Hasil untuk "Biography"

V. P. Nair

A.P. Balachandran was a theoretical physicist of extraordinary versatility and originality. In a career spanning over six decades, he made many significant contributions to quantum field theory and mathematical physics. His influence extends beyond the impact of his papers, with a large number of research students and collaborators. Here, in an attempt at a coherent scientific biography, I try to contextualize and evaluate his many contributions.

Xinran Gu, Kaifeng Lyu, Jiazheng Li et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained on data mixtures: most data come from web scrapes, while a small portion is curated from high-quality sources with dense domain-specific knowledge. In this paper, we show that when training LLMs on such data mixtures, knowledge acquisition from knowledge-dense datasets, unlike training exclusively on knowledge-dense data (arXiv:2404.05405), does not always follow a smooth scaling law but can exhibit phase transitions with respect to the mixing ratio and model size. Through controlled experiments on a synthetic biography dataset mixed with web-scraped data, we demonstrate that: (1) as we increase the model size to a critical value, the model suddenly transitions from memorizing very few to most of the biographies; (2) below a critical mixing ratio, the model memorizes almost nothing even with extensive training, but beyond this threshold, it rapidly memorizes more biographies. We attribute these phase transitions to a capacity allocation phenomenon: a model with bounded capacity must act like a knapsack problem solver to minimize the overall test loss, and the optimal allocation across datasets can change discontinuously as the model size or mixing ratio varies. We formalize this intuition in an information-theoretic framework and reveal that these phase transitions are predictable, with the critical mixing ratio following a power-law relationship with the model size. Our findings highlight a concrete case where a good mixing recipe for large models may not be optimal for small models, and vice versa.

Bogdan Banasiak

Tekst jest biografią intelektualną współczesnego filozofa francuskiego, Gillesa Deleuze’a. Uwzględnia ona jego inspiracje filozoficzne, przyjaźnie, a przede wszystkim wszystkie publikacje, wzmiankując ich problematykę. Przede wszystkim jednak pokazuje sylwetkę człowieka, który, nie mogąc z powodów zdrowotnych robić tego, czemu poświęcił życie, tj. myśleć, pisać i uczyć, popełnił samobójstwo. Finalnie zaś odnotowuje recepcję tego aktu we francuskim środowisku filozoficznym. W sumie tekst jest wspomnieniem o wielkim filozofie oraz hołdem dla jego dzieła-życia.

Jieying Xue, Minh Phuong Nguyen, Blake Matheny et al.

In the Emotion Recognition in Conversation task, recent investigations have utilized attention mechanisms exploring relationships among utterances from intra- and inter-speakers for modeling emotional interaction between them. However, attributes such as speaker personality traits remain unexplored and present challenges in terms of their applicability to other tasks or compatibility with diverse model architectures. Therefore, this work introduces a novel framework named BiosERC, which investigates speaker characteristics in a conversation. By employing Large Language Models (LLMs), we extract the "biographical information" of the speaker within a conversation as supplementary knowledge injected into the model to classify emotional labels for each utterance. Our proposed method achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on three famous benchmark datasets: IEMOCAP, MELD, and EmoryNLP, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalization of our model and showcasing its potential for adaptation to various conversation analysis tasks. Our source code is available at https://github.com/yingjie7/BiosERC.

Georgios Kollias, Payel Das, Subhajit Chaudhury

Addressing the issue of hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) is a critical challenge. As the cognitive mechanisms of hallucination have been related to memory, here we explore hallucination for LLM that is enabled with explicit memory mechanisms. We empirically demonstrate that by simply scaling the readout vector that constrains generation in a memory-augmented LLM decoder, hallucination mitigation can be achieved in a training-free manner. Our method is geometry-inspired and outperforms a state-of-the-art LLM editing method on the task of generation of Wikipedia-like biography entries both in terms of generation quality and runtime complexity.

Michel Janssen

Right before Nolan's movie was released, I gave a talk on Oppenheimer, trying to anticipate what elements of Bird and Sherwin's biography on which the movie is based would make it into the movie. In this article, written for the October 2023 edition of the newsletter of the Forum on Science and Society of the APS, I elaborate on some of the elements I missed. I used this article as the basis for a post-movie version of my talk. I corrected some errors and made some additions to this article before submitting it right before Nolan's movie is expected to clean up at the Oscars (links to recordings of the pre- and post-movie versions of my talk are included).

Mustafa Çakır

Menkıbeler, geçmişte yaşamış din büyüklerinin ya da tarihe mâl olmuş meşhur şahsiyetlerin hayat hikâyelerini içeren anlatılardır. Tarihsel geçmişi İslâmiyet’ten önceki toplumlara uzanan menkıbelerin İslâmî literatürdeki ilk yazılı örneklerine hadis eserlerinde sahâbe-i kirâmın meziyetlerinden bahseden “menâkıb” bölümlerinde rastlanmaktadır. İlerleyen süreçte tarihte yaşamış din bilginleri, sûfîler ve önemli şahsiyetler hakkında da müstakil menâkıbnâmeler kaleme alınmaya başlanmıştır. İslâm tarihi içerisinde kendisine karşı sevgi, vefa ve bağlılığın bir sonucu olarak hakkında yoğun bir menâkıbnâme literatürü oluşan öncü imamlardan biri de Hanefî mezhebinin kurucu imamı olan İmam Ebû Hanîfe’dir. İmam Ebû Hanîfe’nin hacimli eserler oluşturan ilim mirasının yanında şahsiyeti, duruşu, zühdü, takvası ve ahlakî özellikleri bu tür müstakil çalışmaların konusu olmuştur. İmam Ebû Hanîfe’nin ilmî ve ahlakî kişiliğini resmeden bu edebiyatın hacmi, onun tarih boyunca Müslüman toplumlarda ne düzeyde ilgi odağı hâline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte menâkıbnâmelerde yer verilen birtakım rivayetlerde senet ve metin tenkidi bakımından yeterli hassasiyetin gösterilmemiş olması Müslüman toplumların İmam Ebû Hanîfe hakkındaki tasavvur ve algısına olumsuz etki edebilecek bir muhteva ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu sebeple İmam Ebû Hanîfe’nin müdafaası ve faziletini ortaya koyma çabası kapsamında ileri sürülen bazı argümanların ilmî ve olgusal gerçeklik açısından sorgulanmaya muhtaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, İmam Ebû Hanîfe hakkında kaleme alınan menâkıbnâme literatürü içerisinde esasen onun ilmî kişilik ve faziletini ortaya koymayı amaçlayan, bununla birlikte İslâm toplumunun bu öncü fakihi hakkında yanlış algı ve tasavvurlara sebep olabileceği düşünülen bazı isnat ve yakıştırmalar ilmî kriterler ışığında tahlile tabi tutulmaktadır.

Shi-yee Liu

Drawing on Zhong Kui’s legendary identity as a demon queller, this study suggests that Gong Kai (1222–1307) created a veiled autobiographical work, Zhongshan Going on Excursion in the Freer Gallery of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art in Washington, DC, that combines painting and inscription to project his unfulfilled aspiration to clear the nation of destructive evils. The demons to be expelled in his life as a Song patriot living into the Mongol Yuan were the powerful and abusive ethnic others, not limited to the ruling Mongols. Conflating himself with Zhong Kui by constructing a new, self-referential biography and image of the demon queller, Gong Kai conveyed his xenophobia during the dynastic transition through two topical allusions, the Muslim merchant-official Pu Shougeng’s fatal blow to the Song revivalist cause in Quanzhou in late 1276 and the Tibetan Buddhist leader Yang Lianzhenjia’s desecration of Song imperial tombs in Shaoxing in 1285. In the painting, Gong Kai confesses his resignation to the brutal new realities under alien rule by portraying Zhong Kui in an uncharacteristically subdued demeanor.

Vasojević Nena A., Knežević-Lukić Nevenka D.

The paper shows the development of legal representation in the Principality of Serbia, with a special focus on the professional participation of women in court proceedings, shown through the character and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, a teacher and the first female attorney in Serbia. In the judicial system of the Principality of Serbia, women were not prohibited from practicing law, which enabled an educated woman to pave the way for future women lawyers in the period of 'Little Serbia'. In the relevant literature, one can find rare texts in which the life and work of Marija Milutinović are mentioned casually and inconspicuously without an insight into the complete biography. By researching unpublished archival sources, significant information was obtained about the life and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, the wife of the poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and the mother of the architect and professor of the Grande école, Dragutin (Dragiša) Milutinović. Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was born in 1809 into the Popović family in Timisoara. As the 'first Serbian' teacher, she educated girls and thus strove for women in the 19th century to fight for their place in the society. She was educated in Buda, where she also studied several sciences privately, with a 'very good approach and accuracy'. After the death of her husband, in October 1848, she opened a private elementary school in Belgrade. Soon, in 1849, she entered the civil service and started working as a teacher at the state school in Belgrade near the Great Church (Saborna crkva), where she received a pension in August 1874. Marija Milutinović's main motive to engage in legal representation stemmed from humane motives and not from material benefit. She practiced law even during her married life. She charged wealthier people, whom she successfully represented and won lawsuits in court with large compensation-modest, symbolic sums, more as a reward than as a fee (Ignjatović, 1860, p. 24). Even after her husband's death (1847), she continued to practice law and fulfil her husband's bequest, providing legal aid and representing the poor free of charge, which reflected badly on her impoverished family fund (Javor, 1862-1863; 1874-1893, p. 350). During the working life of Marija Milutinović, legal regulations did not prohibit women from practicing law, nor did the prohibition result indirectly. With the entry into force of the Law on Legal Representatives (1862), the previous decrees and orders, which often ad hoc solved the issue of providing legal aid in the Principality of Serbia. Officially, Marija Milutinović did not submit a request to be recognized as a lawyer before the competent authorities because she did not graduate from the Faculty of Law. In a formal sense, Marija Milutinović was never recognized by the Ministry as having the right to call herself a lawyer. Based on the real facts, it cannot be disputed that Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was the first woman in the Principality of Serbia to engage in a free profession, in this particular case, legal work.

Qinkai Chen, Mohamed El-Mennaoui, Antoine Fosset et al.

With an increasing amount of data in the art world, discovering artists and artworks suitable to collectors' tastes becomes a challenge. It is no longer enough to use visual information, as contextual information about the artist has become just as important in contemporary art. In this work, we present a generic Natural Language Processing framework (called ArtLM) to discover the connections among contemporary artists based on their biographies. In this approach, we first continue to pre-train the existing general English language models with a large amount of unlabelled art-related data. We then fine-tune this new pre-trained model with our biography pair dataset manually annotated by a team of professionals in the art industry. With extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our ArtLM achieves 85.6% accuracy and 84.0% F1 score and outperforms other baseline models. We also provide a visualisation and a qualitative analysis of the artist network built from ArtLM's outputs.

Rafael V. Shaidullin

The article analyzes certain moments of life and mentality peculiarities of two outstanding sons of the Tatar people – Gaziz Gubaydullin and Galimjan Ibragimov, who have taken an important place in world historiography with their talent, scientific, literary and journalistic activities. Along with the analysis of individual creative achievements of the individuals under study, the main emphasis in the work is on examining the series of events associated with the socio-political and ethno-cultural realities of the 1920s–1930s. Moreover, the defining characteristic of the activities of the described people is the problem of their relevance, since it is this factor that serves as an attractive moment for studying their lives. The presented episodes of private life in the biography of the declared individuals, favourable or tragic occasions become significant and of particular interest in the light of the characteristics of the national mentality specifics of the Tatar political discourse.

Bruce Lawrence

This monograph is an impressive addition to the growing number of studies on the Qur’an as a literary text. The declared focus is not on theology but on theography. To quote Jack Miles, who introduced the term theography: “While theology typically uses the difficult tools of philosophy, theography gravitates toward the more user-friendly and descriptive tools of literary appreciation and, to a point, even towards the tool of biography. Rather than attempt to state the significance of the divine character in philosophical terms, theography aspires more modestly to meet him in the same simple way that characters can be met on the pages of a work of literary art” [God in the Qur’an (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018), 17].

Синика Виталий Степанович, Разумов Сергей Николаевич, Лысенко Сергей Дмитриевич et al.

В статье впервые публикуются и анализируются материалы, полученные при исследовании венгерского погребения 3 кургана 7 группы «ДОТ» у с.Глиное Слободзейского района на левобережье Нижнего Днестра. Захоронение было совершено в прямоугольной яме возле юго-восточной полы насыпи. Костяк лежал в вытянутом положении на спине, головой на запад-юго-запад. У левого плеча находилась левая плечевая кость овцы. Подобный обряд зафиксирован не только в венгерских могилах Северного Причерноморья, но и восточнее – в Подонье, в Поволжье и на Урале. В качестве жертвенных животных венгры использовали не только овец, но и лошадей, а также крупный рогатый скот. В ногах была поставлена деревянная колода. У левого колена был найден железный нож, у левой стопы – железная пластина. Поверх левого крыла таза лежали две серединные костяные накладки от лука. На правой лучевой кости располагались остатки колчана в виде пяти железных наконечников стрел и железного шила. Под правым запястьем, у крыла таза, зафиксированы фрагменты железного кресала и кресальный кремень. Аналогии наконечникам стрел, а также радиоуглеродные даты позволяют датировать захоронение концом IX – первой половиной Xвв. Это погребение, вместе с ранее исследованными на левобережье Нижнего Днестра венгерскими могилами, позволяет фиксировать пребывание венгров в регионе с середины IX по середину Xвв.

Igor А. Vinogradov

The research is devoted to one of the many creative ideas of Gogol in 1834. The textual analysis shows the unity of the two historical works of the writer, which were previously published as separate works. These manuscripts testify that Gogol's “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and the course of medieval history written at the same time (of ten lectures) represent a special edition that was being prepared for publication (which remained unpublished for unknown reasons). For the first time, the reader got acquainted with the “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and Gogol’s ten university lectures in 1896, but until that moment these materials, published separately, have not been comprehended as a single whole prepared for publication. The publication of the book, which did not take place in 1834, is put in connection with Gogol's then cooperation with the Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov. During this period, thanks to the minister, Gogol entered the department of general history of St. Petersburg University and published four articles in the ministerial journal. The article analyzes the content of Gogol's lecture course and its relation to his other works. The author of the article proposes a possible title for the untitled book, based on the surviving Gogol lecture program.

Jaime Ortega-Reyna

No contiene resumen.

Athanase Papadopoulos

This is a biography and a report on the work of Vladimir Turaev. Using fundamental techniques that are rooted in classical topology, Turaev introduced new ideas and tools that transformed the field of knots and links and invariants of 3-manifolds. He is one of the main founders of the new topic called quantum topology. In surveying Turaev's work, this article will give at the same time an overview of an important part of the intense activity in low-dimensional topology that took place over the last 45 years, with its connections with mathematical physics.

D. V. Alekseevsky, M. V. Belolipetsky, S. G. Gindikin et al.

The article is a report on the biography and achievements of Ernest Borisovich Vinberg, an outstanding Russian mathematician, who passed away in Moscow on May 12, 2020. We discuss his contributions to various areas of mathematics such as Riemannian and Lobachevsky geometries, homogeneous convex cones, Lie groups and Invariant theory, equivariant symplectic geometry and Poisson structures.

Nigel A. Brown, Deborah J. Henderson

Robert (Bob) Henry Anderson was born in Wellington, Shropshire, UK, in 1942 and he completed his medical training in Manchester (UK) in 1966 [...]

Khalil Mohammad Usman Gbodofu

تتناول هذه الدراسة الجهود التي قام بها آدم عبد الله الإلوري نحو الموازنات الأدبية التي تعتبر عن مهمة في النقد الأدبي العربي. وأستهلها بلمحة تعريفية عن نشأة عبد الله الإلوري وأعماله الفنية وغير الفنية، ثم أسلط الضوء على المنهج انتهجه في عملية الموازنة، وتم تقسيم موازناته من ناحية التطبيق إلى ثلاثة أقسام. الأول: الموازنة فيما انفرد به كل واحد أو طرف عن غيره، الثاني: الموازنة فيما كان طرف يفوق طرفا آخر، ويرجحه في المستوى العلمي والأدبي، الثالث: الموازنة فيما يتساوى فيه الطرفان أو الاثنان، بحيث لا يستطيع أحدهما أن يدّعي المفاضلة أو الترجيح. وفي هذا العمل نستشهد بالأمثلة الملائمة مع ربط هذا الاستشهاد بالمراجع والمصادر الخارجية والداخلية. والله يوفقنا إلى الصواب. This paper aims to study the ideas employed by Adam Abdullah Al-Iloriy in carrying out the literary criticism themes in Arabic. Detailed biography of the author with his literary and scientific works was documented while light was shed into his works which are sub-divided into three; a) wreath self-balancing; b) literary works competition whereby the scientific and literary proofs were cited; and c) literary balancing between two or more literature. This study established appropriate examples to prove the works capability for international recognition as the art of literary balancing is concerned.

E. V. Ushakova

The composition of the novel by the modern English writer P. Ackroyd “The Plato Papers” in connection with the problems of the work is considered. The review of the last researches devoted to creativity of this author is given. Attention is paid to how the work reveals the problem of interpretation of history, its ambiguity, the concept of the movement of time, progress, the relationship of the past, present and future. The author shows that when shifting the time of the novel in the future, Ackroyd uses the documentary imitation technique, changes narrators and types of narration. The composition of the work consisting of separate small parts connected in a key way by the speaker Plato is analyzed. Such properties of the composition of the analyzed novel as fragmentation and nonlinearity are noted. It is shown how the novel realizes postmodern idea about the relativity of the interpretations of the events of the past. The position of the main character endowed with the gift of insight, able to penetrate into the past, to look from an unusual point of view at the present, to doubt and seek the truth is revealed.