Hasil untuk "City population. Including children in cities, immigration"

Gregor Schäfer

Abstract This study examines how international student mobility (ISM) shapes the future migration aspirations and capabilities of postgraduate students from Germany studying abroad in the fields of medicine and the social sciences and humanities (SSH). These two disciplines represent different expectations and levels of engagement with mobility, as well as different levels of professional orientation within their studies. This becomes relevant in cases where future migration is mainly aspired for professional development and work. Drawing on 69 in-depth interviews and using the aspirations-capabilities framework (ACF), the paper compares how students from these two disciplines conceptualise and navigate future migration – and how they utilise aspirations and capabilities born out of their field-specific experiences. Findings show that medical students, supported by clear career pathways and wider recognized qualifications, typically exhibit intrinsic aspirations toward future migration, motivated by curiosity, personal growth, and altruistic goals. Their strong professional capabilities afford them high positive freedom to migrate. In contrast, SSH students face structural uncertainties and more limited capabilities, leading to more instrumental aspirations where migration is contingent upon job availability. However, SSH students often reframe uncertainty and spatial flexibility as strengths, developing adaptive capabilities through their ISM experience. Despite disciplinary differences, all students reflect on constraints such as family, geopolitics, and institutional structures, revealing that future migration intentions arise from the dynamic interplay of imagined opportunities and real-life conditions. This study extends the ACF to the underexplored population of students and provides empirical insight into how ISM affects students’ long-term mobility trajectories across academic fields.

Gizem Orgev, Abigail Cooke

Abstract To control irregular migration, many destination countries try to find ways to outsource their liabilities to third countries or deter migration at its origin. This article offers an examination of the cascading effects of externalization practices for migration deterrence, documenting how transit countries in the Global South reproduce the externalization processes of destination countries in the Global North by domestic and/or external space-making practices. By integrating analyses of primary data with secondary resources, this article contributes to studies of externalization and argues that spaces of double-layer deterrence are created by transit countries to control the mobility of irregular migrants toward destination countries. The article conceptualizes double-layer deterrence through the case study of Türkiye, focusing on the transit space and space-making strategies. The study then compares these practices in Türkiye and Mexico by offering a multidimensional approach to assess key patterns of double-layer deterrence in transit countries. The article concludes that double-layer deterrence, as a set of spatial barriers executed by transit countries, is a rising phenomenon and brings a new understanding to deterrence practices against irregular migrants, obstructing their path to permanent protection.

Naresh Singla, Kulwinder Singh, Nirvair Singh et al.

Abstract The emergence of irregular migration and its coexistence with regular migration calls for a comparative analysis of their socio-economic contexts, economic gains, and developmental effects in Punjab state of India. Drawing on a primary survey of 350 emigrant households—comprising 250 regular and 100 irregular migrants—the study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating descriptive statistics, non-parametric testing (Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U), regression models, and ethnographic case studies to offer a comparative analysis of the two migration types. The findings confirm significant differences in the socioeconomic factors, economic dynamics, and development impacts across regular and irregular migration. The pattern of migration destinations also significantly varies across regular and irregular migration. Compared to regular migration, irregular migration costs are substantially higher, and its economic gains were considerably lower. Logit and Probit models confirm the significant role of dependency burden, education, and social networks in determining irregular migration. Remittance utilisation also diverges: irregular migrants primarily repay debts and sustain household consumption, whereas regular migrants invest in housing, social ceremonies, and enterprises. Despite differing outcomes, both migration types contribute to household and rural development, though through distinct ways. Case narratives further underscore transitions between legal and irregular statuses, illuminating the fluidity and precarity embedded in contemporary migration regimes. The study concludes that regular and irregular migrations are not dichotomous but interrelated phenomena shaped by structural push factors and constrained policy environments. It calls for inclusive migration governance rooted in development and rights-based frameworks, rather than restrictive enforcement. Both source and destination countries must collaborate to expand legal pathways, protect migrants’ rights, and harness migration’s developmental potential more equitably.

Ilse van Liempt

Abdul Hamid Aly, Erfan Efendi

This autoethnographic study explores the dynamics of teaching English to two homeschool students, aged 6 and 13, within their home environment, focusing on personalized instructional strategies. The researcher, serving as both teacher and observer, examines the interplay of the students' unique learning styles, preferred teaching resources, and attention spans. Student A, a kinesthetic learner, benefits from interactive games and physical activities, while Student B, a visual learner, excels with structured lessons and visual aids. The use of diverse online resources, such as British Council and Duolingo, enhances engagement through gamification and multimedia elements. The study highlights the necessity of adaptable teaching methods to address varying attention spans, with Student A requiring frequent activity changes and Student B benefiting from periodic breaks during in-depth exploration. The findings underscore the effectiveness of tailored educational approaches in fostering student engagement and learning outcomes. By documenting and reflecting on these experiences, the study contributes to the broader field of educational research, advocating for the integration of personalized and technologically enriched teaching strategies in homeschooling settings. This research affirms the transformative potential of individualized instruction in nurturing academic growth and a lifelong love for learning. Keywords: Autoethnography, homeschooling, English for Young Learners, personalized instruction, educational technology.

Vanessa di Lego, Markus Sauerberg

The Healthy Life Years (HLY) indicator is the official European Union indicator and a cornerstone of many health policies used in over 15 countries in the EU region to set national health plans and monitor targets. It is also used to investigate trends over time in the proportion of total life years spent in good or poor health, socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality and the male-female health survival paradox. Based on the Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI) included in the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), a great amount of effort has been directed at harmonising and making HLY comparable across countries. Nonetheless, the characteristics of the age-specific prevalence distribution are still rarely accounted for, regardless of the fact that patterns of prevalence often fluctuate considerably by age. In addition, the impact of assumptions used at very young ages on HLY estimates are seldom discussed, despite the fact that the majority of policies and initiatives at the EU level use HLY at birth, while data on health is only available after age 16. In this paper, we assess whether smoothing the age-specific prevalence distributions by different methods, extrapolating to older ages and changing assumptions at younger ages affect HLY estimates. Overall, assumptions made before age 15 are the most important and affect women and men differently, thus affecting HLY at birth for some countries. Estimates at age 65 are very slightly impacted. Generalised linear models (GAMs) seem promising for harmonising and extrapolating to older ages, while using polynomials or aggregating into 5-year age groups seem best for younger ages. As most EU policies use HLY at birth and by sex for developing and monitoring health policies, caution is needed when estimating HLY at birth. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Levels and Trends of Health Expectancy: Understanding its Measurement and Estimation Sensitivity”.

Andrea Carlà, Marcus Nicolson

Abstract This contribution investigates the intersection between macro-level political narratives on diversity and micro-level lived experience of social inclusion and everyday interaction. The case studies for analysis comprise of two regional sub-state nationalist contexts, Scotland and South Tyrol, Italy. Scotland is a nation state that defines itself vis-a-vis the rest of the UK and where a discourse has emerged that Scottish nationalism is both civic and inclusive. South Tyrol is an autonomous province in northern Italy which remains a liminal space between Austria and Italy and is presented as a model to protect minorities. We argue for developing a critical stance on diversity narratives identified in these two-regions. Based on in-depth narrative interviews with young adult migrants, we use an ontological security framework to examine the relationship between macro-narratives and micro-level lived experiences of everyday social interactions. Firstly, we address how macro-level national identity discourses manifest themselves in micro-level everyday interactions. Secondly, we look at how young adults interpret these narratives when retelling their everyday experiences, sometimes to the point of excluding their own experiences of discrimination. In this way, we trace the negotiation of belongingness in these two contexts.

Rahel Lorenz, Benjamin Etzold

On their journeys to and through Europe, refugees and other migrants are commonly subjected to violence in its multifaceted forms. We argue that these “journeys of violence” are a direct effect of a fundamentally uneven and asymmetric global mobility regime that creates frictions and fragmentations in the European border space and beyond. Our argument is based on: (1) a state-of-the-art literature review on refugees’ mobilities towards Europe and new patterns of involuntary immobilisation through border regimes, (2) a secondary analysis of recent quantitative data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which includes a large data set on refugee’s journeys to Germany, and (3) original qualitative interviews that were conducted with migrants in Germany and Bosnia-Herzegovina. We will first show that mobility in the context of violence is highly selective and that trajectories of mobility significantly depend on mobility capital. Second, we consider the fortification of European borders and the externalisation of control regimes as facets of structural violence and demonstrate their effects on refugees’ mobility, namely the fragmentation of journeys and the systemic production of situations of protracted immobility at multiple border sites. Third, we provide insights into refugees’ exposure to and experiences of direct violence on their journeys, which must be understood as immediate consequences of the structurally violent conditions that govern their mobility and the cultural violence of delegitimising and illegalising refugees’ movements. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Refugee Migration to Europe – Challenges and Potentials for Cities and Regions".

Yuyun Ayu Lestari, Ichsan Ichsan

Learning media is a tool that serves to convey learning messages. The media used in this study were 15 colorful stacked blocks with 3 pillars. The purpose of this research is to determine whether there is an effect of using stacking block learning media, so that it can improve the ability to recognize hijaiyah letters in children aged 3 to 4 years at Mutiara Islami PAUD. The research method used is quantitative experiment with One-group Pre-test Post-test Design. This research is a study with one experimental group given treatment (treatment). The treatment carried out in this study consisted of 4 times which showed the results of the pretest with an average of 25.87 in the Undeveloped (BB) category and the Post-Test with an average of 78, 47 with the category of Developing According to Expectations (BSH). This study also tested normality, homogeneity which states that the data are normally distributed and homogeneous. Testing the tcount hypothesis (t-test) with ttable, obtained tcount = 20 from the table with a significant level of = 0.05 and degrees of freedom dk = 14, then the value of t = 2.145, so that tcount > ttable is 20 > 2.145. The results obtained are the rejection of Ho and the acceptance of Ha, which means that there is an influence in the use of stacking block media on the ability to recognize children's early hijaiyah letters. 05 and the degrees of freedom dk = 14, then the value of t = 2.145, so that tcount > ttable is 20 > 2.145. The results obtained are the rejection of Ho and the acceptance of Ha, which means that there is an influence in the use of stacking block media on the ability to recognize children's early hijaiyah letters. 05 and degrees of freedom dk = 14, then the value of t = 2.145, so that tcount > ttable is 20 > 2.145. The results obtained are the rejection of Ho and the acceptance of Ha, which means that there is an influence in the use of stacking block media on the ability to recognize children's early hijaiyah letters

Jaan Valsiner

Abstract Migration is the basis for development—economic, social, and psychological. In this paper I will examine borders on migration that entail the ambivalent relating by the societal context of migration to the act of movement of the people who become migrants, and their counterparts (“counter-migrants”) who do not. My focus on the issue stems from my theory of Cultural Psychology of Semiotic Dynamics that can deal with the process of becoming, being, and feeling as “migrant” or “counter-migrant”. A societal rule system is fortified by the system of social representations of the people who—by the act of moving from one place to another—are designated to become migrants by the rule systems of the non-migrants. Cultural psychology contributes to the study of the emerging prejudices and ways of their overcoming by the non-migrant local recipients as well as to the ambivalences of the persons who move to the relating with the social role “migrant” and its overcoming. Historically speaking—we as the species of Homo sapiens are all migrants—only at differing times and circumstances.

Farida Fozdar

Abstract Discussions about how to talk about race are ubiquitous among academics seeking to balance the recognition that race is a social construct with the very real effects of racial stratification. Naming race is seen as potentially reifying it, but ignoring it invisiblises its effects. Pathologising, celebratory and critical approaches to talking about mixed race can all be found in how mixedness is talked about in Australia (among the public and in scholarly work), and there are differences depending on whether mixedness is Indigenous or migrant. Using my experience of being challenged for speaking too positively about the experience of being mixed in Australia, and a Facebook discussion about Census categories, this paper explores the ways in which mixed race is talked about (and not talked about) in Australia. It argues that we can’t move ‘beyond race’ before actually acknowledging it, something Australia has been very reticent to do, due to its race-based history of colonisation, immigration, and Indigenous child removals. Acknowledging race would enable diversity, and mixedness, to be counted, and therefore to ‘count’, in a context where multiculturalism provides a socio-political environment somewhat supportive of diversity, but where actual measurement is limited. It is argued that acknowledging race may be a necessary intermediate step on the road beyond race, and, for that matter, nation.

Yulinda Widya Lestari, Al Qudus Nofiandri Eko Sucipto Dwijo, Siska Widyaningrum et al.

This research aimed at knowing whether the implementation of ice breaking activities can increase the enthusiasm of early childhood learning in Dharma Wanita Persatuan Lambangan Kindergarten. This research was conducted at Dharma Wanita Persatuan Lambangan, Wonoayu. This research uses classroom action research using the observation method. The subjects in this classroom action research were students in group B of Dharma Wanita Persatuan Lambangan Wonoayu Kindergarten, which consisted of 18 children (4 boys and 14 girls). The object of this research is the implementation of ice breaking in increasing children's enthusiasm for learning. the results of this study in the first cycle showed that out of 18 students, there were no children who were in the very high category. The percentage results from the first cycle of action were 37.04% in the high and medium categories, and 62.96% of the children entered in the low category. The results obtained in the second cycle showed that of the 18 students, there were no students whose learning enthusiasm was very low, the percentage obtained from the second cycle of actions showed very high, high and medium categories reaching 94.44% while those in the low category had the smaller percentage is 5.56%. So this study shows that the implementation of ice breaking activities can increase the learning spirit of group B children in Dharma Wanita Persatuan Lambangan Kindergarten because each child has achieved the criteria and managed to achieve at least 80% completeness in the high success category. and very high in cycle II.

Daniel Maxwell, Peter Hailey

Famine means destitution, increased severe malnutrition, disease, excess death and the breakdown of institutions and social norms. Politically, it means a failure of governance – a failure to provide the most basic of protections. Because of both its human and political meanings, ‘famine’ can be a shocking term. This is turn makes the analysis – and especially declaration – of famine a very sensitive subject. This paper synthesises the findings from six case studies of the analysis of extreme food insecurity and famine to identify the political constraints to data collection and analysis, the ways in which these are manifested, and emergent good practice to manage these influences. The politics of information and analysis are the most fraught where technical capacity and data quality are the weakest. Politics will not be eradicated from analysis but can and must be better managed.

Sonya de Laat

From June 1918 to April 1919, the American social photographer Lewis Hine made photographs of refugees in Europe. Refugees emerged as an unexpectedly humanitarian subject during World War I. Care for them was part of the American Red Cross’ (ARC) overall war relief activities, which Hine was hired to visually record. In this paper, I present the way in which refugees went from being framed in the ARC’s mass-circulated popular Red Cross Magazine as unique, innocent, idealized war-affected civilians to eventually being visually displaced in a shifting humanitarian landscape. For refugees who were, by 1920, making their way across the ocean to North America, visual displacement from the humanitarian visual sphere was tantamount to territorial displacement. Anxieties and negative rhetoric of the unassimilated alien prevailed, resulting in the temporary ‘closure’ of America’s borders and the ARC’s growing American-centric relief activities. Entwined with anti-Bolshevism, American immigration, and isolationist politics of the early twentieth century, Hine’s photographs and the ARC’s role in contributing to humanitarian photography are an early example of a rise and fall in sympathies towards refugees that would continue throughout the century.

Sehar Ezdi, Sabrina Pastorelli

This paper investigates gender preferences for offspring within the native French population and among immigrants from North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Turkey and Vietnam-Cambodia-Laos in France by combining the Family and Housing Survey (2011) and the Trajectories and Origins Survey (2008). In so doing, it is the first paper to examine the persistence (or lack thereof) of gender preferences among immigrants in France. This allows the findings of the paper to serve as a tool for monitoring the immigrant integration process in the country. Using (multilevel) logistic regressions to examine transitions to second and third child births contingent upon gender of existing children and by migration status provides two main results. First, regarding evidence of gender preferences, the results show: mixed gender preferences and weak daughter preference among native French women when transitioning to the third parity; mixed gender preferences among second-generation Turkish immigrant women when transitioning to the third parity; and a daughter preference for second-generation North African, Sub-Saharan African and Vietnamese-Laos-Cambodian immigrant women when transitioning to the third parity. Second, for the immigrant sample, these preferences emerge in the face of declining fertility, across subsequent generations of immigrants, and on average as a deviation from their country of origin gender preferences. This not only points to the malleability of gender preferences for offspring but also lends credence to both the selection and adaptation hypotheses in explaining immigrant integration in France.

Jacqueline Broadhead

Abstract Inclusive Cities, a university led knowledge exchange initiative works in collaboration with six UK city administrations facilitating the development of their strategic and practical approach to the inclusion of newcomers in the city. The paper places this case study into the context of the UK’s centralized asylum reception and resettlement policy framework, contrasting it with the increasing recognition of the importance of the local level in integration and inclusion policy and the intersections between these differing modes of governance and competencies. The paper explores emerging learning from the programme in relation to the leadership role of local government, its ability to act as a place shaper in relation to inclusion and integration and it role in convening partners through horizontal, place-based, networks as well as the ways in which this case study can contribute to wider learning on the role of knowledge exchange in facilitating social change and policy framing at the city level and learning on the multi-level governance of reception and integration. The paper explores how mutual knowledge exchange may create space for a broadening out of the policy framing in relation to reception – in particular how a ‘newcomer’ frame may support increased innovation at the local level.

László Kajdi, Anna Sára Ligeti

After the eastern expansion of the European Union (EU), a large number of emigrants left their home countries to work in economically better developed western member states. Hungary followed this EU emigration trend with a certain time lag. However, the rising number of emigrants caused structural problems in the domestic labour market. A comprehensive examination of intra-EU remittances as one of the major determinants of migration has been outside the scope of recent research activity. The data from the Hungarian Microcensus survey and the first Hungarian household survey focusing on the topic of remittances can provide a valuable case study of intra-EU private transfer flows. The aims of this study are twofold. On the one hand we intend to provide empirical evidence for the major factors that determine remittance propensity by calculating probit regressions. On the other hand, OLS regressions are calculated in order to introduce variables which are associated with money transfers. These results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) to identify the underlying motivations for remittances. The most important findings are that older men with vocational school education have the highest remittance propensity, and the likelihood of sending private support is higher among short-term migrants. As the key factors, the income of the sender person is positively associated with the sum of money flows, while the income of the receiving household is negatively associated. Within the theoretical framework of NELM, these results favour the dominance of altruistic motives, since supporting the household members who remain behind seems to be the major driving force. However, when intentions of returning home are considered in the models, it seems that self-interest might also play a role as a driver of remittances. Within this study, the main focus was on the characteristics of the senders, meaning that a possible field of future research could be an examination of these questions from the perspective of remittance receiver households.

Paul Currion

Humanitarian innovation has rapidly emerged to become central to discussions about the future of humanitarianism. Innovation practices are framed as a means by which the humanitarian community can identify the paradigm shift that it needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. However, this framing is based on a misunderstanding of economic theories of innovation and particularly of the nature of humanitarian economics. The lack of both a true market and a profit mechanism in the humanitarian industry means that innovations can be generated but will never be sustained. Unless this obstacle is addressed – perhaps through emerging networked approaches to economic activity – humanitarian innovation will continue to be a dead end.

Sonja Haug, Nadja Milewski

This study examines attitudes toward assisted reproductive technologies (ART) among immigrant women and non-migrants in Germany. The social relevance of ART is increasing in Western countries due to overall low birth rates, a high rate of childlessness, and a gap between the desired and the actual numbers of children. Previous literature has been scarce, however, on attitudes toward ART, and immigrant minorities have rarely been included in studies on ART. Our working hypotheses are drawn from theoretical considerations on political socialisation and cultural integration. The analysis is based on data collected in a pilot study in 2014 and 2015. The sample includes 960 women aged 18 to 50 living in Germany. About 81 percent of the sample are immigrants who originate from Turkey, Poland, the Balkan countries, or countries of the (Russian) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We study the social norm to use ART to have a child, the personal attitude of whether a woman would use ART herself, and the methods that they would consider for their own use. Our results show that ART is overall socially acceptable, and the majority of women said that they would use it if necessary. There is significant variation between the origin groups, however. Non-migrants show the lowest acceptance rates and migrants from Poland and Turkey the highest approval. There is also variation in the ART procedures considered for use with the migrants more approving of heterologous methods than non-migrants. The differences between the origin groups diminish only partly when controlling for further explanatory variables, i.e. gender-role attitudes, religiosity, and socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. We conclude that attitudes toward ART are shaped less by socio-demographic characteristics, but rather by cultural factors and the socialization in the migrants’ countries of origin. The diversity in attitudes toward ART by cultural background should be acknowledged in research and public discourses on ART as well as in regulating policies.   * This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.

Romana Careja, Pieter Bevelander

Abstract The paper starts from the observation that research on immigrants’ integration trajectories needs detailed information, both objective and attitudinal, and ideally longitudinal. This study uses the cases of Denmark and Sweden – whose registers produce detailed records about all natives’ and immigrants’ lives in their host countries – in order to, first, review existing research on immigrants and their integration and, second, discuss the way in which register data are used, their caveats and their potential. The study finds that, in Denmark and Sweden, registers provide systematic objective data which are fully available to researchers and have the potential to help in the collection of high-quality subjective data. However, the population registers have some traits which may impact on the representativeness of the samples. The authors argue that, if researchers are aware of the caveats, registers can be used to obtain representative samples of immigrants, and register data can be complemented with survey-based attitudinal data, thus opening up new research opportunities for testing propositions on integration theories.