Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Ke-ke Shang, Jiangli Zhu, Junfan Yi et al.

Complex networks are commonly used to explore human behavior. However, previous studies largely overlooked the geographical and economic factors embedded in collective attention. To address this, we construct attention networks from time-series data for the United States and China, each a key economic power in the West and the East, respectively. We reveal a strong macroscale correlation between urban attention and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). At the mesoscale, community detection of attention networks shows that high-GDP cities consistently act as core nodes within their communities and occupy strategic geographic positions. At the microscale, structural hole theory identifies these cities as key connectors between communities, with influence proportional to economic output. Overlapping community detection further reveals tightly connected urban clusters, prompting us to introduce geographic and topic-based metrics, which show that closely linked cities are spatially proximate and topically coherent. Of course, not all patterns were consistent across regions. A notable distinction emerged in the relationship between population size and urban attention, which was evident in the United States but absent in China. Building on these insights, we integrate key variables reflecting GDP, geography, and scenic resources into regression model to cross-verify the influence of economic and geographic factors on collective user attention, and unexpectedly discover that a composite index of population, access, and scenery fails to account for cross-city variations in attention. Our study bridges the gap between economic prosperity and geographic centrality in shaping urban attention landscapes.

Qing Ke, Tianxing Pan, Jin Mao

The production of knowledge has become increasingly a global endeavor. Yet, location related factors, such as local working environment and national policy designs, may continue to affect what kind of science is being pursued. Here we examine the geography of the production of creative science by country, through the lens of novelty and atypicality proposed in Uzzi et al. (2013). We quantify a country's representativeness in novel and atypical science, finding persistent differences in propensity to generate creative works, even among developed countries that are large producers in science. We further cluster countries based on how their tendency to publish novel science changes over time, identifying one group of emerging countries. Our analyses point out the recent emergence of China not only as a large producer in science but also as a leader that disproportionately produces more novel and atypical research. Discipline specific analysis indicates that China's over-production of atypical science is limited to a few disciplines, especially its most prolific ones like materials science and chemistry.

Anais Estefania Gonzalez-Peña, Yesenia Sánchez Tovar, Esthela Galván-Vela et al.

Abstract This study investigates how the Big Five personality traits shape the perception of happiness among Mexican entrepreneurs, addressing a gap in research on the psychological determinants of entrepreneurial well-being. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 319 entrepreneurs, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that openness to experience, conscientiousness, and low neuroticism significantly increase perceived happiness, while agreeableness has no effect, challenging prior assumptions. These findings contribute to the literature by identifying personality-based predictors of entrepreneurial happiness and highlight the importance of psychological resources in entrepreneurship. In practice, the study offers insights for designing support programs and public policies that foster emotionally sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems.

GEORGESCU LUCIAN PUIU, BARBUTA – MISU NICOLETA, FORTEA COSTINELA et al.

This paper investigates the relationship between the circular economy, sustainable development and social cohesion in the European Union by analysing the impact of circularity and social inclusion indicators on employment rates in the 27 Member States over the period 2013-2023. Building on the recognition of the circular economy as a key strategy in the European Ecological Pact and the Circular Economy Action Plan, the research proposes an integrated approach that combines the environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. The novelty of the study lies in the application of a multiple linear regression model including variables relevant to both the circular economy (recycling rate, circular use of materials, resource productivity, waste generation) and social cohesion (NEET rate, Gini coefficient), with employment rate as the dependent variable. The results obtained indicate a significant relationship between the indicators analysed and employment, confirming that a more circular economy is associated with a higher employment rate, while social exclusion, especially among young people, has a significant negative impact. The findings support the need for the formulation of integrated European public policies that harness the potential of the circular economy not only in an ecological sense, but also as a tool for social inclusion and regional equity. The research contributes to expanding the literature by highlighting a systemic perspective on circularity and provides a relevant empirical basis for supporting the transition towards a sustainable and inclusive economy in the European Union.

Richard de Grijs

During the first few centuries CE, the centre of the known world gradually shifted from Alexandria to Constantinople. Combined with a societal shift from pagan beliefs to Christian doctrines, Antiquity gave way to the Byzantine era. While Western Europe entered an extended period of intellectual decline, Constantinople developed into a rich cultural crossroads between East and West. Yet, Byzantine scholarship in astronomy and geography continued to rely heavily on their ancient Greek heritage, and particularly on Ptolemy's Geography. Unfortunately, Ptolemy's choices for his geographic coordinate system resulted in inherent and significant distortions of and inaccuracies in maps centred on the Byzantine Empire. This comprehensive review of Byzantine geographic achievements -- supported by a review of astronomical developments pertaining to position determination on Earth -- aims to demonstrate why and how, when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire commenced, Byzantine astronomers had become the central axis in an extensive network of Christians, Muslims and Jews. Their influence remained significant well into the Ottoman era, particularly in the context of geographical applications.

Saikat Nandy, Scott H. Holan, Michael Schweinberger

Many models for spatial and spatio-temporal data assume that "near things are more related than distant things," which is known as the first law of geography. While geography may be important, it may not be all-important, for at least two reasons. First, technology helps bridge distance, so that regions separated by large distances may be more similar than would be expected based on geographical distance. Second, geographical, political, and social divisions can make neighboring regions dissimilar. We develop a flexible Bayesian approach for learning from spatial data which units are close in an unobserved socio-demographic space and hence which units are similar. As a by-product, the Bayesian approach helps quantify the relative importance of socio-demographic space relative to geographical space. To demonstrate the proposed approach, we present simulations along with an application to county-level data on median household income in the U.S. state of Florida.

Tarun Kalluri, Wangdong Xu, Manmohan Chandraker

In recent years, several efforts have been aimed at improving the robustness of vision models to domains and environments unseen during training. An important practical problem pertains to models deployed in a new geography that is under-represented in the training dataset, posing a direct challenge to fair and inclusive computer vision. In this paper, we study the problem of geographic robustness and make three main contributions. First, we introduce a large-scale dataset GeoNet for geographic adaptation containing benchmarks across diverse tasks like scene recognition (GeoPlaces), image classification (GeoImNet) and universal adaptation (GeoUniDA). Second, we investigate the nature of distribution shifts typical to the problem of geographic adaptation and hypothesize that the major source of domain shifts arise from significant variations in scene context (context shift), object design (design shift) and label distribution (prior shift) across geographies. Third, we conduct an extensive evaluation of several state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms and architectures on GeoNet, showing that they do not suffice for geographical adaptation, and that large-scale pre-training using large vision models also does not lead to geographic robustness. Our dataset is publicly available at https://tarun005.github.io/GeoNet.

Messaoud BABAADDOUN, Mourad AIT-MOHAMMED

This study aims to suggest practice of modern cost technique as an alternative for traditional cost technique. The manufacturing was calculated the cost using traditional system, which the cost of product, is 542.00 da is more than the cost of ABC system which is 468.892 da. The different is 73.108 da; this amount will effect negative on organization performance, profitability, and enhance competitive position. The result of calculating the costs it was less accurate to traditional cost accounting system, also traditional costing combines all indirect costs into a single cost pool. The researcher was practiced the ABC in the real manufacturing, It was more accurate, as it resulted in efficiency, accuracy and objectivity of achieved Activity-based Costing purposes which is decreasing costs.

GLIGOROVSKI VIOLETA

The basic premise, which led to the realization of this paper, was actually to make an in-depth analysis of the virtual space and its direct impact on increasing the economic power of companies in the modern globalization conditions of business communication. Revolutionary progress promotes connectivity on a planetary scale, which in turn creates prerequisites for using the benefits of technical-technological inventions and building a new economic infrastructure. The subject of this paper is the virtual space, its economic power and its correlation with the classical economic environment. Virtual space is being promoted day by day as virtual reality, and its expansion is increasing enormously, so the ability of companies to take advantage of this space becomes an intensifying challenge because integrating into it changes the picture of the new economy, that is, it is becoming an electronic economy. The analytical method is used throughout the research because the formulation of the conclusions derives from the analysis of the problem - the virtual space and its economic power.

Merouane BOUZID

For more than two decades, artificial intelligence has been making major transformations in various sectors: from education, healthcare, to public transportation, business, entertainment, war, and more. Therefore, this sector has turned into a major competition arena among the countries of the world. Arab countries live in different internal conditions, which are clearly reflected in their plans to adopt artificial intelligence in their discourse, strategies, and institutions. Arab countries, especially in the Gulf, hastened to adopt the latest technologies, institutions, standards and plans to localize and use artificial intelligence, which reflected positively on their ranking in global indicators. On the other hand, other Arab countries are still groping their way, with attempts to teach artificial intelligence subjects in some curricula with the aim of laying the foundations for this industry.

Diah Hari Suryaningrum, Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, Abdelrhman Meero et al.

Abstract Companies in difficult financial situations may seek to survive through mergers and acquisitions. Managers must be able to use company resources efficiently to maintain and improve competitiveness and sustainable advantages. Managers' ability to make strategic decisions may determine whether a merger and acquisition is successful. This study aims to reveal the role of the acquirer's managerial ability in mergers and acquisitions based on short- and long-term performance as well as the type of M&A. Two metrics are used to assess short- and long-term performance: the market-to-book ratio (MTBR) as an indicator of operating performance and the buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR) as an indicator of stock return performance. The research sample consists of 153 M&A cases conducted by companies registered with the Business Competition Supervisory Commission in Indonesia between 2010 and 2017, and the performance till 2020. We used regression and difference analysis to analyze the data. We find that managerial ability has a positive impact on MTBR operating and BHAR stock performance. This result confirms that the higher ability of the acquirer's manager will ensure a successful M&A in the long run. Investors and potential investors might consider managerial ability in choosing investments in companies after an M&A. This study contributes to the M&A literature by examining the role of MA in the short- and long-term performance of acquiring firms following M&As in Indonesia.

IVAN STEVOVIC, PHD, JOVANA JOVANOVIC, PHD, SABAHUDIN HADROVIC, PHD

Mining is one of the technology processes which significantly affect the environment. Contemporary science is often focused on renewable resources, but non renewable resources and their mining are also present and deserve more intense research, due to its complex role in the economy. On the other point of view, non renewable resources as mining products are necessary to maintain and improve the life quality level. This conflict is not sustainable in long term perspective. From the aspect of sustainable development the primary task is to ensure the development right for future generations. It means that intensive level of interdisciplinary research is necessary to provide initial conditions (available reserve of ore) and utilization dynamic of mineral resources. This paper analyzes some aspects of correlation between sustainable development and mining. Mathematical model that describes the mentioned ideas is developed in this manuscript, including the conflict of economic goals, principles of environmental protection and sustainable development.

I. P. Suprunchuk, V. V. Chikhichin

Introduction. The article investigates the sound space of resort towns in Caucasus Mineral Waters by the example of the two largest of them, namely Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk. The concept of the sound space of the city is considered, the main modern aspects of sound research in the city are highlighted. Based on the collected field data, an attempt is made to qualitatively assess the sound environment of cities, especially important for resort towns. For the central parts of the cities, the differentiation of the sound space was carried out, reflecting the type of social use of the territories.Materials and research methods. The data of field measurements of sound in cities were obtained during the field practice of geography students in socio-economic geography in 2022. The cartographic method, normative approach and typology are used in the course of the study.Research results and their discussion. The sound space of the studied resort towns has typical features of modern Russian cities. The resort function is not reflected in the sound space. The main factors of its formation are transport highways, human and commercial activities. Recreational areas are more comfortable in terms of sound, having their own internal specifics. In general, the level of noise pollution depends on the types of prevailing sounds in the territory. A microgeographic study of the central resort parts of the cities showed a complete lack of understanding and requirements for sound comfort.Conclusions. In urban studies, there is an increase in interest in sound in the city, the allocation of sound space and its cultural and geographical differences. Sound can identify universal socio-cultural structures, act as a source of conceptual and methodological constructions. Sound studies help comprehend existing social practices and their contexts. The resort towns of the Caucasus Mineral Waters were founded without taking into account the comfort of the sound environment. As a result, the characteristics of their sound space do not differ from ordinary cities.

حمید سعیدی جوادی, سیدمحمد فهیمی فرد

ازآنجاکه ایران به‌منظور خنثی ‎سازی تحریم ‎های اقتصادی، نیازمند گسترش روابط تجاری با سایر کشورها است، در این مطالعه به امکان ‎سنجی توسعه همگرایی اقتصادی ایران با سازمان همکاری اقتصادی دریای سیاه (BSEC) که به‎ لحاظ قرار گرفتن در تقاطع آسیا و اروپا و همچنین جاده ابریشم از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است، پرداخته شد. برای این منظور داده‎ های پژوهش طی دورة 2021-2010، از بانک جهانی، صندوق بین ‎المللی پول و مرکز تجارت بین‎ الملل گرداوری ‎شده و جهت تجزیه ‎و تحلیل داده‎ ها از مدل جاذبه و نرم ‎افزار STATA استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که گروه کالاهای (با کد دو رقمی تعرفه گمرکی) دارای اولویت جهت گسترش روابط تجاری ایران با کشورهای یادشده به ‎ترتیب عبارت‎اند از: «27: سوخت‎ های معدنی، روغن‎ های معدنی و محصولات حاصل از تقطیر آن‎ها؛ مواد قیری؛ موم‎ های معدنی»، «72: چدن، آهن و فولاد»، «39: مواد پلاستیکی و اشیای ساخته‎ شده از این مواد»، «29: محصولات شیمیایی آلی»، «8: میوه‎ های خوراکی»، «74: مس و مصنوعات از مس»، «76: آلومینیوم و مصنوعات از آلومینیوم» و «84: رآکتورهای هسته‎ ای، دیگ ‎های بخار و آب گرم، ماشین ‎آلات و وسایل مکانیکی؛ اجزاء و قطعات آن‎ها». افزون بر این، همگرایی تجاری بین ایران و کشورهای BSEC، از تأثیر مثبتی بر حجم کل تجارت از ایران به کشورهای BSEC برخوردار بوده و اگر همگرایی تجاری بین ایران و کشورهای BSEC، 1 واحد افزایش یابد، حجم کل تجارت ایران و کشورهای BSEC، 24/0 واحد افزایش می‎یابد بنابراین نتیجه‎ گیری شد که امکان همگرایی اقتصادی میان ایران و سازمان همکاری اقتصادی دریای سیاه (BSEC) وجود داشته و این امر باعث افزایش حجم تجارت بین ایران و کشورهای یادشده می ‎شود.

G. Yoganandan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, M. Vasan et al.

Abstract This paper attempts to gauge the satisfaction of agripreneurs and seeks to explore the effect of demographics and emporographics on the agripreneurs’ satisfaction. This study proposes a seven-dimension survey instrument, called AprenSAT, for measuring agripreneurs’ satisfaction. Responses from 784 agripreneurs are analyzed by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression. The extraction of seven factors confirms that agripreneurs’ satisfaction is influenced by material availability, government support, farm growth, farm income, market performance, cultivation & production and perceived farm image. The linear regression result delineates that demographic factors such as age, education level and farming experience significantly influence the agripreneurs’ satisfaction. Similarly, variables of emporographics such as farm age, farm size, annual income, land ownership, sources of funds, and intercropping have a substantial influence on agripreneurs’ satisfaction. We recommend information dissemination, hands-on training, the creation of adequate infrastructure and technology adoption to enhance agripreneurs’ satisfaction and rural development.

Andrew Warren, Chrissie Gibson

abstract Capitalist commodities have a necessary but overlooked accompaniment: aftermarkets. Aftermarkets are conventionally understood as secondary commercial transactions linked to commodity consumption and circulation. Yet for many products with accelerating design complexity, tighter regulation, growing debt financing, safety, and sustainability concerns, the action is in aftermarkets. Following feminist economic geography’s recognition of betweenness and messiness, we theorize commodities and their aftermarkets beyond the production-consumption binary. Three themes emerge. First, purchased commodities are far from finished. Commodification remains ongoing after exchange, with actors tussling over value extraction. Second, beyond transactional conceptions, aftermarkets are the loci of ongoing social relations, especially for products essential to life opportunities. Manufacturers manipulate time horizons, locking consumers into relationships while encouraging subsequent sales and preconfiguring second-hand aftermarkets. Third, commodities are imbricated in multidirectional power geometries, embodying informational, technological, financial, and labor relations that evolve in everyday circulation, use, decay, and waste. We illustrate via automobiles and their aftermarkets, visiting spaces at the production-consumption interface. Cars are increasingly embedded with digital technologies and noninterchangeable components, enabling firms to coordinate aftermarkets, marginalize independent operators, harvest driver information, and predict profits. Meanwhile, car dependencies among vulnerable households are exploited. Inequalities and conflicts unfurl between competing capitalist interests, regulators, and households across the income spectrum. Mediating social relations are predatory finance, calculative designs, data platforms, and technological rents. Commodities, we conclude, are unfinished. Aftermarkets must figure more prominently in economic geography, as important arenas of value creation suffused with uneven social relations.

Marion Campisi, Thomas Ratliff, Stephanie Somersille et al.

We introduce the Geography and Election Outcome (GEO) metric, a new method for identifying potential partisan gerrymanders. In contrast with currently popular methods, the GEO metric uses both geographic information about a districting plan as well as district-level partisan data, rather than just one or the other. We motivate and define the GEO metric, which gives a count (a non-negative integer) to each political party. The count indicates the number of previously lost districts which that party potentially could have had a 50% chance of winning, without risking any currently won districts, by making reasonable changes to the input map. We then analyze GEO metric scores for each party in several recent elections. We show that this relatively easy to understand and compute metric can encapsulate the results from more elaborate analyses.

FERHAN KAYGISIZ, FİLİZ AKDAĞ

This study was conducted to determine sheep farmers’ selection of marketing channels in livestock sales and the factors affecting their choices. The research data were generated from the survey data of 53 enterprises selected via simple random sampling method in Samsun province in 2019. In this research, descriptive statistics were used to determine some characteristics of the sheep farmers, and the chi-square test was employed to compare the farmers’ characteristics according to the selection of the marketing channels. According to the results of the study, four marketing channels were identified to be efficient in livestock marketing. These were final consumers, brokers, retailers, and mixed channels. Besides, it was determined that the variables of selling additional products (milk, cheese, fleece) in the enterprise other than livestock, being a member of the Sheep and Goat Breeders Association, and the reason of choosing marketing channels had an impact (P<0.05) on the selection of marketing channels.

A. Arslan, David Tschirley, Eva-Maria Egger

Abstract We use survey data on 170,000 households from Asia, Latin America and Africa, global geo-spatial data, and an economic geography framework to highlight five findings about rural youth in developing countries. First, the youth share in population is falling rapidly, and youth numbers are stable or falling slowly everywhere, except in Africa. In Africa, youth share is rising very slowly, but numbers are set to double in 40 years. Second, large majorities of rural youth live in spaces that are not inherently limiting: two-thirds live in zones with highest agricultural potential, and one-quarter combine this with highest commercialisation potential. The 4% that do live in inherently challenging spaces are concentrated in pockets of persistent poverty in middle-income countries. Third, rural spaces’ commercial potential has large impacts on welfare outcomes, but their agricultural potential has no detectable impact. Fourth, households with young members face income- and poverty ‘penalties’ in all regions and spaces within them, compared to households without young members. The poverty penalty declines sharply over space as commercial potential rises, but the income penalty shows ambiguous patterns. Fifth, households with young members earn lower relative returns to education, with varying patterns over space.

Jonathan Rodden, Thomas Weighill

This preprint offers a detailed look, both qualitative and quantitative, at districting with respect to recent voting patterns in one state: Pennsylvania. We investigate how much the partisan playing field is tilted by political geography. In particular we closely examine the role of scale. We find that partisan-neutral maps rarely give seats proportional to votes, and that making the district size smaller tends to make it even harder to find a proportional map. This preprint was prepared as a chapter in the forthcoming edited volume Political Geometry, an interdisciplinary collection of essays on redistricting. (mggg.org/gerrybook)