Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Amina Bouslimani, Carla Porto, Christopher M. Rath et al.

Jiaojie Zhang, Fengqin Yan, Vincent Lyne et al.

Southeast Asian coastal zone boasts a concentration of land and marine resources with vulnerable habitats, especially in highly artificial bays. Yet systematic studies on their ecological security assessment are lacking. To investigate the dynamic relationship between land use and ecological security patterns (ESP) in Langsa Bay, we assessed the ESPs for 2002–2023 and four scenarios for 2030 by satellite remote-sensing time series images. We coupled the RF-GLCM algorithm and the InVEST-PLUS model to simulate ecological services. Realizing the ESP construction and relationship dynamics analysis by circuit theory model and ecological security index (ESI) evaluation system. The approach improves the identification of ecological sources, corridors and nodes, providing an explicit spatial framework for conservation prioritization. Results showed that land-use changes strongly influenced ESP, with a 37.55 km2 increase in construction and a 159.78 km2 decrease in forest. Orchards increased by 201.79 km2, leading to a drastic decrease in forest and cropland. Future scenarios suggested that ecological and cropland protections (ESI: 4.56 and 1.98) enhance ecological security, whereas economic development (ESI: −1.20) reduces it. The findings emphasize prioritizing ecological and agricultural land preservation to mitigate ecological risks in bays, offering spatial, temporal and land-use insights for sustainable coastal management.

Liudmyla Datsenko, Svitlana Titova, Marharyta Dubnytska

Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conceptual approaches of the complex and to consider its main components regarding the restoration of territories affected by the war in Ukraine, with an emphasis on the incompleteness of current legal acts. It is therefore essential to develop new legal mechanisms that will ensure the procedure for removing contaminated lands into state ownership for their long-term restoration, with appropriate compensation to landowners for the period of time that the contaminated land remains in state ownership. Material and methods: The theoretical basis consists of academic research by domestic and international scientists in the field of land management and environmental protection, legislative and regulatory acts, methodological and instructional materials, statistical and analytical data of ministries and departments of Ukraine, as well as public organizations regarding the use of land resources and socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine. Methods used include: monographic analysis; synthesis method; structural and logical method; systemic approach; dialectical principle of connection /interaction. Results and conclusions: The land relations during the reconstruction of Ukraine should be based on the following principles and approaches: openness of the public cadastral map of Ukraine; simplification of permit procedures; assessment of land and soil quality, inventory; continuation of the trend of decreasing arable land; conservation of lands, the use of which could harm human life and health as well as the state of the environment; expropriation of land from tenants who are connected to Russia or Belarus; soil conservation in the context of war; introduction of the state system for the control of land resources and the responsibility of land users.

Yuying Wu, Yijing Li

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the police intervention strategy “Hot spots policing” has been effective in combating crimes. However, as cities are under the intense pressure of increasing crime and scarce police resources, police patrols are expected to target more accurately at finer geographic units rather than ballpark “hot spot” areas. This study aims to develop an algorithm using geographic information to detect crime patterns at street level, the so-called “hot street”, to further assist the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in capturing crime change and transitive moments efficiently. The algorithm applies Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique onto street networks, rather than traditional areal units, in one case study borough in London; it then maps the detected crime “hot streets” by crime type. It was found that the algorithm could successfully generate “hot street” maps for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), enabling more effective allocation of police patrolling; and bear enough resilience itself for the Strategic Crime Analysis (SCA) team’s sustainable utilization, by either updating the inputs with latest data or modifying the model parameters (i.e. the kernel function, and the range of spillover). Moreover, this study explores contextual characteristics of crime “hot streets” by applying various regression models, in recognition of the best fitted Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, encompassing eight significant contextual factors with their varied effects on crimes at different streets. Having discussed the impact of lockdown on crime rates, it was apparent that the land-use driven mobility change during lockdown was a fundamental reason for changes in crime. Overall, these research findings have provided evidence and practical suggestions for crime prevention to local governors and policy practitioners, through more optimal urban planning (e.g. Low Traffic Neighborhoods), proactive policing (e.g. in the listed top 10 “Hot Streets” of crime), publicizing of laws and regulations, and installations of security infrastructures (e.g. CCTV cameras and traffic signals).

O. Isayev, D. Fourches, E. Muratov et al.

As the proliferation of high-throughput approaches in materials science is increasing the wealth of data in the field, the gap between accumulated-information and derived-knowledge widens. We address the issue of scientific discovery in materials databases by introducing novel analytical approaches based on structural and electronic materials fingerprints. The framework is employed to (i) query large databases of materials using similarity concepts, (ii) map the connectivity of materials space (i.e., as a materials cartograms) for rapidly identifying regions with unique organizations/properties, and (iii) develop predictive Quantitative Materials Structure–Property Relationship models for guiding materials design. In this study, we test these fingerprints by seeking target material properties. As a quantitative example, we model the critical temperatures of known superconductors. Our novel materials fingerprinting and materials cartography approaches contribute to the emerging field of materials informati...

Attilio Selvini

The technique of surveying cultural heritage, like this as in general the topographical one linked to the ground, it profoundly changed between the end of twentieth century and the emergence of the new millennium. Everything has changed, from the measuring instruments to the means of calculation, both by now indissolubly related to electronics and information technology. The present author had the fortune of live all the corresponding transformations either from the operational side as well as from the cultural and research, as a university professor of disciplines geomatics, or topography, photogrammetry and cartography. The latest news, in order of time, is the strong transformation of photogrammetry, which as an auxiliary means for production cartographic as it was born, about a century and half ago, it has now become a multifaceted technique indispensable both in land surveying and cultural heritage.

O. Edenhofer, Martin Kowarsch

HOLENU MANGENDA HOLY, John Ngalamulume Munekayi, Alfred KIASUKUA

De nos jours, lorsque l’on parle de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), on entend souvent parler du problème démocratique ainsi que des conflits meurtriers qui ont lieu dans certaines régions notamment du Kasaï ou des Kivus. Les journaux expliquent souvent ces violences en faisant référence à des conflits ethniques et fonciers qui constituent le quotidien des congolais depuis des dizaines d’années. La problématique foncière joue en effet un rôle important dans la cohésion et la paix sociale du pays. Si le sol et sous-sol appartiennent à l’Etat, deux régimes fonciers coexistent de facto: celui de la concession, en ville et dans les grandes exploitations agricoles, minières ou forestières; et partout ailleurs  celui des terres domaniales relevant des règles coutumières. Celles-ci se heurtent aux bureaux du cadastre, qui, sur fond de flou juridique et de corruption à tous les niveaux, confisquent les terres des communautés paysannes pour brader au plus offrant. La spoliation des terres agricoles et le pillage minier sont illustrés par des cas précis relevés au Kivu et au Katanga et dans la plupart des coins de la RDC, montrent l’ampleur d’un désastre qui est aussi humain et environnemental. Les résultats des analyses montrent que 80% des conflits soumis aux cours et tribunaux se rapportent, directement ou indirectement, au foncier et à l’immobilier, signe que le secteur foncier est l’objet de préoccupations et de problèmes. Les acteurs travaillant dans la médiation des conflits au niveau local confirment qu’une part très importante des conflits qu’ils sont amenés à trancher est liée à des questions de terre. D’autant que le secteur foncier est primordial dans les vies des citoyens de la RDC que l’on pense au développement socio-économique, à la paix, à la sécurité ou à la stabilité.

M. Mattar, Michael W. Cole, S. Thompson-Schill et al.

One of the most remarkable features of the human brain is its ability to adapt rapidly and efficiently to external task demands. Novel and non-routine tasks, for example, are implemented faster than structural connections can be formed. The neural underpinnings of these dynamics are far from understood. Here we develop and apply novel methods in network science to quantify how patterns of functional connectivity between brain regions reconfigure as human subjects perform 64 different tasks. By applying dynamic community detection algorithms, we identify groups of brain regions that form putative functional communities, and we uncover changes in these groups across the 64-task battery. We summarize these reconfiguration patterns by quantifying the probability that two brain regions engage in the same network community (or putative functional module) across tasks. These tools enable us to demonstrate that classically defined cognitive systems—including visual, sensorimotor, auditory, default mode, fronto-parietal, cingulo-opercular and salience systems—engage dynamically in cohesive network communities across tasks. We define the network role that a cognitive system plays in these dynamics along the following two dimensions: (i) stability vs. flexibility and (ii) connected vs. isolated. The role of each system is therefore summarized by how stably that system is recruited over the 64 tasks, and how consistently that system interacts with other systems. Using this cartography, classically defined cognitive systems can be categorized as ephemeral integrators, stable loners, and anything in between. Our results provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the dynamic integration and recruitment of cognitive systems in enabling behavioral adaptability across both task and rest conditions. This work has important implications for understanding cognitive network reconfiguration during different task sets and its relationship to cognitive effort, individual variation in cognitive performance, and fatigue.

H. Hargitai

José María Lazo Pritsch

La Información Geográfica de calidad y oportuna cada vez toma mayor importancia. Es imprescindible en todas las actividades de un país, jugando un rol esencial la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales (IDE) al compartir esa información. Hay que generarla y mantenerla, pero también hay que financiarla; es común que se utilice un análisis Costo-Beneficio para tomar decisiones con respecto a la realización de proyectos de inversión en Información Geográfica, sin embargo hay algunos costos “ocultos” en la generación de los datos geográficos que generalmente no se tienen en cuenta en estos análisis, pero deberían serlos. Ellos son los llamados “Costo de Oportunidad” y el “Costo de la Mala Calidad”. El Costo de Oportunidad es el Valor de la mejor opción no realizada. Si no se hubiera decidido hacer el vuelo fotogra-métrico de 1966-1967, entonces, ¿cuál hubiera sido el impacto y cuánto el costo de oportunidad? En cambio los costos de la mala calidad correspondiente a fallos externos, son todos aquellos errores en que incurre el productor porque al cliente externo se le suministran productos o servicios inaceptables. Por errores en planos provistos por el Estado a una empresa constructora, hubo que pagar a esta última alrededor de 15 millones de dólares, que se podría haber evitado si se hubiera dis- puesto de cartografía de calidad y oportuna.  Ambos costos pueden ser de utilidad para ayudar a la toma decisiones de inversión.  ¿Estos costos ocultos, aislada o conjuntamente con un análisis Costo-Beneficio, podrán ser utilizados realmente para tomar decisiones de inversión en Información Geográfica?  ¿Podrán estos costos, tanto el de la mala calidad así como el costo de oportunidad, ser de tal magnitud como para influir en esa decisión?

Jagat Dwipendra Ray, M. Sithartha Muthu Vijayan, Walyeldeen Godah et al.

Position time series from permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations are commonly used for estimating secular velocities of discrete points on the Earth’s surface. An understanding of background noise in the GNSS position time series is essential to obtain realistic estimates of velocity uncertainties. The current study focuses on the investigation of background noise in position time series obtained from thirteen permanent GNSS stations located in Nepal Himalaya using the spectral analysis method. The power spectrum of the GNSS position time series has been estimated using the Lomb–Scargle method. The iterative nonlinear Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm has been applied to estimate the spectral index of the power spectrum. The power spectrum can be described by white noise in the high frequency zone and power law noise in the lower frequency zone. The mean and the standard deviation of the estimated spectral indices are −1.46±0.14,−1.39±0.16 and −1.53±0.07 for north, east and vertical components, respectively. On average, the power law noise extends up to a period of ca. 21 days. For a shorter period, i.e. less than ca. 21 days, the spectra are white. The spectral index corresponding to random walk noise (ca. –2) is obtained for a site located above the base of a seismogenic zone which can be due to the combined effect of tectonic and nontectonic factors rather than a spurious monumental motion. Overall, the usefulness of investigating the background noise in the GNSS position time series is discussed.

M. Kraemer, Simon Iain Hay, D. Pigott et al.

Quantitatively mapping the spatial distributions of infectious diseases is key to both investigating their epidemiology and identifying populations at risk of infection. Important advances in data quality and methodologies have allowed for better investigation of disease risk and its association with environmental factors. However, incorporating dynamic human behavioural processes in disease mapping remains challenging. For example, connectivity among human populations, a key driver of pathogen dispersal, has increased sharply over the past century, along with the availability of data derived from mobile phones and other dynamic data sources. Future work must be targeted towards the rapid updating and dissemination of appropriately designed disease maps to guide the public health community in reducing the global burden of infectious disease.

James R. Akerman

Yves Teganya, Daniel Romero, Luis Miguel Lopez Ramos et al.

Spectrum cartography constructs maps of metrics such as channel gain or received signal power across a geographic area of interest using spatially distributed sensor measurements. Applications of these maps include network planning, interference coordination, power control, localization, and cognitive radios to name a few. Since existing spectrum cartography techniques require accurate estimates of the sensor locations, their performance is drastically impaired by multipath affecting the positioning pilot signals. This phenomenon occurs especially in indoor or dense urban scenarios. To overcome such a limitation, this paper introduces a novel paradigm for spectrum cartography, where estimation of spectral maps relies on features of these positioning signals rather than on location estimates. Specific learning algorithms are built on this approach and offer a markedly improved estimation performance than those of the existing approaches relying on localization, as demonstrated by simulation studies in indoor scenarios.

Idse Heemskerk, Sebastian J. Streichan

C. Matthiessen

Registerial cartography is the activity of systematically describing the registers that make up a language — with register in its original sense of a functional variety of a language, i.e. of the adaptation of the meaning-making resources of a language according to context of use. A register map of a language would thus show its composition of registers — of meanings at risk in the various cultural domains that constitute a culture. This variation according to use — register variation — is located along the cline of instantiation between the overall meaning potential of a language operating in the context of culture and the instantiation of this meaning potential unfolding as texts in contexts of situation.In this paper, I will report on a long-term register cartography project concerned with the analysis and description of the registers that collectively constitute the meaning potential of a language. The maps produced as part of the project are based on context in the first instance, since register variation is precisely variation according to context of use. Thus registers can be located within the map according to the “longitude and latitude” of context, i.e. according to the contextual parameters of field, tenor and mode. Here I will focus on a field-based map, more specifically one based on a typology of fields of activity — a characterizations of different goings-on in context. This typology differentiates eight primary types of field of activity, ‘expounding’, ‘reporting’, ‘recreating’, ‘sharing’, ‘doing’, ‘enabling’, ‘recommending’ and ‘exploring’, and their secondary and tertiary subtypes. I will then illustrate how texts operating in contexts characterized by these different fields of activity are organized semantically in terms of logico-semantic (rhetorical) relations (based on a version of RST, Rhetorical Structure Theory), showing that different relations are “at risk” depending on the nature of the field of activity. I will round off the paper by discussing how field-based maps of registers have and can be used in different areas of application.

M. Dodge

Kristien Ooms, P. de Maeyer, Lien Dupont et al.

Annette M. Kim