Hasil untuk "American literature"

M. Davies, D. D’Alessio, J. Fradkin et al.

V. Fadeyev, Фадеев Валентин Викторович

Thyrotoxicosis has multiple etiologies, manifestations, and potential therapies. Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions and patient preference. This document describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that would be useful to generalist and subspecialty physicians and others providing care for patients with this condition. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) previously cosponsored guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that were published in 2011. Considerable new literature has been published since then, and the ATA felt updated evidence-based guidelines were needed. The association assembled a task force of expert clinicians who authored this report. They examined relevant literature using a systematic PubMed search supplemented with additional published materials. An evidence-based medicine approach that incorporated the knowledge and experience of the panel was used to update the 2011 text and recommendations. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of evidence supporting them were rated according to the approach recommended by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Group. Clinical topics addressed include the initial evaluation and management of thyrotoxicosis; management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism using radioactive iodine, antithyroid drugs, or surgery; management of toxic multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma using radioactive iodine or surgery; Graves’ disease in children, adolescents, or pregnant patients; subclinical hyperthyroidism; hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy; and management of other miscellaneous causes of thyrotoxicosis. New paradigms since publication of the 2011 guidelines are presented for the evaluation of the etiology of thyrotoxicosis, the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs, the management of pregnant hyperthyroid patients, and the preparation of patients for thyroid surgery. The sections on less common causes of thyrotoxicosis have been expanded. One hundred twenty-four evidence-based recommendations were developed to aid in the care of patients with thyrotoxicosis and to share what the task force believes is current, rational, and optimal medical practice.

Marilyn M. Li, M. Datto, E. Duncavage et al.

C. Otto, Rick A. Nishimura, R. Bonow et al.

AIM This executive summary of the valvular heart disease guideline provides recommendations for clinicians to diagnose and manage valvular heart disease as well as supporting documentation to encourage their use. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted from January 1, 2010, to March 1, 2020, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Reports, and other selected database relevant to this guideline. STRUCTURE Many recommendations from the earlier valvular heart disease guidelines have been updated with new evidence and provides newer options for diagnosis and treatment of valvular heart disease. This summary includes only the recommendations from the full guideline which focus on diagnostic work-up, the timing and choice of surgical and catheter interventions, and recommendations for medical therapy. The reader is referred to the full guideline for graphical flow charts, text, and tables with additional details about the rationale for and implementation of each recommendation, and the evidence tables detailing the data considered in developing these guidelines.

A. Kalil, M. Metersky, M. Klompas et al.

P. Nahid, S. Dorman, N. Alipanah et al.

Claude Hemphill, Steven M. Greenberg, C. Anderson et al.

J. Merker, G. Oxnard, C. Compton et al.

Purpose Clinical use of analytical tests to assess genomic variants in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is increasing. This joint review from ASCO and the College of American Pathologists summarizes current information about clinical ctDNA assays and provides a framework for future research. Methods An Expert Panel conducted a literature review on the use of ctDNA assays for solid tumors, including pre-analytical variables, analytical validity, interpretation and reporting, and clinical validity and utility. Results The literature search identified 1,338 references. Of those, 390, plus 31 references supplied by the Expert Panel, were selected for full-text review. There were 77 articles selected for inclusion. Conclusion The evidence indicates that testing for ctDNA is optimally performed on plasma collected in cell stabilization or EDTA tubes, with EDTA tubes processed within 6 hours of collection. Some ctDNA assays have demonstrated clinical validity and utility with certain types of advanced cancer; however, there is insufficient evidence of clinical validity and utility for the majority of ctDNA assays in advanced cancer. Evidence shows discordance between the results of ctDNA assays and genotyping tumor specimens and supports tumor tissue genotyping to confirm undetected results from ctDNA tests. There is no evidence of clinical utility and little evidence of clinical validity of ctDNA assays in early-stage cancer, treatment monitoring, or residual disease detection. There is no evidence of clinical validity and clinical utility to suggest that ctDNA assays are useful for cancer screening, outside of a clinical trial. Given the rapid pace of research, re-evaluation of the literature will shortly be required, along with the development of tools and guidance for clinical practice.

W. Travis, U. Costabel, D. Hansell et al.

Jennifer S. Lawton, J. Tamis-Holland, S. Bangalore et al.

AIM The guideline for coronary artery revascularization replaces the 2011 coronary artery bypass graft surgery and the 2011 and 2015 percutaneous coronary intervention guidelines, providing a patient-centric approach to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with significant coronary artery disease undergoing coronary revascularization as well as the supporting documentation to encourage their use. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted from May 2019 to September 2019, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration, CINHL Complete, and other relevant databases. Additional relevant studies, published through May 2021, were also considered. STRUCTURE Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Coronary revascularization is an important therapeutic option when managing patients with coronary artery disease. The 2021 coronary artery revascularization guideline provides recommendations based on contemporary evidence for the treatment of these patients. The recommendations present an evidence-based approach to managing patients with coronary artery disease who are being considered for coronary revascularization, with the intent to improve quality of care and align with patients' interests.

C. Mack, D. Adams, D. Assis et al.

The objectives of this document are to provide guidance in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) based on current evidence and expert opinion, and to present guidelines to clinically relevant questions based on systematic reviews of the literature and the quality of evidence (1). This practice guideline/guidance constitutes an update of the guidelines on AIH published in 2010 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) (2). It updates the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AIH in adults and children.

J. Lai, P. Tandon, W. Bernal et al.

Antonio C. Wolff, M. Hammond, Jared N. Schwartz et al.

R. Crawford

This widely-praised book looks at the rise and fall of 'Britishness' in literature over the last three centuries. Arguing that for much of its history the subject of 'English Literature' has been bound up with an assumed English cultural centre, Devolving English Literature examines the literary construction and questioning of a British (rather than simply English) literary identity. Surveying eighteenth and nineteenth-century writers, including Robert Burns, James Boswell, Walter Scott and Thomas Carlyle, Robert Crawford remaps literary history. He argues that Scottish and non-metropolitan authors left a crucial legacy to American literature, to the developing subject of anthropology, and to twentieth-century Modernism. In the work of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Hugh MacDiarmid and other Modernists there persist vitally 'provincial' as well as national elements. These continue to nourish the verse of sophisticated post-British 'barbarian' poets such as Seamus Heaney, Tony Harrison, Douglas Dunn, Les Murray, and Derek Walcott. More than that, they are bound up with the contemporary literature and politics of Britain after devolution. This second edition contains a substantial new chapter, 'Waving Citizens', which looks particularly at Scottish writing in the light of the political events that saw the establishment of a national Parliament in Edinburgh in 1999. Topics considered range from Walter Scott and European union to Trainspotting and right-wing politics. This new chapter argues for the need to read Scottish literature in ways that alert us not just to its political significance, but also to the breadth of its tonal spectrum, so that Muriel Spark and Kathleen Jamie are as much part of a redefined Scottish literary identity as are Irvine Welsh and James Kelman. Praise for the first edition: 'A stunning book: original, extraordinarily wide-ranging, coherent, reflective, and strongly argued.' - Susan Staves, Studies in English Literature 'Crawford's book produces a spine-icing thrill as new frontiers break open. It rethinks modern British literature with new meanings for students of history, politics, anthropology and sociology, and it does so with seminal clarity and captivating originality.' - Owen Dudley Edwards, New Statesman 'An incisive, indeed brilliant, critical investigation into Anglocentricity, nationalism and literature.' - Catherine Lockerbie, The Scotsman Key features: * Surveys the rise and fall of 'Britishness' in literature over three centuries. * New chapter (not in the first edition) surveys Scottish literature from a post-devolutionary perspective. * Includes material on US, Irish, English and Australian as well as Scottish literature. * Rave reviews for the first edition (1992).

Anna Ley

Located between Bellah’s American Civil Religion, Bredekamp’s Image Act Theory, and Genette’s theory on narratology, this essay examines the impact House of Cards had on the 2016 presidential elections. Kevin Spacey’s iconic character Frank Underwood was the first presidential villain, and the first one who moved beyond the series to appear at the Correspondents’ Dinner in 2013. While the breaking of the fourth wall was not new to film, interactions with the audience on- and off-screen were fundamentally new. Furthermore, by including ‘real’ news anchors like Stephen Colbert or John King in the show, boundaries between fact and fiction are blurred. Also, portraits of former presidents are used to contextualize but also contrast Underwood’s words and actions. This stylistic element employs many civil religious narratives which are part of the collective memory. Watching Underwood undermine those commonly known civil religious and democratic dogmas in the ‘fictional reality’ changes and shapes the audience’s perception of the American presidency’s institutional narratives. By rearranging various civil religious elements into a completely new, yet familiar picture, the fictional presidential narrative became part of the historical imagination. Thus, the insight House of Cards offered to a fictional Washington, D.C. with non-fictional markers enabled Donald Trump’s campaign team to develop persisting media strategies for his Reality Show.

Yekta Rameshi, Simin Dashti‐Khavidaki, Soghra Rabizadeh et al.

ABSTRACT Introduction Liver transplantation is associated with various metabolic disorders. Peri‐transplant hyperglycemia is among the most frequent metabolic disorders among liver transplant recipients. Hyperglycemia following liver transplantation can increase the risk of post‐transplant complications, potentially impacting both graft and recipient outcomes. Several studies have compared intensive with standard blood glucose control strategies in liver transplant recipients. However, a comprehensive protocol for managing peri‐transplant hyperglycemia remains elusive. This review aimed to synthesise existing literature on the mechanisms, associated factors, and consequences of hyperglycemia after liver transplantation, and to provide recommendations for managing hyperglycemia in this patient population. Method PubMed, Scopus, and UpToDate databases and American Diabetes Association guidelines were searched without time limitations until February 2025. Results Peri‐liver transplant hyperglycemia can be attributed to several factors, including post‐reperfusion hepatocyte injury, insulin resistance stemming from underlying liver disease, surgical stress, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Various factors associated with peri‐transplant hyperglycemia can be categorised into pre‐transplant recipient factors, intraoperative factors, and donor‐related factors. Research has shown that inadequate glycemic control during the peri‐transplant period may have detrimental effects on post‐transplant outcomes, including an increased incidence of infections, graft rejection, acute kidney injury, prolonged hospital stays, and higher overall mortality. Conclusion The suggestions presented in this article, which consider the recipient's medical history and clinical conditions, can serve as a framework for healthcare providers to manage peri‐liver transplant hyperglycemia effectively.

Luis Gruber, Gregor Kastner, Anirban Bhattacharya et al.

Bhattacharya et al. (2015, Journal of the American Statistical Association 110(512): 1479-1490) introduce a novel prior, the Dirichlet-Laplace (DL) prior, and propose a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to simulate posterior draws under this prior in a conditionally Gaussian setting. The original algorithm samples from conditional distributions in the wrong order, i.e., it does not correctly sample from the joint posterior distribution of all latent variables. This note details the issue and provides two simple solutions: A correction to the original algorithm and a new algorithm based on an alternative, yet equivalent, formulation of the prior. This corrigendum does not affect the theoretical results in Bhattacharya et al. (2015).

Brigitte A. Mora-Reyes, Jennifer A. Drewyor, Abel A. Reyes-Angulo

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems often reflect biases from economically advanced regions, marginalizing contexts in economically developing regions like Latin America due to imbalanced datasets. This paper examines AI representations of diverse Latin American contexts, revealing disparities between data from economically advanced and developing regions. We highlight how the dominance of English over Spanish, Portuguese, and indigenous languages such as Quechua and Nahuatl perpetuates biases, framing Latin American perspectives through a Western lens. To address this, we introduce a culturally aware dataset rooted in Latin American history and socio-political contexts, challenging Eurocentric models. We evaluate six language models on questions testing cultural context awareness, using a novel Cultural Expressiveness metric, statistical tests, and linguistic analyses. Our findings show that some models better capture Latin American perspectives, while others exhibit significant sentiment misalignment (p < 0.001). Fine-tuning Mistral-7B with our dataset improves its cultural expressiveness by 42.9%, advancing equitable AI development. We advocate for equitable AI by prioritizing datasets that reflect Latin American history, indigenous knowledge, and diverse languages, while emphasizing community-centered approaches to amplify marginalized voices.

Vladimir V. Feshchenko

The article is devoted to the poetics of contemporary American writer Lyn Hejinian (1941–2024), considered one of the most consistent successors of Gertrude Stein's experimentalism in Anglophone literary writing. The study encompasses all stages of Hejinian’s poetic creativity: from early experiences of “language writing” in the 1960–70s, autobiographical texts and collective works of the 1980–90s, to theoretical and poetic quests in the first decades of the 21st century. The writer's main interest is the persistence and impermanence of memory and the subject, as well as the role of writing in their preservation and transformation. Descriptions of the writing process as a driving force of memory and experience come to the fore here. Syntax acts as the materialization of temporality in writing. Texts in a variety of formats explore natural and cultural worlds brought to life by language. Many of Hejinian's texts, both theoretical and artistic, explore the problem of language as a social space, as a philosophical search and as political pragmatics, as well as the problem of the relationship of time to language and language to time. The book The Language of Inquiry has become a kind of manifesto for poetic language, which is the “language of inquiry.” A special place in the book is occupied by essays about Gertrude Stein, which actualize the writing practices of the great American modernist in the contemporary context of language-oriented poetics. In her work of the recent years, Hejinian increasingly turns to social themes, never ceasing to experiment with the boundaries of the poetic. She puts forward a theory of so-called “allegorical activism,” which is understood as “artistic and political practice in the service of activating creative potential in everyday life.”

Monica MANOLACHI

The legacy of the American poet Ezra Pound has been extensively researched for decades, but his life and work still offer food for thought to historians, critics and writers. A notable relatively recent international endeavour is the Ezra Pound Center for Literature Series by Clemson University Press, which encompasses critical monographs, scholarly studies, collections of essays, volumes of original poetry, reprints, translations and more. Ezra Pound & the Spanish World (2024) edited by Viorica Patea, John Gery and Walter Baumann is a significant contribution within this series. As noted in the “Preface,” Ezra Pound (1885-1972) travelled to Spain on three occasions during his youth: first at 17 in 1902, accompanying his aunt to Granada and Seville; then at 21 in 1906, as a young PhD researcher funded by the University of Pennsylvania, studying Lope de Vega’s theatre; and again at 23 in 1908, revisiting Granada and Seville en route to Italy. Although his poetry was inspired by Spanish literature and the arts, and his work and life influenced a number of Spanish-speaking writers, the studies on Pound’s two-way relationship to the Spanish world are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this edited collection is to survey these dynamic connections in more detail.