Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

V. Ozsarac, N. Pereira, Hossameldeen Mohamed et al.

The seismic vulnerability modelling of different categories of buildings analytically requires methodologies capable of capturing the wide range of building standards, construction practices, architectural layouts, earthquake design scenarios and available knowledge. Current vulnerability models employ varying assessment approaches, building taxonomies, representations of seismic loading and, in some cases, rely on a limited number of archetype structural models to represent an entire building class. Consequently, these structural models are likely to oversimplify the seismic behaviour of an individual building, fail to adequately capture the reality of building‐to‐building variability and inadequately account for multiple sources of uncertainty, particularly when applied to regional contexts. Addressing these issues requires a probabilistic approach where seismic vulnerability is assessed using models of building portfolios that can reflect features related to engineering design practice, as well as construction variability and quality. To achieve this objective, this article introduces a collaborative framework for the simulated design of buildings, along with the open‐source software package developed for its integration into the Built Environment Data initiative, a planned service within the European Plate Observing System. The simulated design framework accommodates the design of buildings using both historical and modern seismic design procedures and regulations, while capturing building‐to‐building variability. Following the design process, the framework generates OpenSees computational models for nonlinear analysis, facilitating the development of probabilistic seismic demand models, fragility functions and vulnerability models. The framework's capabilities are demonstrated through examples that highlight notable distinctions among the building classes under consideration and emphasise the importance of the attributes involved in the design process. The collaborative nature of the framework presented here enables the earthquake engineering community to contribute to a growing database of seismic design practices, encompassing a wide range of design codes.

Carlos Lopez-Ordoñez, Elena Garcia-Nevado, Helena Coch et al.

As global warming increases, understanding the vulnerability of urban areas to extreme heat becomes crucial. Social housing districts, due to their urban form and demographic composition, are identified as high-risk areas for heat stress. This study investigates the impact of trees on mitigating outdoor heat stress in social housing districts, focusing on the Mediterranean region, particularly the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain. Using mean radiant temperature (MRT) as a key parameter, simulations were conducted to assess the influence of trees on heat stress in two districts differing in building types: linear blocks versus towers. The results show that the absence of trees makes towers more vulnerable to heat stress, as they lack long-term shaded spaces, such as the corridors in the linear blocks. In contrast, when trees are considered, tree-induced shading significantly decreases MRT and shifts its distribution pattern so that both urban fabrics exhibit similar performances, achieving the same percentage of open space with moderate heat stress (22%). These findings underscore the importance of a performance-based design approach, emphasising the need to consider both urban form and tree cover for effective heat stress mitigation in social housing districts. Policy relevance Shade planning plays a key role in shaping thermal comfort outcomes under heat-stress conditions. Urban fabrics with high open space ratios, typical of the European post-war modernist social housing boom, are especially vulnerable to this issue, underscoring the importance of integrating vegetation as a key component of green infrastructure and a critical microclimatic resource. This work emphasises the need for planning frameworks that recognise trees not only as design elements but also as essential urban infrastructure. By leveraging workflows compatible with geographical information system (GIS)-based tools used by urban practitioners, the study supports both the design and the management of green infrastructure through actionable, context-sensitive, heat-mitigation strategies. By enabling the identification of critical shade providers and assessing their performance under different morphologies, such tools can guide adaptive strategies, from tree placement to irrigation prioritisation, enhancing the resilience of urban environments to rising heat stress.

Sergey N. Krivoshapko

Differential equilibrium equations of the momentless shell theory are very easily integrated in cases of cylindrical and right circular conical shells. Shells of zero Gaussian curvature defined in arbitrary curvilinear coordinates are more difficult to analyze, which was reaffirmed by the case of elliptical conical shells. For the first time, analytical expressions of normal and tangential internal forces in a momentless right elliptical conical shell defined in non-orthogonal conjugate system of curvilinear coordinates are obtained. The derived results can be used for approximation of the stress state of thin conical shells with elliptical base and also for the investigation of stability of these shells. Four internal tangential forces obtained by integration of the system of four equilibrium equations of a shell element contain two unknown integration functions, which are determined by satisfying given boundary conditions. The application of obtained analytical equations is demonstrated by an example of analysis of a truncated elliptical conical shell with free upper edge. A uniformly distributed surface load in the direction of the vertical axis of the shell was assumed as external load. The presented formulae are easily adapted for the analysis of a right circular conical shell.

Bing Li, kaichen ying, Liupan Dou et al.

In the construction and operation stage of shield tunnel, mastering and clarifying the mechanical characteristics of the overall structure is essential for ensuring shield tunnel safety. In this paper, the shell-spring model is established by ABAQUS finite element software for the ultra-high water pressure submarine shield tunnel. The mechanical behavior of shield segment structure under varying water pressure, different key block position and different strata is studied and analyzed. The results show that at the same segment assembly position, the axial force of the segment increases greatly with the increase of water pressure, and the growth rate is as high as 150 %. The internal force of the segment is mainly axial force. Under the ultra-high water pressure, the corresponding position of the maximum deformation of the segment is related to the position of the segment joint at the arch bottom. In the staggered assembly, the axial force fluctuation near the arch bottom is larger than that of the straight assembly, and the peak bending moment and the maximum axial force are near the invert. In addition, near the 120 degree of the vault, the bending moment oscillates obviously near the joint in the stratum with small coefficient of soil reaction. The larger the coefficient of soil reaction is, the more uniform the axial force of the whole segment is. The research results provide a theoretical insights for the optimization design of shield tunnel segments.

A. Penna, P. Morandi, M. Rota et al.

M. Ola, A. Taiwo

Architecture is believed to communicate to its audience by revealing its underlying meanings and gestures legible enough to be easily read. Many buildings around the world especially tall buildings bring attention to themselves by showing how they were built, engineering, structural stability, and physical forms among other things. However, Hearst Tower located in New York and designed by a British and award-winning architect Norman Foster can be considered an architectural masterpiece in the world, not just because of its height but because of the stone façade preserved in the design of the tower which was built over 80 years before its construction and a designated landmark site. This research methodology in this case is a case study of an architectural masterpiece of the Hearst Tower. It provides information on its background history, design, and construction team, its architectural design and sustainable design consideration, and a brief history of Norman Foster, the architect of this building.

Rikako Furuta, Teruki Yamagishi, Kenichi Shinozaki et al.

Abstract This paper clarifies the changes in kampungs and their houses (rumah kampungs) over the past 35 years based on field surveys of three kampungs in Surabaya, Indonesia, conducted in 1983/84, 2006, and 2016–2018. The major objective is to develop new policies for the Kampung Improvement Program (KIP) and public housing. The main finding is that most of the kampungs have maintained their basic spatial structure and community organization, although the houses themselves have been transformed. Thus, kampungs in Surabaya continue to maintain their unique characteristics.

B. Jiménez, L. Pelà

ABSTRACT Existing heritage buildings are often composed of diverse materials and structural typologies, representing a challenge for structural analysis tasks. This work investigates the combined use of simple Lumped Plasticity Models (LPM) and macro-mechanical Finite Element (FE) approaches to evaluate the seismic response of structures composed of timber frames and masonry walls. The calibration of these engineering models is derived from a wide set of nonlinear static analyses reproducing benchmark experiments on timber and masonry specimens. The LPM and FE models are used eventually to appraise the seismic response of two existing timber-masonry hybrid buildings, located in the historical centre of Valparaíso, Chile. The nonlinear analyses performed with these models predict the acceleration-displacement capacity of the buildings under seismic-like horizontal loading, revealing their potential local and global failure mechanisms.

A. Dilsiz, A. R. Özuygur

R. Aguilar, S. Huaranga, P. Pórcel et al.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the implementation of a comprehensive strategy for the structural typification of historical buildings located in earthquake-prone regions using digital technologies such as HBIM and Augmented Reality. The paper starts by presenting a detailed analysis of a selected sample of case studies in Peru in which key structural and architectural features were identified, aiming at proposing a preliminary typological classification. This typification was then optimized by analyzing its application in a larger data set consisting of 311 churches located in the Central Andes region. This allowed formalizing 12 structural typologies, which demonstrated to have the potential to provide an accurate description of the geometrical, material, and structural characteristics of Andean churches. The paper underlines the importance of combining digital technologies and comprehensive engineering analyses for creating tools that will facilitate further structural evaluations and seismic vulnerability assessments at a territorial scale. For the study, these tools improved information management processes, analyses, and post-processing tasks, and facilitated communication and decision-making among stakeholders.

Shahram Salimi Sotoudeh

Aims: Pandemics have brought about new conditions to today’s life and designing well-buildings is now a priority. However, having a peek at the prior studies reveals that the most important issue in this area is the disharmony among the different elements of well-buildings. The main objective of this article is addressing the complexities of studying all requirements of such buildings. Methods: The main means of undertaking this research are case studies, indeed. First, the ten selected cases will be analyzed by means of the theoretical framework of this research. Then, the results shall be discussed based upon the fundamental design theory, and finally practical resolutions will be suggested. Findings: Seven fundamental elements including Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Fitness, Comfort, and Mind are all simply achievable separately; however, an analysis of the case studies has revealed that gathering them all together would not be an easy task to undertake. Conclusions: This study has revealed that the problem of mingling and uniting these seven principal elements is serious and it is rather difficult to put together such elements, simultaneously. Finally, design approach to the very principles is the most important suggestion of this study since it is clear that in the world of architecture, unification is of high importance. Therefore, the secret to the beauty of healthy architecture is the unification of design of all the elements

N. Eren, E. Brunesi, R. Nascimbene

Abstract Despite the increasing interest in progressive collapse-resistant design and analysis of reinforced concrete buildings that was triggered by accidental and man-made extreme events occurred over the last couple of decades, only few studies, especially numerical ones, have been carried out so far on the role of masonry infill walls. Just like in the case of first earthquake engineering applications, infills are usually considered as non-structural or architectural elements and, hence, their resistance is commonly ignored, given also that current design guidelines do not provide specific indications concerning this point. Although such an assumption leads to an ease in both design and assessment of structures, it may also give rise to misleading and overly conservative results, as the presence of masonry infills may result in extra vertical resistance. Thus, this paper presents the outcomes of a large number of progressive collapse simulations aimed at quantifying the effects of infill walls on the vertical load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete frames for different levels of damage, thus allowing evaluation of the interaction between these structural elements and the surrounding frame for different regimes/stages of the response. To this end, a macro-model concept was first developed and its effectiveness was then evaluated by comparing numerical results to experimental data from a past test on a one-third scaled planar structure featuring full-height infill walls. After validation, the proposed model was used to predict behavioural changes in the response of infilled reinforced concrete structures as a consequence of parametric variations in the geometry of the selected prototypes. Counterpart bare frames were also analysed in order to present a twofold comparison, in terms of resistance and dissipated energy. Finally, the manuscript describes the results of a further set of analyses, in which uncertainties in the mechanical properties of the masonry infills were modelled and propagated through fibre modelling and pushdown analysis techniques.

Paul Sestraș, S. Roșca, Ștefan Bilașco et al.

The Transylvanian region of Romania is a place of rich history since ancient times, where the original natural environment around architectural heritage sites or buildings has not been severely altered by urban development. Unfortunately, many such places are left by the authorities to degrade or totally collapse for lack of funds, vision or initiatives. The current paper addresses the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the assessment of a viable and feasible prospect of restoration on a 19th century mansion that belonged to a nobiliary family. UAV use is rising in many industries and has become very popular in the last decade, but for survey engineering and related domains they represent a quantum leap in technology. Integrating UAV-acquired data and structure from motion software, has enabled modern techniques to obtain useful metrics from the field, accurate photorealistic 3D models for visual inspection, structural damage analyses, architectural rehabilitation-restoration, conservation and spatial analysis of the surrounding area. In this work a socio-cultural planning and design process is explored and presented to improve the local community and inclusion in a tourist circuit based on the regional potential, as well as an evaluation of accessibility derived from a vector-raster database that highlights the central position of the cultural heritage in regards to the axis of circulation between the important metropolitan areas and the local tourist attractions. This established workflow of modern topographic and construction measurements is fully integrable into the architectural process, building information modelling, heritage conservation and reconstruction.

A. B. Daemei, A. Darvish, Roya Aeinehvand et al.

The wind load issues play a significant role in designing tall buildings, which has sometimes been considered an even more essential factor than earthquake loads. Also, investigating wind behavior in tall buildings is a crucial issue in architectural and structural design. A primary concern of wind engineering and aerodynamics is drag force. Drag force refers to a solid object’s behavior in the relative wind flow velocity direction in terms of fluid dynamics. The investigation involved only drag forces. The Autodesk Flow Design 2014 software was utilized as a wind tunnel simulator. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method was used for turbulence solving. This study aims to optimize tall square and triangular-shaped buildings in order to reduce drag force under along-wind motion. For this purpose, architectural aerodynamic strategies such as chamfered, rounded, and recessed corners were applied as aerodynamic modifications. Moreover, aerodynamic forms, including tapering and setting back on shapes, were applied on 24 building models. Generally, the height (H) and breadth (b) ratios were set to H: 200 m, which is equivalent to almost 60 stories, and b: 25 m wide. The obtained results indicate that model S5 (with a square floor plan) achieved 0.65 CD, and the t1 (with a triangular floor plan) achieved 0.30 CD, which could provide the best building model to reduce drag force. In this regard, the s1 could perform over 50% better in reducing wind load. Concerning the aerodynamic modification performance, the simulation results indicate that these modifications were able to lead to over 50% better performance in reducing wind force in square samples compared to triangular samples.

R. Moorjani, Franklin T. Lombardo, A. Devin et al.

Abstract Architectural form can be a significant factor influencing the performance of a tall building under across-wind excitation. When wind tunnel testing of a defined architectural form reveals undesirable behavior, it must be mitigated through engineering modifications such as the addition of structural material or supplementary damping devices. Alternatively, informed design of architectural forms enables a tall building’s shape to be modified in a way that has the potential to significantly reduce its across-wind response. Introducing openings in the form of vented floors was explored to reduce across-wind excitation of a prismatic square building. Single and double-vented aerodynamic treatments were applied at various locations along the height of prismatic square benchmark buildings of 7:1, 8.5:1, and 10:1 slenderness. In total, 36 distinct architectural forms were tested at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill’s experimental boundary layer wind tunnel facility to determine the effectiveness of the vents. A ‘zone of maximum influence’ was identified at approximately 60%–80% of the height of prismatic square buildings. ‘Optimal’ locations for single- and double-vents were determined within this influence zone. Full-scale peak moment and acceleration responses were estimated and compared to evaluate the dependence of venting treatment effectiveness on incident wind speed and flow turbulence.

Réka Mándoki, John Orr

D. Gautam, R. Adhikari, R. Rupakhety et al.

Leszek S. Wiśniewski

Transport is one of the most important greenhouse gas emitting sectors. It is the fourth largest sector in terms of emissions globally. However, in highly developed countries its role is much greater, e.g. in the USA and the European Union, its emissions are comparable to the energy sector which globally is the biggest emmiter. Within the transport sector, the largest emitter of greenhouse gases is road transport, including transport within urban areas. The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should translate into appropriate transport policy, including policy in urban areas. International organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) indicate that this policy should not only concern changing the energy source for transport, but also about its structure. In cities, this structure is strongly related to spatial development structure. Therefore, the reports of the above-mentioned organizations include recommendations regarding spatial and transport policy. Their implementation is aimed at increasing the share of active mobility and public transport in urban mobility. The article analyzes the spatial structure of three cities – Copenhagen, Vienna and Warsaw, whose agglomerations are similar in terms of number of inhabitants and area. They are also share certain features of the spatial structure, but there are significant differences between them if spatial planning policy and transport structure are concerned. Copenhagen and Vienna have a fairly consistent spatial policy regarding the transport that is oriented towards the development of active mobility and public transport. In Warsaw, on the other hand, the spatial and transport policies are separated from each other. The article discusses the effects of these differences in approach to spatial and transport policy.

Mingzhe Liu, Toshiyuki Hino, Ryozo Ooka et al.

Abstract The development of a distributed heat pump system that utilizes several renewable energy sources to meet building heating and cooling demands was reported in this paper. We refer to this system as the multiple‐source and multiple‐use heat pump (MMHP) system. A unique sky source heat pump, ground heat exchangers, and various heat pumps are connected through closed‐loop piping system within a building. This kind of configuration enables improved matching of supply and demand which offers a high flexibility. The winter and summer field testing are conducted to investigate the system performance using a testing building.

Gierlang Bhakti Putra

Previous researches on urban housing transformation in Indonesia focused on the privacy and observable morphological changes of the house. This study aims to compare the spatial configuration between the original and transformed plan of the urban houses in Indonesia. Six houses in Jatiwaringin Asri, Bekasi were investigated as part of the case study. The original plan and transformed plan of the houses are obtained through the interviews with the occupants of the houses. The plans were analyzed graphically and mathematically using space syntax. The results show that the open plan space is central in both original and transformed plan. There is strong segregation between public and private area but the interior of the houses maintain low hierarchical organization.