cooperative behaviors, and provide a new prospective to investigate the evolution of cooperation in more realistic environments.

Afshin Bazi, ْSamereh Shojaee, Alireza Isfandyari Moghaddam et al.

The use of e-commerce technology is important in the dynamics of the economy, especially in planning and implementing export processes, as one of the goals of achieving a resilient economy. Accordingly, identifying and analyzing the strategic indicators of the e-commerce model in the export of agricultural products and rural entrepreneurship development has been the main goal of the present study. After conducting library studies and reviewing credible documents and sources, a list of 32 strategic indicators affecting the future of e-commerce in the field of agricultural exports and rural entrepreneurship development was obtained, followed by a questionnaire using The structural analysis method (interaction effect matrix) was designed and evaluated by forming a panel of 14 experts and their consensus on the effectiveness and effectiveness of each factor using MicMac software. The findings showed that 12 indicators of strengthening information security technologies; Development of telecommunication and infrastructure technologies; Adaptability to technological change; General e-commerce skills training; Development of banking and e-economy; Development of students' economics; Facilitate tax and customs laws; Transparency of e-commerce law; Risk management and strategic orientation; Flexibility of the export process; Improving trade and commerce; And the development of conversion and complementary industries has the greatest impact on the future of agricultural exports, with an emphasis on e-commerce.

Dr. Morteza Moradi, Rabeah Zandipak, Samira Ghazvineh

Utilizing transformational leadership style in co-operatives and in the private sector can help maintain and develop a control system that values ​​creativity and innovation through the measurement of appropriate performance and reward systems. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of transformational leadership style and management control system on managerial performance. The purpose of this study is applied, in terms of nature and method, descriptive-correlational. To test the hypotheses, a questionnaire consisting of 29 questions based on the 7-point Likert scale was used. The statistical population of the study consists of 100 managers and supervisors of cooperative and private companies active in Malayer city in Hamadan province in three sectors: services, agriculture and industry and mining. The sample size was 79 people, which was selected based on Cochran formula by relative stratified method and by using SPSS software, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity using Lisrel software. Data were analyzed using path analysis model and Sobel test was used to analyze the mediator variable. The results showed that transformational leadership and three ways of designing management control systems can have a positive and significant effect on management performance directly and indirectly. To investigate the role of mediator variable, the Sabell test method was used, which showed that the comprehensive performance measurement system, reward system and BSA system play the mediator role in relation to other variables.