[Abridged] In the late nineteenth century, Mars emerged as one of the most intensively reported astronomical objects in the popular press, driven by favourable oppositions, improved telescopic capabilities and growing speculation regarding planetary habitability. I examine how Mars was interpreted in Australian newspapers between the 1870s and 1899, focusing on the ways in which astronomical knowledge was framed, contextualised and debated within a colonial media environment. Drawing on a large collection of digitised newspaper articles, I analyse how observational authority, instrumental credibility and individual expertise were harnessed in press reporting. The paper situates Australian Mars coverage within a global network of scientific communication dominated by metropolitan centres in Europe and North America, while highlighting the distinctive role played by southern-hemisphere visibility. Australian observatories and observers were frequently positioned as contributors of confirmatory observation rather than interpretive leadership, reinforcing a pattern of locally grounded but internationally oriented scientific engagement. The analysis traces a shift from early emphasis on disciplined observation and measurement to later periods characterised by contested interpretations, particularly surrounding the so-called Martian "canals" and the speculative claims advanced by personalities such as Percival Lowell in the USA. By examining how newspapers mediated between observational astronomy, engineering analogies and popular imagination, this study contributes to a broader understanding of how planetary science entered public discourse beyond metropolitan centres. In doing so, it underscores the active role of colonial newspapers in shaping scientific meaning and situates Australian Mars reporting within the wider history of nineteenth-century astronomical culture.
يناقش هذا البحث تلابوقا خان سادس حكام دولة مغول القبجاق تلك البلاد التي تعرف ايضاً باسم دولة مغول القبيلة الذهبية والغوص بسيرته الشخصية وحروبه الخارجية كالحرب التي دار رحاها مع الدولة الايلخانية تلك الدولة المغولية الاخرى التي اسسها هولاكو خان وقامت على انقاض الخلافة العباسية مروراً بحرب تلابوقا خان في بلاد الكرل (هنغاريا) .
كما تضمن البحث تأثير مقتل تلابوقا خان على اوضاع مسلمي القبجاق على يد خصمه طقطاي الذي كان يعتنق الديانة الشامانية المغولية إذ قطع مقتل هذا الخان سلسلة من الحكام المسلمين الذين تعاقبوا على زعامة بلاد القبجاق ,ام ان تاثير الدين يبقى محدودا في السياسة المغولية وفق الاسس والمبادئ التي وضعها جنكيزخان مؤسس الامبراطورية المغولية التي تقضي بالولاء السياسي المطلق للمغول ويترك مسالة اختيار الدين حرية شخصية من حكام ورعايا طالما التزموا بالقوانين المغولية
Deaglan J. Bartlett, Harry Desmond, Pedro G. Ferreira
et al.
Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a powerful method for uncovering interpretable mathematical relationships from data, offering a novel route to both scientific discovery and efficient empirical modelling. This article introduces the Special Issue on Symbolic Regression for the Physical Sciences, motivated by the Royal Society discussion meeting held in April 2025. The contributions collected here span applications from automated equation discovery and emergent-phenomena modelling to the construction of compact emulators for computationally expensive simulations. The introductory review outlines the conceptual foundations of SR, contrasts it with conventional regression approaches, and surveys its main use cases in the physical sciences, including the derivation of effective theories, empirical functional forms and surrogate models. We summarise methodological considerations such as search-space design, operator selection, complexity control, feature selection, and integration with modern AI approaches. We also highlight ongoing challenges, including scalability, robustness to noise, overfitting and computational complexity. Finally we emphasise emerging directions, particularly the incorporation of symmetry constraints, asymptotic behaviour and other theoretical information. Taken together, the papers in this Special Issue illustrate the accelerating progress of SR and its growing relevance across the physical sciences.
This study focuses on the implementation of data mining techniques to predict diabetes using the C4.5 algorithm. Diabetes is a syndrome characterized by metabolic disturbances and abnormally high blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin. Maintaining blood sugar levels is crucial for health, as it is a vital energy source for cells and tissues. The research employs various classification attributes, including weight, gender (as an auxiliary attribute), blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and diabetes history. These attributes are used to help individuals predict whether their diabetes is hereditary or non-hereditary.
Abstract. In Finland, auroral photography started in 1927 at the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (SGO) with the initiative of famous Norwegian scientist Carl Störmer. In less than 2 years about 600 photographs of auroras were taken at Sodankylä. Some of the images were obtained simultaneously at auxiliary stations for parallactic determinations of the height of auroral arcs. Most of the pictures of auroras were lost in the destruction of the SGO during the war in 1944. About 200 images were rescued in the archive of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, where they were recently found. These pictures of auroras are the first ones taken in Finland. These photographs are now digitized and archived in the SGO. During the polar year period 1932–1933, auroral photography was mostly discontinued, but visual observations of auroras were made instead at several sites in Lapland. The main sources of information about the history of auroral images are handwritten notebooks of Eyvind Sucksdorff for 1927–1929. They contain relevant data for each photograph (date, exposure time, orientation of camera etc.). In Appendix A there are tables showing the dates of rescued auroral photographs as well as the lost ones. In Finland, Sucksdorff's contribution to studies of auroras was a pioneering effort with minimal resources. Regular photographing of auroras started in Finland during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957–1958.
The study of the nomads of the South of Russia still arouses continued interest among Russian and foreign scholars, who study nomad, local historians, whose works reflect the history of nomads in Central Asia. However, we think that there are not enough works covering this topic and chronological framework, studying the history of the Turkmen nomadic people living within modern borders in the administrative-territorial composition of the Stavropol Territory, is somewhat more modest. Historically, Turkmens roamed the steppes of the Eastern Caspian region. In the middle of the 17th century. Several groups of Turkmen moved to the northwestern Caspian region, where they were included in the uluses of the Kalmyk Khanate. According to archival material, the Turkmens were first mentioned in 1653, when more than 1.5 thousand Turkmen families, under the threat of invasion by the Khiva khans, named the peninsula Mangyshlak and arrived in the Lower Volga region, where they joined the Kalmyks. Also, Turkmens continued to arrive from Mangyshlak throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.The relevance of the study is explained by modern trends in actively turning to the historical past of both individual and entire nations, returning to the traditions and customs of their ancestors, primarily in the education of the younger generation. Despite all the developments in the historiography of the Turkmen people, economic issues have not been sufficiently studied and require more detailed study. In the framework of this work, the author has attempted to expand the scope of the study of the problem.
La sostanza onirica è una componente importante della narrazione e della sostanza epifanica che caratterizza la Vita nova. Collocati in punti strategici della storia, tutti convergenti verso il (o dal) kérigma della morte o meglio assunzione al cielo di Beatrice, questi episodi si configurano come premonizioni e come aperture dell’orizzonte narrativo. In questo contributo sono analizzate le due, forse tre visiones in somniis, che si trovano rispettivamente nei paragrafi III, XII e XLII. Nella comune dimensione onirica e nella prefigurazione di qualcosa che avverrà tutte e tre mantengono un carattere enigmatico.
On April 25–26, 2024, in the spiritual capital of the Turkic world, the city of Turkestan, an international conference “Golden Horde and its heritage” was held, dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Ulus of Jochi and the chairmanship of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The event was organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the SCO Secretariat, the Scientific Institute for the Study of Ulus Jochi, the Akimat of the Turkestan Region and the International Kazakh-Turkish University, H.A.Yasawi. The conference was attended by more than 40 leading scientists, experts and researchers from Kazakhstan, Russia and Tatarstan, Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan, Egypt, Qatar, Kuwait, and Turkey.
The main goal of the conference was to create a platform where representatives of the academic and modern scientific and educational communities could discuss the role and significance of the Golden Horde in world history, exchange views on new conceptual approaches and trends in the study of this very relevant and at the same time controversial and insufficiently studied topics at national and regional levels, and to develop strategies for future collaborative research.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Social Network Analysis is a way of studying agents embedded in contexts. In about 1998, physicists discovered social networks as representations of complex systems. Small-world and scale-free networks are the paradigmatic models of this Network Science. Relying on various models and mechanisms of socio-cultural processes, an identity model is developed and calibrated in a case study of Social Network Science. This research domain results from the union of Social Network Analysis and Network Science. A unique dataset of 25,760 scholarly articles from one century of research (1916-2012) is created. Clustering this set of publications, five subdomains are detected and analyzed in terms of authorship, citation, and word usage structures and dynamics. The scaling hypothesis of percolation theory is formulated for socio-cultural systems, namely that power-law size distributions like Lotka's, Bradford's, and Zipf's Law mean that the described identity resides at the phase transition between the stability and change of meaning. In this case, it can be diagnosed using bivariate scaling laws and Abbott's heuristic of fractal distinctions. Identities are not dichotomies but dualities of social network and cultural domain, micro and macro phenomena, as well as stability and change. Story sets that give direction to research fluctuate less, are less distinctive, and more inert than the individuals doing the research. Identities are scale-free. Six senses are diagnostic of different aspects of identity, and when they come together as process, a complex socio-cultural system comes into existence. A mutual benefit that results from mating Relational Sociology and Network Science is identified. The latter can learn from the former that social systems are dualities of transactions and meaning. For the social sciences, the importance of Paretian thinking (scale invariance) is pointed out.
M. N. Arkhipova, David Sh. Kalkhitashvili, Olga А. Chagadaeva
The article is devoted to the research experience of using the tools of the PolyAnalyst analytical platform in the field of history and social anthropology. PolyAnalyst is the first Russian analytical platform with a translucent interface that provides access to machine analytical data to users who do not have programming skills. This functionality, in our opinion, allows considering PolyAnalyst as a promising auxiliary method in the humanities. The authors tested text analytics algorithms embedded in the PolyAnalyst program to solve applied and theoretical problems in the field of social sciences and humanities using the material from their own database “Anthropological interviews with residents of Moscow and the Moscow region: “Everyday life in the 1990s.” The database, which includes 50 in-depth semi-structured interviews, was created by the authors of the article as part of the work on the study “Socio-economic transformation of Russia in 1987–1999. Between reform projects and social reality”. The interim findings of this study formed the basis of a hypothesis, which the authors tried to test using machine analytics. The authors explain methods of computer processing of natural languages, analyze specific methods and tools of the program used. The pros and cons of working on the platform are considered, ways to improve algorithmic rhythms and methods of working on the platform are proposed with sources on social anthropology and history. Conclusions are drawn about the feasibility and prospects for using this program to solve research problems in the social sciences and humanities.
A. Pytlik, Robert Hildebrandt, Krzysztof Stankiewicz
et al.
The development of monorail transport systems began relatively recently, though their history dates back to the early 19th century. In modern hard coal mining, a suspended monorail is a basic means of auxiliary personnel and material transportation. A project with the acronym HEET II is currently being carried out as part of the European Union’s Research Fund for Coal and Steel. One of the elements of the transport system developed as part of the project is the composite steel rail that constitutes the subject of this publication. The innovative rail design serves as the runway for the suspended monorail and an element of its power supply system. This paper supplements a certain research gap or rather undertakes the first attempt at testing a railway track formed from composite-steel rails consisting of a composite section in the middle, similar in shape to an I-beam, as well as two steel joints constituting the ends for mounting further rails and for coupling with the hoists. It presents the methodology and results of composite-steel rail testing under static and cyclic fatigue loading and prolonged bending loading applied to the rail during a creep test. It also presents the results of comparative tests for the composite steel rail and a conventional steel rail during overloading and break tests under bending loading. The composite-steel rail test methodology was significantly expanded relative to the conventional steel rail methodology, given that the composite materials and resins are strongly susceptible to creeping, and their operation under cyclic loads exhibits a greater risk of failure compared to steel rails. The composite-steel rail test results presented in this article make it possible to conclude that despite its existing design flaws, applying this type of rail design in underground suspended monorail transportation cannot be excluded.
Ankita Raj, Vaibhav T Chogule, Cheena Singh
et al.
Correct diagnosis of peripheral nerve lesions helps in accurate guidance for managing patients. The diagnostic procedure involves history taking, clinical examination, and electrodiagnostic tests. However, sometimes clinical and electrodiagnosis may not be definitive. This research aimed to assess ultrasound (US) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of pathologies of peripheral nerve. One hundred patients diagnosed with peripheral neural pathologies were selected after obtaining ethical committee approval. Sensitivity and specificity were examined between US examination and MRI in a subset of patients. Compared to MRI, US was found to have a greater sensitivity and specificity for detecting peripheral diseases. The study found that, in comparison to MRI, ultrasonography is a more effective auxiliary method for diagnosing peripheral nerve abnormalities.
The article describes the history of the formation of family businesses in Uzbekistan, stages of development and opportunities created for entrepreneurs. The article talks about encouraging entrepreneurs and the role of the industry in the socio-economic development of the country. The role of small business and entrepreneurship in family entrepreneurship, the possibilities of its further expansion, as well as its social significance are described. The article analyzes the formation and development of family entrepreneurship and its role in the auxiliary industry in solving the problem of unemployment, its importance in ensuring employment of the population. Opinions were expressed on the continuation of the “Every Family is an Entrepreneur” program in order to create new jobs through family entrepreneurship, provide employment, and provide practical assistance to citizens who want to earn income through their own labor.
The third edition of Classification for Medical and Veterinary Libraries is a long overdue revision of Cyril C. Barnard’s scheme, last updated in 1955. Barnard devised his scheme to meet the specialist focus of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, focusing on tropical medicine and public health. Unlike many schemes, Barnard’s is based on specific entry, with an almost entirely alphabetical notation system. Classes include the sciences, general medicine, history of medicine, epidemiology, diseases and causative agents, pathology, diagnosis, specialties of medicine, surgery, dentistry, veterinary science, agriculture, and the social sciences. Auxiliary schedules enable further subdivision under any topic. This new edition provides a classification scheme which meets health-focused library and information services’ collections requirements and reflects current research and teaching priorities in public and global health. Subjects and structures have been revised to support increased findability and accessibility of resources. Equity, diversity and inclusion are promoted, with conscious and unconscious biases challenged. Language and content have been decolonised, resisting colonial taxonomies, integrating different voices and acknowledging the global creation of knowledge. The scheme supports library collection management activities and is suitable for integration across research systems which use taxonomies, leading to benefits for both libraries and their wider organisations.
In the article, the history of the development of Archaeology and Special (Auxiliary) Historical Disciplines at the Lviv University (the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv) is traced. The close relationship is emphasised between the teaching and learning of these sciences from the time of the creation of the classical university in Lviv to the present day, as well as the corresponding educational activities, and scientific achievements.
En este artículo se estudia la obra de Juan de Sobiñas, vecino de Medina del Campo, a través de la documentación conservada. Se detallan las obras contratadas con este bordador desde 1577 a 1593.
Research objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the story of Oghuz Khan, which is located in the beginning of Kadyr Ali-bek’s Genghisnāma; to compare this narrative with Rašīd al-Dīn’s Oghuznāma, which is the main source of the work, and other variants of Oghuznāma and to reveal their similarities and original features.
Research materials: The sources used in this study mainly consist of Kadyr Ali-bek’s work based on the Qazan manuscript and various Oghuznāma variants carrying Islamic motifs. The main sources include Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh’s Oghuz narrative in Jāmīʿ al-tawārīkh, Yazïǰïoġlu ‘Ali’s Tavārikh-i Āl-i Selǰuk. The poetic Oghuznāmas, the pre-Islamic version, texts from the periods after Kadyr Ali-bek, and especially texts that do not share the same narrative structure and instead present different genealogical stories, were not influential in the comparative process.
Results and novelty of the research: Kadyr Ali-bek’s work is known as Jāmīʿ al-tawārīkh in the academic area, as it is considered a translation of Rašīd al-Dīn’s work. However, when it comes to the Oghuz narrative, it can be seen that the author actually used other sources, but avoided mentioning their names. Comparisons with other Oghuznāma variants show that Kadyr Ali-bek either used the same source as Yazïǰïoġlu ‘Ali, a 15th-century Ottoman historian who wrote Tavārikh-i Āl-i Selǰuk, or directly adapted his work. Because the composition of the two texts is almost the same when the omitted or removed parts from the text are set aside.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
In recent years, the scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach has become very popular and hot in the design of linear, high-order and unconditional energy stable schemes of gradient flow models. However, the nature of SAV-based numerical schemes preserving modified energy dissipation limits its wider application. A relaxation technique to correct the modified energy for the baseline SAV method (RSAV) was proposed by Zhao et al. and Shen et al.. The RSAV approach is unconditionally energy stable with respect to a modified energy that is closer to the original free energy, and provides a much improved accuracy when compared with the SAV approach. In this paper, inspired by the RSAV approach, we propose a novel technique to correct the modified energy of the SAV approach, which can be proved to be an optimal energy approximation. We construct new high-order implicit-explicit schemes based on the proposed energy-optimal SAV (EOP-SAV) approach. The constructed EOP-SAV schemes not only provide an improved accuracy but also simplify calculation, and can be viewed as the optimal relaxation. We also prove that the numerical schemes based on the EOP-SAV approach are unconditionally energy stable. Compared with the RSAV approach, the proposed EOP-SAV approach does not need introduce any relaxed factors and can share the similar procedure for error estimates. Several interesting numerical examples have been presented to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed methods.