Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Gabriele Montalbano

Ljubica Nedelkoska, Diego Martin, Alexia Lochmann et al.

Various factors influence why some countries are more open to immigration than others. Policy is only one of them. We design country-specific measures of openness to immigration that aim to capture de facto levels of openness to immigration, complementing existing de jure measures of immigration, based on enacted immigration laws and policy measures. We estimate these for 148 countries and three years (2000, 2010, and 2020). For a subset of countries, we also distinguish between openness towards tertiary-educated migrants and less than tertiary-educated migrants. Using the measures, we show that most places in the World today are closed to immigration, and a few regions are very open. The World became more open in the first decade of the millennium, an opening mainly driven by the Western World and the Gulf countries. Moreover, we show that other factors equal, countries that increased their openness to immigration, reduced their old-age dependency ratios, and experienced slower real wage growth, arguably a sign of relaxing labor and skill shortages.

Silviana Fernandes Mariz, Francisco Thiago Rocha Vasconcelos

Elaboramos um levantamento da produção acadêmica em língua portuguesa, especialmente nas Ciências Sociais, sobre a participação de mulheres em redes de tráfico de drogas ilícitas entre América Latina, África e Europa, com o objetivo de analisar principalmente a situação das mulheres dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOPs). De início, situamos o fenômeno em meio aos efeitos da globalização, resultando na fragilização dos Estados frente ao descontrole do fluxo ilegal de mercadorias e pessoas e à “colonização” de rotas prévias de emigração de africanos para Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil pelas novas rotas do tráfico internacional. Por fim, enfocamos o lugar das mulheres africanas como migrantes, prisioneiras e “mulas” que são recrutadas para transportar drogas.

M. T. Khan, J. Cammann, A. Sengupta et al.

Bacteria are prolific at colonizing diverse surfaces under a widerange of environmental conditions, and exhibit fascinating examples of self-organization across scales. Though it has recently attracted considerable interest, the role of mechanical forces in the collective behavior of bacterial colonies is not yet fully understood. Here, we construct a model of growing rod-like bacteria, such as Escherichia coli based purely on mechanical forces. We perform overdamped molecular dynamics simulations of the colony starting from a few cells in contact with a surface. As the colony grows, microdomains of strongly aligned cells grow and proliferate. Our model captures both the initial growth of a bacterial colony and also shows characteristic signs of capturing the experimentally observed transition to multilayered colonies over longer timescales. We compare our results with experiments on E. coli cells and analyze the statistics of microdomains.

Furkan Gürsoy, Bertan Badur

Human migration patterns influence the redistribution of population characteristics over the geography and since such distributions are closely related to social and economic outcomes, investigating the structure and dynamics of internal migration plays a crucial role in understanding and designing policies for such systems. We provide an in-depth investigation into the structure and dynamics of the internal migration in Turkey from 2008 to 2020. We identify a set of classical migration laws and examine them via various methods for signed network analysis, ego network analysis, representation learning, temporal stability analysis, community detection, and network visualization. The findings show that, in line with the classical migration laws, most migration links are geographically bounded with several exceptions involving cities with large economic activity, major migration flows are countered with migration flows in the opposite direction, there are well-defined migration routes, and the migration system is generally stable over the investigated period. Apart from these general results, we also provide unique and specific insights into Turkey. Overall, the novel toolset we employ for the first time in the literature allows the investigation of selected migration laws from a complex networks perspective and sheds light on future migration research on different geographies.

Sadillo Sharipov

In this paper we consider a triangular array of branching processes with non-stationary immigration. We prove a weak convergence of properly normalized branching processes with immigration to deterministic function under assumption that immigration is rowwise $ψ-$mixing and the offspring mean tends to its critical value 1, immigration mean and variance controlled by regularly varying functions. Moreover, we obtain a fluctuation limit theorem for branching process with immigration when immigration is $m-$dependent where $m$ may tend to infinity with the row index at a certain rate. In this case the limiting process is a time-changed Wiener process. Our results extend and improve the previous known results in the literature.

Jonathan Crush, Godfrey Tawodzera, Cameron McCordic et al.

The case-study literature on refugees and asylum-seekers in South Africa is dominated by an overwhelming focus on the problems they face and their marginalised existence, reinforcing an image of victimhood, exploitation and vulnerability. In this paper, we seek to broaden the image of refugees and their economic impacts beyond a narrow focus on their marginal status and vulnerable position. They are viewed here as dynamic agents with skills and capabilities who can play an integral role in transforming local settings and contributing to economic development. This paper presents and discusses the results of a survey of over 1,000 refugee informal business-owners in Cape Town and small-town Limpopo.

Claudia Regina Nichnig

Infâncias e maternidades se conectam quando refletimos sobre as vulnerabilidades e a ausência de direitos das crianças indígenas no Brasil. Neste artigo pretendo abordar de que modo um olhar colonial sobre as maternidades e infâncias indígenas importam em preconceitos e levam a desconsiderar as formas de cuidado e as possibilidades que as crianças indígenas têm de experienciar a infância junto de suas famílias e comunidades. Ao problematizar a existência de um olhar colonial sob o cuidado, o qual impõe uma forma correta a ser seguida em detrimento de outras formas tradicionais de cuidar e ser criança, busco perceber como este olhar fundamenta o direito da interferência estatal em relação as mães indígenas, as quais são impedidas de exercer o direito de guarda sobre seus filhos, os quais crescem longe da cultura e do modo de viver Guarani e Kaiowá.

Juan C. Méndez Barquero

Resumen El artículo examina la complejidad teórico-conceptual de la migración en tránsito como unidad de análisis a partir del caso de estudio de los flujos migratorios extraregionales en tránsito por Centroamérica, en particular, a partir del año 2015. El trabajo aborda algunas de las principales aproximaciones y énfasis en el estudio de una realidad migratoria sobre la cual no existen aun consensos metodológicos, a través de un ejercicio de revisión de literatura especializada sobre la materia. El artículo desentraña algunas de las principales características, temáticas y prioridades en el estudio de la migración extraregional en tránsito por Centroamérica y sugiere algunas miradas futuras de interés para la comunidad académica, así como para los tomadores de decisiones en materia migratoria.

Remco Zwetsloot, Baobao Zhang, Noemi Dreksler et al.

Countries, companies, and universities are increasingly competing over top-tier artificial intelligence (AI) researchers. Where are these researchers likely to immigrate and what affects their immigration decisions? We conducted a survey $(n = 524)$ of the immigration preferences and motivations of researchers that had papers accepted at one of two prestigious AI conferences: the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) and the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). We find that the U.S. is the most popular destination for AI researchers, followed by the U.K., Canada, Switzerland, and France. A country's professional opportunities stood out as the most common factor that influences immigration decisions of AI researchers, followed by lifestyle and culture, the political climate, and personal relations. The destination country's immigration policies were important to just under half of the researchers surveyed, while around a quarter noted current immigration difficulties to be a deciding factor. Visa and immigration difficulties were perceived to be a particular impediment to conducting AI research in the U.S., the U.K., and Canada. Implications of the findings for the future of AI talent policies and governance are discussed.

Cássila Cavaler Pessoa de Mello

Neste artigo, discutiremos o processo de naturalização instaurado no Império do Brasil a partir da Lei de 23 de outubro de 1823. Discorreremos, brevemente, sobre os motivos que estimularam os estrangeiros a buscarem o título de cidadão brasileiro e exporemos os trâmites e as dificuldades enfrentadas por aqueles que optavam por se tornar cidadãos. Buscaremos explorar tanto a perspectiva estatal quanto a dos indivíduos neste percurso. Daremos ênfase à documentação produzida no âmbito da Província de Santa Catarina embora tratemos de um problema presente em todo o Império. A análise e exposição dos termos de declaração e das cartas de naturalização registrados na Câmara Municipal de Desterro e disponíveis no Arquivo Histórico do Município de Florianópolis farão parte deste processo.

Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik

Članek obravnava obdobje izseljevanja na Slovenskem od konca druge svetovne vojne do začetka šestdesetih let 20. stoletja, v katerem je poleg omejenih možnosti legalnega prehoda prevladovala oblika prebežništva oziroma ilegalnega prehajanja zahodne in severne meje. Izseljevanje in prebežništvo so povzročali številni dejavniki, ki so vsebinsko integralno najbolj natančno opisani v pisnih, ustnih in drugih avto/biografskih pričevanjih akterjev dogajanja. Da bi osvetlil kompleksnost vzrokov za odhajanja med mladimi v obravnavanem obdobju, članek temelji na pregledu in primerjalni analizi osebnih izkušenj prebežništva in izseljevanja izbranih posameznikov.

Peter D. Turney

The Immigration Game (invented by Don Woods in 1971) extends the solitaire Game of Life (invented by John Conway in 1970) to enable two-player competition. The Immigration Game can be used in a model of evolution by natural selection, where fitness is measured with competitions. The rules for the Game of Life belong to the family of semitotalistic rules, a family with 262,144 members. Woods' method for converting the Game of Life into a two-player game generalizes to 8,192 members of the family of semitotalistic rules. In this paper, we call the original Immigration Game the Life Immigration Game and we call the 8,192 generalizations Immigration Games (including the Life Immigration Game). The question we examine here is, what are the conditions for one of the 8,192 Immigration Games to be suitable for modeling open-ended evolution? Our focus here is specifically on conditions for the rules, as opposed to conditions for other aspects of the model of evolution. In previous work, it was conjectured that Turing-completeness of the rules for the Game of Life may have been necessary for the success of evolution using the Life Immigration Game. Here we present evidence that Turing-completeness is a sufficient condition on the rules of Immigration Games, but not a necessary condition. The evidence suggests that a necessary and sufficient condition on the rules of Immigration Games, for open-ended evolution, is that the rules should allow growth.

Alessandra Friedrich Lütz, Marco Antonio Amaral, Lucas Wardil

In a world of hardening borders, nations may deprive themselves of enjoying the benefits of cooperative immigrants. Here, we analyze the effect of efficient cooperative immigrants on a population playing public goods games. We considered a population structured on a square lattice with individuals playing public goods games with their neighbors. The demographics are determined by stochastic birth, death, and migration. The strategies spread through imitation dynamics. Our model shows that cooperation among natives can emerge due to social contagion of good role-model agents that can provide better quality public goods. Only a small fraction of efficient cooperators, among immigrants, is enough to trigger cooperation across the native population. We see that native cooperation achieves its peak at moderate values of immigration rate. Such efficient immigrant cooperators act as nucleation centers for the growth of cooperative clusters, that eventually dominate defection.

Veronika Bajt, Mojca Frelih

Avtorici v članku obravnavata »krimigracijo« (tj. kriminalizacijo migracij) v Sloveniji. Raziskujeta elemente kriminalizacije migracij v pravnem okviru, institucijah in politikah. Uokvirjanje tematike na normativni ravni institucij analizirata skupaj s pregledom izvajanja konkretnih postopkov v praksi, analizo političnih in strokovnih mnenj pa združujeta z analizo učinkov, ki jih imajo krimigracije na migrant(k)e. Ugotavljata, da izkušnje oseb, ki migrirajo, s krimigracijskimi ukrepi potrjujejo, da migracijska politika v Sloveniji, tudi kot posledica izvajanja smernic EU, postaja strožja in vedno bolj usmerjena v povečevanje kriminalizacije migracij.

Francisco Rowe, Martin Bell, Aude Bernard et al.

The classical foundations of migration research date from the 1880s with Ravenstein's Laws of migration, which represent the first comparative analyses of internal migration. While his observations remain largely valid, the ensuing century has seen considerable progress in data collection practices and methods of analysis, which in turn has permitted theoretical advances in understanding the role of migration in population redistribution. Coupling the extensive range of migration data now available with these recent theoretical and methodological advances, we endeavour to advance beyond Ravenstein's understanding by examining the direction of population redistribution and comparing the impact of internal migration on patterns of human settlement in 27 European countries. Results show that the overall redistributive impact of internal migration is low in most European countries but the mechanisms differ across the continent. In Southern and Eastern Europe migration effectiveness is above average but is offset by low migration intensities, whereas in Northern and Western Europe high intensities are absorbed in reciprocal flows resulting in low migration effectiveness. About half the European countries are experiencing a process of concentration toward urbanised regions, particularly in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, whereas countries in the West and South are undergoing a process of population deconcentration. These results suggest that population deconcentration is now more common than it was in the 1990s when counterurbanisation was limited to Western Europe. The results show that 130 years on, Ravenstein's law of migration streams and counter-streams remains a central facet of migration dynamics, while underlining the importance of simple yet robust indices for the spatial analysis of migration.

Sirio Orozco-Fuentes, Irina Neganova, Laura E. Wadkin et al.

The maintenance of the pluripotent state in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is critical for further application in regenerative medicine, drug testing and studies of fundamental biology. Currently, the selection of the best quality cells and colonies for propagation is typically performed by eye, in terms of the displayed morphological features, such as prominent/abundant nucleoli and a colony with a tightly packed appearance and a well-defined edge. Using image analysis and computational tools, we precisely quantify these properties using phase-contrast images of hESC colonies of different sizes (0.1 -- 1.1$\, \text{mm}^2$) during days 2, 3 and 4 after plating. Our analyses reveal noticeable differences in their structure influenced directly by the colony area $A$. Large colonies ($A > 0.6 \, \text{mm}^2$) have cells with smaller nuclei and a short intercellular distance when compared with small colonies ($A < 0.2 \, \text{mm}^2$). The gaps between the cells, which are present in small and medium sized colonies with $A \le 0.6 \, \text{mm}^2$, disappear in large colonies ($A > 0.6 \, \text{mm}^2$) due to the proliferation of the cells in the bulk. This increases the colony density and the number of nearest neighbours. We also detect the self-organisation of cells in the colonies where newly divided (smallest) cells cluster together in patches, separated from larger cells at the final stages of the cell cycle. This might influence directly cell-to-cell interactions and the community effects within the colonies since the segregation induced by size differences allows the interchange of neighbours as the cells proliferate and the colony grows. Our findings are relevant to efforts to determine the quality of hESC colonies and establish colony characteristics database.

Noah Forman, Soumik Pal, Douglas Rizzolo et al.

We construct a stationary Markov process corresponding to the evolution of masses and distances of subtrees along the spine from the root to a branch point in a conjectured stationary, continuum random tree-valued diffusion that was proposed by David Aldous. As a corollary this Markov process induces a recurrent extension, with Dirichlet stationary distribution, of a Wright-Fisher diffusion for which zero is an exit boundary of the coordinate processes. This extends previous work of Pal who argued a Wright-Fisher limit for the three-mass process under the conjectured Aldous diffusion until the disappearance of the branch point. In particular, the construction here yields the first stationary, Markovian projection of the conjectured diffusion. Our construction follows from that of a pair of interval partition-valued diffusions that were previously introduced by the current authors as continuum analogues of down-up chains on ordered Chinese restaurants with parameters (1/2,1/2) and (1/2,0). These two diffusions are given by an underlying Crump-Mode-Jagers branching process, respectively with or without immigration. In particular, we adapt the previous construction to build a continuum analogue of a down-up ordered Chinese restaurant process with the unusual parameters (1/2,-1/2), for which the underlying branching process has emigration.

Dan Han, Stanislav Molchanov, Joseph Whitmeyer

The paper contains the complete analysis of the Galton-Watson models with immigration, including the processes in the random environment, stationary or non-stationary ones. We also study the branching random walk on $Z^d$ with immigration and prove the existence of the limits for the first two correlation functions.

Tjaša Žakelj, Blaž Lenarčič

The paper deals with underage “third-country” nationals or stateless persons without parents or a legal representative, referred to as unaccompanied minors (UAMs). In Slovenia UAMs may hold varied types of status, and each of these implies different legal provisions and practical determination of the best interest of the child. According to the UNHCR Convention on the Rights of the Child, the best interest of the child should be the primary consideration in all actions concerning children. This paper focuses on how the principle of the best interest of the child is included in the sectoral national legislation and in other formal regulations which determine procedures regarding and treatment of UAMs. In addition, the article examines how experts understand this principle and put it into practice in various formal procedures. To that end, the views of experts who adopt or implement legal provisions, as well as the views of the experts who support UAMs during the international protection application process and in their everyday lives will be examined.