Hasil untuk "Special types of environment"

Mehdi Partovi Pirooz, Sassan Seyrafi , Saber Niavarani

The need to combat the adverse effects of climate change, coupled with the rising energy demand, justifies the global production of renewable energy. On the other hand, due to the advantages of energy production in marine environments, the development of marine renewable energy has garnered significant attention in many countries. Offshore wind power plants are currently operational and produce a substantial amount of energy. These offshore wind farms are extensive interconnected facilities that occupy a considerable area of the sea. Therefore, the development of marine renewable energy production facilities can pose challenges to maritime safety, including potential collisions between ships and even airplanes with these facilities, as well as damage to submarine cables. Thus, it is essential to address these challenges before developing the marine renewable energy industry. To tackle these issues, this article proposes solutions based on international documents regarding the Law of the Sea and certain national regulations such as providing the Traffic Separation Scheme and sea lane routes - considering the specific characteristics of each project and the conditions of the maritime area - by the International Maritime Organization, crafting national regulations regarding the selection of appropriate site project and ensuring a safe distance for ships navigating through the wind farms area also implementing marine spatial planning. These solutions can ensure maritime safety as a result of the development of marine renewable energy. 1. Introduction As the global energy demand grows and scientific awareness about the irreversible effects of climate change increases, the oceans are receiving remarkable attention as a rich source of energy. The oceans offer a vast and powerful source of renewable energy that has so far not been utilized on a significant scale. Marine renewable energy (hereinafter “MRE”) technologies have been fostered in many countries due to their potential contribution to achieving the decolonization of the energy system. Compared with other forms of traditional energy, MRE has unparalleled advantages. More importantly, MRE is a form of clean energy, the use of which will not cause pollution to the environment. However, this solution would result in challenges for maritime safety. Collisions between ships and renewable energy facilities, as well as damage to the energy transmission cables caused by ship anchors or fishing nets, present significant challenges for maritime safety arising from MRE production. The potential for these challenges to occur in busy areas, such as the Exclusive Economic Zone (hereinafter “EEZ”), is quite high. This study examines the challenges of maritime safety arising from MRE production through the lens of the law of the sea and some national regulations using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources. Also, this paper proposes potential solutions. The main research question of this study is whether the current legal regime governing MRE production in the EEZ is sufficient and reliable to ensure maritime safety. Since MRE technologies, particularly offshore wind farms, are currently operational in the EEZ, this article will focus on that area. To this end, this study is organized into three sections: the first section addresses the challenges of maritime safety. The next section examines the rights and obligations of states regarding maritime safety in the exclusive economic zone from the perspective of the law of the sea. Finally, in light of international documents and some national regulations, the third section proposes solutions, such as providing updated and case-specific traffic separation schemes by the International Maritime Organization, selecting suitable locations for project construction, and marine spatial planning to ensure maritime safety. 2. Methodology This study employs a comparative legal research method and utilizes library resources to examine the maritime safety challenges arising from marine renewable energy production from the perspective of the law of the sea and certain national regulations. 3. Results and Discussion All offshore installations, regardless of type, will have an impact on vessel navigation and safety in their vicinity. A renewable offshore site could affect navigation based on the traffic volume, types of waterway users, vessel sizes, and other vessel characteristics including speed capability, navigation equipment, and number of passengers. In addition, an installation could affect non-transit uses of the area, such as recreational fishing and day cruising, racing, marine regattas and parades, and aggregate dredging. These structures could also block or hinder the view of other vessels, the coastline, or other navigational features such as aids to navigation, landmarks, or promontories used by mariners to navigate. Wind farm infrastructure is also potentially vulnerable to accidents and damage from multi-use conflicts with other maritime activities. Broadly speaking, there are two categories of accidents to consider in this respect. The first is the potential for a collision between a ship and a wind turbine or substation at sea. The second is the potential for damage to undersea power cables from ship anchors or fishing practices such as bottom trawling. Collisions have the potential to physically damage both the ship and wind farm infrastructure, and to cause marine environmental damage should it result in spillage of oil or chemicals from the ship. Any subsequent clean-up operation would likely lead to an extended shutdown of wind farm operations to ensure the safety of those involved. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS”) serving as the “constitution of the oceans” provides the overall governance framework for offshore renewable energy developments by establishing both State rights and responsibilities. In terms of rights, the Convention clearly grants coastal States exclusive rights to exploit and regulate renewable energy sources in their offshore waters. Article 56(1) explicitly states that the coastal state has “sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters suprajacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents, and winds.” This provision is not exhaustive and, thus, provides an umbrella for the harnessing of other types of marine energy not expressly mentioned such as geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal barrages, and the conversion of oceanic thermal energy. Additionally, the coastal state has the right to establish reasonable “safety zones” around such installations and structures, of which “due notice” must also be given and thus must be respected by ships. Moreover, Article 58(3) provides that the coastal state is obliged to have “due regard” for the rights of other states when exercising its rights. Although the concept of “due regard” is ambiguous and open to interpretation, it is clear that the exercise of the coastal state's sovereign rights in EZZ cannot prevent other states from exercising their freedoms of navigation, overflight, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines. Thus, activities such as the construction of offshore wind farms pose challenges in terms of maritime safety and marine environmental protection. UNCLOS also has given special attention to the decommissioning of installations in terms of maritime safety; it states that the primary reason for decommissioning marine installations is to ensure maritime safety, and refers to “generally accepted international standards” and “the competent international organization” (Article 60(3)). Despite the ambiguity in these provisions, since they are mostly related to maritime safety, the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter “IMO”) is generally introduced as the competent international organization in this field. IMO adopted resolutions applicable to the MRE installations such as Resolution A.671(16) on Safety of Navigation Around Offshore Installations and Resolution A.672(16) Removal of Offshore Installations. By UNCLOS, all states are obliged to give “due notice” and notification regarding the construction of offshore renewable energy installations, to maintain necessary warnings about their presence, and to establish reasonable safety zones to ensure maritime safety (Article 60(3) & (4)). The same paragraph of Article 60 also states that the coastal state may, where necessary, create reasonable safety zones around artificial islands and installations to ensure maritime safety and the safety of the artificial islands and installations. Such safety zones can also be established around any type of offshore installation, whether fixed or mobile. 3.1. Applicable solutions 3.1.1. Collision avoidance States that wish to route internationally shipping in the vicinity of wind farms must consider the IMO’s Resolutions and Guidelines. Among other things, these instruments urge states to indicate all permanent offshore installations and structures on appropriate navigational charts and request states to depict designated safety zones around offshore structures or installations on navigational charts using the legends, symbols, and notes recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization. Furthermore, the contracting states must ensure the proper use of the designated routes and compliance with the measures adopted IMO in relation to the establishment of ships' routing systems. Maritime hazards are largely influenced by the location and direction of the installation of offshore wind farms. Therefore, considering existing routes and traffic schemes to reduce potential hazards resulting from the establishment of wind farms in a specific area will be highly effective. Determining the “location” of an offshore wind farm is a crucial factor in ensuring maritime safety. This is significant enough that some states have created requirements in their national laws. For example, sections 14 to 17 of the Netherlands' 2015 Offshore Wind Energy Act and Marine Renewable Energy Act of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada, last amended in 2020. 3.1.2. Maritime Spatial Planning Maritime spatial planning (hereinafter “MSP”) is about managing the distribution of human activities in space and time to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives and outcomes. According to recent research, for the use of marine spatial planning in the development of renewable marine energy, potential areas for the production of renewable energy should be identified and specific areas should be considered for the installation of facilities and cable routes. Furthermore, considering UNCLOS’s approach to ensuring maritime safety protecting marine scientific research, or establishing safety zones around offshore installations, spatial planning for the marine environment within the framework of the law of the sea can be regarded as an effective method for maintaining order in different marine areas. The Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, adopted by the European Union, serves as an excellent example as European states are bound by this Directive to consider MRE production in their maritime areas. The Directive stipulates that contracting states must take into account environmental, economic, and social aspects, as well as safety considerations, in the planning of their maritime space, and cooperate with third states. 4. Conclusions and Future Research The emergence of new marine renewable energy technologies and the advantages of harnessing energy from the sea has led to rapid growth in the marine renewable energy industry within a short timeframe. However, this expansion has created challenges for maritime safety and environmental protection. It appears that the answer to the main question of this article is negative, indicating that the current legal framework is neither sufficient nor reliable to ensure maritime safety in light of the development of renewable energy production technologies in EEZ. This is attributed to the distinct and more dynamic characteristics of renewable energy production facilities compared to fossil fuel production facilities, which can pose challenges to maritime safety. As noted, the legal framework for producing marine renewable energy is not confined to a single instrument; rather, other international and national legal documents can complement the existing legal regime to address maritime safety challenges. This can be achieved through the active participation and cooperation of states and international organizations, particularly the International Maritime Organization.

Alexander Kovrigin, Aleksandra Eliseeva, Konstantin Grotov et al.

Environment setup-the process of configuring the system to work with a specific software project-represents a persistent challenge in Software Engineering (SE). Automated environment setup methods could assist developers by providing fully configured environments for arbitrary repositories without manual effort. This also helps SE researchers to scale execution-based benchmarks. However, recent studies reveal that even state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve limited success in automating this task. To address this limitation, we tune a specialized model for environment setup. We combine supervised fine-tuning for generating correct Bash scripts and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to adapt it to the task of environment setup. On EnvBench-Python, our method enables Qwen3-8B (a model runnable on consumer hardware) to perform on par with larger models-Qwen3-32B and GPT-4o. The training code and model checkpoints are available online: https://github.com/JetBrains-Research/PIPer.

mostafa esmaiili , Mahdiye Bod

Tourism events, in addition to aiding destination marketing, can bring about numerous positive economic implications for destinations and tourism businesses. Consequently, event tourism attracts the attention of stakeholders and destination managers, as well as captivates researchers, leading to the advancement of research in this domain. The objective of this research is to conduct a quantitative review of event tourism studies to better understand the conceptual and social structures of this field, as well as its current and future research trends. Accordingly, a bibliometric analysis was adopted in this research. To achieve this aim, 2014 event tourism articles were retrieved from the Web of Science database and visualized using VOS viewer software. The research findings indicate that the number of article publications peaked in 2019 with 206 articles, while citations peaked in 2021 with 6783 citations. Moreover, the findings identify the top articles, researchers, journals, universities, and countries based on citation volume. By employing co-authorship analysis, the study illustrates international collaboration networks in this field, with the United States exhibiting the highest level of collaboration with other countries. Additionally, co-occurrence analysis of keywords identifies the most prominent research topics and delineates new trends in this area. Increased attention to small-scale and cultural events compared to large-scale sporting events, a focus on marketing, consumer behavior, tourist experience, and the role of technology represent significant emerging trends in event tourism that could attract researchers' attention. 1. Introduction The world has been moving towards utilizing events to attract tourists in the past three decades (Kelly and Fairley, 2008). Recently, various cities and towns have added events such as exhibitions, performances, thematic markets, festivals, and events to their offerings as tourist attractions in order to both attract tourists more successfully and prolong their stays (McKercher and Du Cros, 2003). Destination managers have realized the necessity of augmenting their tourism offerings with novel, exciting, pristine, and unparalleled attractions (Connell, Page, and Mair, 2015). Tourism events can serve as powerful tools for attracting tourists and creating an image and awareness of the region in the minds of tourists (Kovalenko, Dias et al., 2023). Events breathe life into attractions and invigorate them; otherwise, tourists' experiences become repetitive and tedious, gradually reducing visitor numbers (Getz and Page, 2016; Kruger and Saayman, 2017), to the extent that they have become a key component of tourism products in many destinations (Getz, 2016). In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the academic community's attention to research related to event tourism. With the expansion of event tourism research, the literature in this field requires more comprehensive review studies than ever before. Despite qualitative review studies conducted in the field of event tourism (Getz, 2005; 2008; 2012; 2016), there is still a gap in the literature for a quantitative study that examines the structures of event tourism and can provide an overview of this research field. Since bibliometrics is a quantitative method that evaluates and reviews the existing body of research in a field or research topic and can identify research trends and highlight knowledge gaps (Kryszak et al., 2023; Thukral & Jain, 2021), the present study aims to conduct a bibliometric review of event tourism research to not only demonstrate conceptual and social structures but also introduce the overall status of research conducted in this field to date, as well as gaps and future research trends. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the following questions: 1) What trend has quantitative publication and citation of event tourism research followed in recent years? 2) Which articles, journals, researchers, countries, and universities have been the most cited in the field of event tourism? 3) What has been the status of international collaboration in this field? 4) Which keywords have been the most frequent in this field, and what has been the conceptual structure of event tourism? 2. Literature Review There is no clear consensus on the classification and determination of key terms in these definitions. Since an event can gather people for a specific purpose, some researchers in this field define events based on their objectives. Another group of scholars emphasizes the unique aspects and characteristics of each event in their definition. In a comprehensive definition by Zhu (2007), events are phenomena that signify and delineate individual and collective realities. According to Jacqueline (2019), events are categorized based on their content, such as historical, geographical, and cultural events. Such contents can include music, film, performances, being in a specific location, or occurring at a specific time. The purpose of events should be clear and should not contradict existing institutional objectives. Getz (2008) refers to event tourism as a form of travel with special interests, where individuals travel to see an event or attend one during their journey. Examples include religious ceremonies, art exhibitions, music concerts, and other cultural festivals, which are significant attractions for residents and tourists and play a fundamental role in reviving other arts and cultural elements. According to Mair (2015), events are special occasions that rarely occur and have a specific duration, offering participants opportunities beyond their everyday lives. Pross (2005) also defines event tourism as short-term periods filled with engaging and exciting activities, usually held in a geographical or historical area. Therefore, events are unique celebrations that occur in a specific place and at a particular moment to fulfill specific needs. The most comprehensive definition of events in the tourism literature was proposed by Getz in 1991. He defines events from the perspectives of organizations and consumers: from the organization's perspective, events are phenomena that occur once or repeatedly outside of sponsorship programs and organizer activities, and from the consumer's perspective, events are opportunities for social, cultural, and recreational experiences that typically differ from the conventional and ongoing life of the local community (Abbas et al., 2021). According to Getz (2008), planned events are spatial and temporal phenomena, each uniquely designed and programmed due to the interaction between the environment, individuals, and management systems. One of the significant attractions of events is that they are never the same, and you have to be there to fully enjoy the unique experience that an event offers. Therefore, if you miss it, it's a missed opportunity. Virtual events, or events that communicate with people through media, also provide different interests and values for the tourism industry and offer a different type of event experience (Zhou, 2007). Similarly, regarding the types of events, there are many disagreements. Bridge (2007) enumerates the typology of event types as follows: local events, major events, prominent events, and mega-events. As the dimensions and size of events increase, so do their effects. Connell, Page, and Mair (2015) provide the following classification of events: Cultural events: festivals, carnivals, memorials, and religious events; Political events: summits, royal occasions, and political events; Business and trade events: conferences, exhibitions, trade shows, and markets; Educational and scientific events: conferences; Sports events: non-professional, professional, spectators, participants, and recreational; Private events: weddings, parties, gatherings, and celebrations. Eckulica et al. (2012) categorize events into various types, including tourism events, urban events, competitions, weddings, mega-events, and prominent events. Another typology proposed by Barker (2003) divides events into three categories: business events, cultural programs, and sports programs. Boudin et al. (2006) present another taxonomy consisting of ten parts: 1) business, 2) festivals, exhibitions, cultural events, 3) social events (community-based), 4) outdoor events, 5) entertainment, festivals, live music, 6) concerts, theater, and shows, 7) sports events or sports spectators, 8) charity events, fundraising, voluntary activities, 9) party and wedding planning, and life cycle-related events, and 10) special events. Servetti and Piva (2015) argue that events can vary significantly in scale, complexity, and the number of stakeholders involved. Larger events tend to have broader and more numerous objectives and stakeholders. Additionally, events are classified based on their social construction, performance, and their roles in governmental policies and corporate strategies. Sometimes events are classified based on their form and program, a concept referred to as social construction. By anticipating the economic benefits derived from the spending of tourists and visitors at festivals, various private and governmental agencies can utilize these events as a new source of income for local businesses and taxation. Moreover, besides the economic advantages, festivals, by offering diverse cultural events, are perceived to enhance infrastructural facilities, transportation, etc., as part of the destination's quality and residents' quality of life, contributing to their improvement. However, stringent and effective mechanisms are required by policymakers to minimize the negative social impacts of events, paving the way for reputation building and destination and event enhancement (Campón et al., 2019). 3. Methodology This research is of a descriptive-analytical nature and has utilized bibliometric methodology. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative analytical method used to examine the progress of a research field (León-Gómez et al., 2021), employing quantitative and statistical techniques such as descriptive analysis and visualization of conceptual, intellectual, and social structures (Mukherjee, Lim et al., 2022). In this study, descriptive, co-authorship, and co-citation analyses have been employed. For data analysis and visualization, as well as illustrating existing scientific patterns, the VOS viewer software has been utilized (Van Eck & Waltman, 2010). To retrieve data in this research, the Web of Science database and its subsets, which include high-quality journals, have been utilized (Rai et al., 2021; Hassan Shah et al., 2022). Initially, to determine the scope of the search, appropriate titles, abstracts, and keywords based on the literature review of the research under consideration were selected. Then, no starting point was determined for the search in terms of time, and all articles in the field of event tourism up to December 31, 2023, were utilized. The keywords used for the search were "Event tourism," "Event," and "Tourism." In the first stage of data analysis, information from 3349 articles was extracted and retrieved from the database. In the second stage, criteria for the desired output were applied to discard irrelevant research. The first output criterion in this research was to classify articles into review and research categories. In the second stage, considering that the aim of the research is to examine the international trend of articles in the field of event tourism, articles' language was restricted to English, and articles before 2014 were retained for analysis. 4. Results The findings of the research indicate that although the number of publications increased quantitatively until 2019, it has decreased in recent years, possibly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the cancellation of many major events, especially sporting events. Descriptive analysis findings show that the article by Getz (2008), titled "Event Tourism: Definition, Evolution, and Research," with 1081 citations, has been the most cited article in the field of event tourism. This is due to the conceptualization of event tourism in this research, which has been cited by many other researchers. With 1990 citations resulting from ten research studies in the field of event tourism, Getz can be considered the most cited and perhaps the most significant researcher in the field of event tourism. The Journal of Tourism Management, with 9677 citations, has been the most influential journal in this field. The most cited country among the active countries in event tourism is the United States of America, with 12462 citations. However, Griffith University, Australia, with 3587 citations, has ranked first among the most cited universities in event tourism. This indicates the concentration of several top researchers in this field at this university, as well as the university's significant activity in event tourism, as Florida and Washington State Universities rank fourth and fifth, respectively, among the most cited universities. Co-authorship analysis also showed that the United States had the most connections and collaborations with other countries in research, with 46 more links. Co-citation analysis displayed the most frequent keywords and, based on the temporal trend, illustrated the conceptual structure of event tourism research. 5. Conclusion The research shows a diversification of topics explored, with an emphasis on sports events, including major ones like the Olympics, alongside a growing interest in smaller-scale events. Commercial and festival tourism, as well as cultural events, have garnered significant attention thematically, with festival attendance being a key motivator for tourists. Recent studies have shifted focus towards marketing aspects within event tourism, aligning with previous research emphasizing the role of events in destination promotion and branding. Consumer behavior and marketing strategies in event tourism are highlighted, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of both supply and demand dynamics. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of human resources in event management, an aspect that has received less attention in research. Emerging concepts like tourist experiences and value co-creation are identified as crucial areas requiring further investigation, given their potential to enhance event experiences and destination development. A shift towards active tourist participation in events signifies a broader transformation in tourism paradigms, emphasizing value co-creation and active engagement over passive observation. This shift has implications for the definition of cultural tourism and its intersection with event tourism, as tourists increasingly seek immersive and participatory experiences in cultural events and festivals.

Ghulam Mustafa Thebo, Muhammad Hassan Agheem, Akhtar Hussain Markhand et al.

Tamara Martinac Dorčić, Marina Merkaš

More quickly than in the past, the digital world of today is bringing with it new challenges for children, adolescents, and youth, as well as for their parents and guardians, virtually every day. Children, adolescents, and youth use digital technology, i.e. devices, applications, and media, on a daily basis for a variety of reasons and activities, and the use is having positive and negative effects on their development and well-being. With the development of new research methodologies and theoretical frameworks, we are beginning to understand more and more how digital technology use affects development and well-being. Thus, the purpose of this special issue was to bring together current knowledge about how digital technology use shapes the lives of children, adolescents, and youth, and offer perspectives on the future direction of much-needed work. We hope that we have succeeded in this and that this special issue offers readers an interesting insight into this area. This special issue is a collection of 11 scientific papers, one of which is a review paper, describing studies done in Croatia, Sweden, Slovenia, and Norway. The issue features papers that used different methodological approaches and samples of participants from different countries. The papers in the issue are organized chronologically, with the last two papers describing studies done with parents as one of the closest physical ecological environments for preschool children.   The first part of the issue is dedicated to the five studies done with adolescents. Kotrla Topić et al. paper describes a two-wave longitudinal study done with early adolescents in Croatia with the aim of exploring how engagement in different activities using digital technology predicts changes in adolescents’ subjective wellbeing. Jokić et al. examined the relationships between time spent using digital technology, loneliness, and well-being among three nationally representative cohorts of adolescents in Croatia. Knežević and Erceg examined the relationship among Instagram use, general self-esteem, envy, and the need for relatedness in a sample of Croatian middle adolescents. Pahljina-Reinić et al.'s paper depicts the prevalence and stability of achievement goal profiles among adolescents in Croatia in relation to their experience with digital technologies in educational settings using a longitudinal, person-oriented approach. Olander et al. explored Swedish children and adolescents’ experiences of physical activity and apps, with a focus on the effects of behavior change techniques using qualitative methodology.   The middle part of the issue is dedicated to the three studies done with youth, namely university students. Žulec Ivanković et al. explored the effects of media pressure on appearance satisfaction in a sample of Croatian young women. Martinac Dorčić et al. described a study done with youth in Croatia on the relationship between social media use, digital stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Fabijanić et al. explored how support in the offline world and some aspects of the use of social networks predict loneliness among university students in Croatia.   The last part of the issue features a review study and two studies done with parents. Dodaj et al. wrote a theoretical review on sexting, namely definition, types, motivation, prevalence, theoretical explanations, determinants, and consequences of sexting behavior. Seršen et al. explored parents’ views on quality programs for children, mediation practice, and common reasons to allow preschool children media exposure. Ables et al. examined the question of how parents with young children living in Norway perceive their phone usage based on the data collected by interviews with parents.   All in all, the findings of the papers in this issue indicate that the use of digital technologies among adolescents can have both positive and negative effects on wellbeing, which is important for interpreting the effects considering different activities and purposes of use.   The findings suggest that overuse of digital technology has mainly negative effects on well-being. Furthermore, the findings imply the existence of individual differences related to digital technology use. The findings can also inform the creation and implementation of physical activity apps. Furthermore, when youth are the focus, the findings suggest that exposure to media may have negative, although small, effects on self-image and mental health, but also that the effects are nonexistent or, better stated, not captured with the current methodology. The findings advise future research on sexting, which is becoming prevalent among adolescents and youth. To finish, results point to different parent-oriented motives for allowing preschool children to enter a digital environment.   To conclude, virtual ecosystems and their characteristics are changing every day, and more research is needed on the long-term effects of living in a virtual microsystem using advanced, more person-oriented methodologies within theoretical frameworks that need to be developed soon.   We would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this special issue and all the reviewers for their useful suggestions. We would also like to thank the editor-in-chief and the entire editorial board for their help and support.

Faryal Karim

Sai-li Duan, Min Wu, Zhe-Jia Zhang et al.

Abstract Although the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing year by year, most patients, especially those with differentiated thyroid cancer, can usually be cured with surgery, radioactive iodine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. However, treatment options for patients with poorly differentiated thyroid cancers or radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer have historically been limited. Altered energy metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer and a well-documented feature in thyroid cancer. In a hypoxic environment with extreme nutrient deficiencies resulting from uncontrolled growth, thyroid cancer cells utilize “metabolic reprogramming” to satisfy their energy demand and support malignant behaviors such as metastasis. This review summarizes past and recent advances in our understanding of the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in thyroid cancer cells, which we expect will yield new therapeutic approaches for patients with special pathological types of thyroid cancer by targeting reprogrammed glucose metabolism.

Xianhong Wu, Jianguo Gao

China’s religious social services complement the statutory welfare. Clarifying the situations and characteristics of different types of religious social services is conducive to promoting their better integration into public welfare. With the help of existing policy texts, research documents, and website data, this paper employs the thematic framework analysis method to analyze texts and documents and uses NVivo12 and SPSS26 to analyze website data. We explore the similarities and differences between contemporary Chinese Protestant social services and Buddhist social services from the perspectives of the service program, service organizations, and service resources, starting from multiple dimensions such as vertical and horizontal, similarity and difference. The main findings include the following: (a) In terms of service programs, Protestant social services are more inclusive than Buddhist social services and more public in terms of participant selection, religious environment, and the use of spiritual methods. Protestant social services are more open in terms of service value and public expression, while Buddhist social services are more localized and are politically consistent with the government. (b) In terms of service organizations, Protestant social services and Buddhist social services are based on three main types of legal persons. Protestant social services were the first to register organizational legal persons. Protestant social organizations differentiated into special service institutions and have core organizations with strong mobilization capabilities (CCC/TSPM). There is little difference between Protestant and Buddhist social services in private non-enterprise units and foundations (transparency index, business scope). (c) In terms of service resources, both Protestant and Buddhist social services rely on donations. The sources of funds for Protestant social services are more international, diversified, and market-oriented. In terms of government resource acquisition, Protestant social services actively “adapt”, while Buddhist social services passively “rely”.

Jacek Pacana, Dominika Siwiec, Andrzej Pacana

The unfriendly-for-humans environment of space causes automatic or remotely controlled vehicles and devices to be used for its research. In robot and manipulator control systems, and also in mechanisms adjusting antennas and photovoltaic panels, the hermetic harmonic drive can be used. A special advantage of this type of gear is the ability to transfer power to an isolated space separated by physical barriers from external influences. Therefore, the purpose was to design gears that will allow achieving the highest kinematic precision for control systems by simultaneously maintaining their hermetics. The article presented an analysis of the kinematic accuracy of harmonic hermetic drives powered by four different types of wave generators. The generators used differed in construction but also caused other deformations of the flexspline. The calculation of angular displacement was prepared in the computer program Abaqus. The simulations were performed on virtual models of a complete harmonic hermetic drive using the finite element method (FEM). The results from the analysis allow the most favorable solution to be applied to the Mars rover drive or spacecraft control system. It was determined for which of the wave generators the kinematic accuracy is the highest and how high the backlash exists for the reversing rotation. Finally, the proposed design will allow one to increase the accuracy of the working movements and control of space vehicles while ensuring a minimal influence of the external ambient.

M.D. Baldzhy

The paper considers the need to create an innovative health and rehabilitation center due to the long-term military aggression of russia. The latter leads to the fact that many military and civilians receive physical and psychological injuries that need to be treated. At the first stage of rehabilitation, these problems are solved by special medical facilities, while the restoration of both physical and psychological condition should be carried out outside hospitals. One of these facilities could be health and rehabilitation centers on a national scale. Such centers can be formed on the basis of existing sports complexes, where there is a basis for carrying out appropriate actions. The article uses the example of the Olimp sports complex located on the Black Sea coast to illustrate the prospects of this area. The relevance of the work is due to the needs of the present and the principles of sustainable development of society, which combines social (human factor), economic (economic factor) and environmental (health improvement through a clean environment) components. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the creation of an innovative health and rehabilitation center on the basis of the Olimp sports complex for military and civilians suffering from physical and psychological injuries. Research methods: analysis and evaluation of economic activities; methods of generalization for the study of activities; observation method for the study of economic activities of FSC Olimp and the peculiarities of its services. The results of the work include: research on the needs of creating a health and rehabilitation center; identification of the main forms and types of work of the health and rehabilitation center; analysis of the activity of the physical culture and sports complex "Olympus"; assessment of the importance of introducing health and rehabilitation services; development of ways of innovative health and rehabilitation activities. The scientific novelty lies in the development of innovative approaches for the creation of a health and rehabilitation center that can operate on the basis of the Olimp sports complex. Practical significance of the results. The system for creating an innovative health and rehabilitation center is proposed for a specific existing enterprise and can be implemented in the near future. The developed recommendations can be used for a similar type of enterprise.

Sven B. Gould, R. Waller, G. McFadden

Ana Kramar, Mirjana M. Kostic

In the past two decades, a growing body of research regarding the utilization of natural bacterial pigments or dyes for textile dyeing has emerged. Bacterial pigments are bacterial secondary metabolites that usually have bright colors and some special properties (e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidative, UV protective etc.). In addition to their high production yield, these special properties led scientists to research and develop methods for utilizing bacterial pigments in textile dyeing. This study presents the current state this field of research, with a focus on the dyeing potential of bacterial pigments for different types of textile material. The potential future directions of research in this area are also highlighted. In addition to the durable dyeing of textiles, bacterial pigments with special properties, such as antimicrobial activity, can add multifunctionality to dyed materials, thus increasing the value of the final product. This emerging field of research will also have a great impact on sustainability and the environment, contributing to the decreased usage of synthetic dyes in the textile industry.

Amirhossein Tayebi Abolhasani, vahid khashei varnamkhasti, mahdi haghighi kafash et al.

Aim and Introduction: Today, the concept of openness has spread in organizations and organizations have shown a special interest in open approaches. One of these open principles in organizations in the strategic field known through transparency and participation in strategy processes, which is called open strategy. This emerging phenomenon mentioned in various theoretical perspectives that need to be further understood. The purpose of this study is typology and content analysis of open strategy underlying theories, which based on qualitative content analysis using the deductive method. Methodology: The present study is fundamental based on purpose, based on the nature of data, qualitative and based on data collection methods. In addition, the method of doing it is descriptive analysis and the method of data analysis is using qualitative content analysis. The present study based on qualitative content analysis with a structuring approach and using a deductive method. To find the articles, various methods such as searching the Scopus database and strategy experts used using snowball sampling techniques and theory. Reputable English scientific articles were examined with the Scopus index and the search in this database was done with the focus on the keyword "Open Strategy" in the period 1990 to 2020. The articles obtained according to the purpose of the research and based on internal criteria (in terms of the articles being more comprehensive, articles published in reputable journals, highly cited articles and main authors, analytical articles in this field and influential articles introduced by other researches and It was also evaluated with the help of the research focal group (experts) and finally based on the mentioned criteria and after the final screening, 26 important English articles with high quality and in line with the research objectives were selected for data extraction. Findings: The results show that different theories and perspectives have directly and indirectly emphasized the openness of the strategy. In other words, in general, different theories are explicitly or implicitly influential in the field of open strategy. In total, 32 types of theories are effective in the field of open strategy, which were divided by the authors into 8 different theoretical approaches.The 8 theoretical approaches are: practical approaches, communication-based approaches, meaning-related approaches, stakeholder-related approaches, institutional approaches, knowledge/information-based approaches, resource-based approaches, and industrial organization-related approaches. From the intersection of 8 identified theoretical approaches and 2 introduced contextual dimensions, 16 types of open strategy contextual theories were obtained.  These results show that open strategy, according to its theoretical basis, can be used as open strategy building methods, communication phenomenon, open meaning-making processes, new forms of stakeholder participation, institutionalized expectations, new order of information and knowledge flow, open source access and interactive competition. Introduce in the form of internal stakeholders or external stakeholders. Discussion and Conclusion: The task of open strategy in the simplest sense is to increase transparency and participation in strategic issues (internal and external stakeholders) that need to be further understood. In this article, an attempt made to identify the underlying strategies of open strategy and to provide a typology of this emerging literature using the method of qualitative content analysis. The main definition of open strategy according to the literature in this field based on the basic principles of transparency and inclusiveness of participation, while it said that the activity and practice of openness are in dynamic, non-uniform and heterogeneous sets. In other words, in a relatively comprehensive definition, it can be stated, "open strategy is a dynamic set of activities that allows for strategic transparency and / or inclusion of internal and / or external stakeholders with the help of information technology tools." In total, 32 theories are influential in the field of open strategy, some of which have been direct and more explicit and some of which have been implicit. The diversity and breadth mentioned around open strategy is inevitable. One way to recognize the diversity of these factors and issues is to classify them based on certain criteria. Therefore, for this purpose, in the present study, a two-dimensional matrix introduced and the typology of theories was structured based on two dimensions of theoretical approach and context. From the first dimension, for the typology of theories, there were different theoretical approaches to open strategy. For this purpose, the underlying theories of open strategy were divided into 8 relatively different theoretical approaches. Also, in terms of context, two modes of focusing on the internal environment of the company (equivalent to the scope of the company's internal stakeholders) and focusing on the external environment of the company (equivalent to the scope of the external stakeholders of the company) were introduced. Then, from the intersection of 8 theoretical approaches and 2 introduced contextual dimensions, 16 types of open strategy grounding theories were obtained. These types show that open strategy can be studied and developed as 8 different concepts based on the internal environment of the company (internal stakeholders) or the external environment of the company (external stakeholders). These results also show that in general, open strategy, according to its theoretical basis, can be used as open strategy methods, communication phenomenon, open meaning-making processes, new forms of stakeholder participation, institutionalized expectations, new order of information and knowledge flow, access to open resources. In addition, introduce interactive competition in the form of internal stakeholders or external stakeholders. Given that various theories refer to open strategy in some way, among them, practice approaches, knowledge-based approach theories, and resource-based approaches have provided useful starting points. It can also be said that among these, practice approaches, stakeholder approaches, institutional approaches and knowledge / information based approaches are more important and significant approaches that researchers can pay more attention to in their future research.

R. A. Cherkasskyi

The purpose of the article is to formulate the author’s vision of the concept of “crime prevention in the customs sphere”. The methodological basis of the article is a set of techniques and methods of scientific knowledge. All methods were used in conjunction and complementarity, which made it possible to achieve this goal. In the process of research, general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition were used, in particular: the philosophical method of materialist dialectics; terminological approach; system structural, comparative legal and logical legal methods. An analysis of the scientific literature shows that scholars have different interpretations of the concept of “crime prevention”, which focuses on the feasibility of understanding this definition in a broad and narrow sense. According to a broad approach to crime prevention in the customs sphere, it is regulated by the current legislation of Ukraine with socially important and useful activities of authorized entities, which is to create a safe social environment and minimize the existing destructive, especially dangerous processes, as well as expressed in systematic prevention, which finds objective coverage in a set of preventive and educational measures, tools and methods aimed at identifying the determinants of crime, their labeling, disposal, as well as building public intolerance to them. According to the narrow understanding of crime prevention in the customs sphere, there is a set of preventive and educational measures, tools and methods used by specially authorized entities to minimize the action and complete “removal” of determinants of crime in the state, as well as building collective social awareness about the special negative nature of such determinants and intolerance to them. It is generalized that crime prevention is aimed at those factors that potentially or actually lead to the manifestation of crime in society as a complex phenomenon or its individual types and kinds. These are, in particular, drug addiction, alcoholism of the population, popularization of the criminal subculture, prostitution, low level of legal awareness of the population and education in general, shortcomings in the work of public authorities and more.

L. Ogiela, M. Ogiela, H. Ko

This paper will present the authors’ own techniques of secret data management and protection, with particular attention paid to techniques securing data services. Among the solutions discussed, there will be information-sharing protocols dedicated to the tasks of secret (confidential) data sharing. Such solutions will be presented in an algorithmic form, aimed at solving the tasks of protecting and securing data against unauthorized acquisition. Data-sharing protocols will execute the tasks of securing a special type of information, i.e., data services. The area of data protection will be defined for various levels, within which will be executed the tasks of data management and protection. The authors’ solution concerning securing data with the use of cryptographic threshold techniques used to split the secret among a specified group of secret trustees, simultaneously enhanced by the application of linguistic methods of description of the shared secret, forms a new class of protocols, i.e., intelligent linguistic threshold schemes. The solutions presented in this paper referring to the service management and securing will be dedicated to various levels of data management. These levels could be differentiated both in the structure of a given entity and in its environment. There is a special example thereof, i.e., the cloud management processes. These will also be subject to the assessment of feasibility of application of the discussed protocols in these areas. Presented solutions will be based on the application of an innovative approach, in which we can use a special formal graph for the creation of a secret representation, which can then be divided and transmitted over a distributed network.

Abdolahad Gheibi, Ali Sayadani, Nasrin Hosseini Tavana

Introduction: In literature, the creation of a character is the product of the thoughts and ideas of the author who creates it inspired by his or her environment and time. The concept of character, like other phenomena in the world of art, has always undergone changes over time and the ups and downs of human life (Daghighian, 1992). Regarding the background of personality and characterization, Aristotle was the first to speak about it. About the relationship between personality and action, he believes that personality is a constant companion of action (Abu Shahab, 2008). Drama is an important type of story in which the author conveys his thoughts to the audience and deals with the issues and problems in the society and criticizes it through the characters. Characterization is one of the most important topics in the field of fiction; therefore, contemporary writers pay special attention to this issue in their works. One of these writers, Saadullah Venus, a well-known Syrian playwright, has paid more attention to character than to the other narrative elements and has used different personality types in his play entitled "Mulham al-Sarab". Using these characters, he recounts the problems of Arab countries, including his homeland Syria. Shalomite Raymond Kenan, one of the contemporary critics and writers, has dealt with the subject of personality in detail in his narrative book Contemporary Poetics. According to him, character is a construction that the reader makes by combining different signs scattered throughout the text (Kenan, 2008). The author examines the characteristics of the characters with various indicators and patterns in the story. This theory is divided into direct and indirect descriptions. In direct description, character traits are introduced with an adjective or possibly some types of nouns or components of speech (ibid). In contrast, indirect description deals with action based on habitual and non-habitual approaches. The action also deals with the result as well as the speech, the environment, the appearance and the analogy between the characters.Methodology: Through the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of examining the main and minor characters of the play "Malhamah al-sarab" based on Raymond Kenan's theory, this study seeks to detect the thoughts and ideas of Sadollah Venus.FindingsDirect description: The description of personality characteristics is considered as direct characterization when the most authentic voice of the text conveys it to the reader (ibid). In this description, the character is personified directly and briefly using an adjective or a noun. The determination of names for characters is a special type of direct description (Lotte, 2007).Indirect description: In this kind of description, the author presents and describes a characteristic in different ways instead of referring to the character. The use of action and behavior as the first and simplest role of a character is important because it determines the development of characters in a story (Habibi et al., 2016). Nowadays, most writers use this type of description to introduce characters. Since explicit and guiding ability of direct description is often considered as a disadvantage, they believe in that while they are fully aware of the audience and know that not involving the minds of people and just considering them as bystanders makes them bored (Kenan, 2008). Raymond Kenan has introduced several different indicators to use this type of description;A) Action: Action refers to the behavior of the characters throughout the story, "to what has been done, has not been done or is going to be done" (Ashrafi and Taki, 2018: 10). This tool in the story is divided into two types of habitual actions and non-habitual actions (Kenan, 1995). Habitual action is an action that is repeated regularly (Okhovat, 1992), but unusual action is that it happens only once and, in the light of it, the spirit of the character can be understood (ibid).B) Speech: Another characteristic of indirect description stands for what one character says about another character (Kenan, 2008). Speech can reveal the social or professional class of a character (Kennan, 1995).C) Physical description: This type of description can refer to the character's face. It sometimes speaks of character and sometimes the narrator reveals its relationship with the character (ibid).D) Physical environment: The environment around the character (room, house and city) is among the things that indicate the character's traits. The human environment around him or her (family, social class) indicates the personality characteristics (Kenan, 2008).E) Analogy of persons: The analogy of people is used when two characters are introduced in similar situations and the similarity or contradiction between their behavior is emphasized (ibid).Conclusion: The results of the study of the play "Malhamah al-Sarab" based on the theory of Raymond Kenan indicate that the author of this play expresses the character of Abboud and his characteristics in the form of direct descriptions to begin the story and uses indirect descriptions to introduce the other characters. Moreover, in this play, the role of indirect description is more important than the direct description, and the indicators of performance or non-performance of roles and actions by characters such as Abboud, Yassin, Sheikh Abbas and the others are reflected in the play. Also, among the methods of indirect description, environment and speech are more prominent than other patterns of rhymes. Venus advances the play in different environments to provide an accurate and clear picture of the economic and social situation of the rural community. He also uses the speech indicator to express the emotions and feelings of the characters. Finally, Venus draws an analogy of the individuals using the historical characters of Abel and Cain, which shows the author's success in using the analogical model to express the anomalies that rule the society.

Biljana Ivanovska, Marija Kusevska

The study presented in this article is a part of the project “The role of explicit Instruction in developing pragmatic competence in English and German as foreign languages”, carried out at the “Goce Delčev” University in Štip, R. North Macedonia. It is an interlanguage study of how the Macedonian students of German formulate the speech act request with respect to strategy use, speech act modification and speech act perspective. Additionally, it compares non-native speaker to native speaker requests and investigates what makes non-native speaker requests sound inappropriate. Special focus is also placed on how Macedonian learners of German use the politeness marker ‘bitte’ in comparison to German native speakers. The importance of this study for the Macedonian linguistic environment is twofold. First, it contributes to the enlargement of the pool of cross-cultural and interlanguage studies in pragmatics in the Republic of North Macedonia. Second, it provides for evidence-based approach to German language learning in general, and in Macedonia in particular. The classification of the request strategies is based on Blum-Kulka (1982) and House & Kasper (1989). The results show that although there is some correlation in the way requests are formulated by the two groups, the requests of the Macedonian learners of German show some deviations. This analysis shows that intermediate learners of German in the Republic of North Macedonia prefer conventional indirect strategies for formulating requests. However, most of them use a limited number of expressions. They use different types of modifications in order to sound polite, but very often there is not a big difference between the expressions they use in formal and informal situations. This indicates that they need more exposure to various situations and more practice of request strategies with respect to different interlocutors. The native speakers’ requests are more formal and thus sound more polite. Macedonian learners give more elaborate background information, their explanations and justifications are longer, and the politeness marker ‘bitte’ is not always appropriately used. They found it as an important feature which adds courteousness to the utterance and they use it too often because they do not want to sound impolite and think that its omission can lead to a completely impolite sentence. They also use expressions oriented to the listener more often, while the expressions from a common perspective are very rare. There is a lack of valid standards, materials and hardly any curricula that place a focus on developing communicative and pragmatic skills in foreign language learners in the Republic of North Macedonia, and there is a significant need for effective ways of improving learners’ communication and pragmatic skills. The aim of our paper is to fulfill this gap.

Alina E. Sagaydak, Zurab K. Silagadze

We demonstrate that Robb-Geroch's definition of a relativistic interval admits a simple and fairly natural generalization leading to a Finsler extension of special relativity. Another justification for such an extension goes back to the works of Lalan and Alway and, finally, was put on a solid basis and systematically investigated by Bogoslovsky under the name "Special-relativistic theory of locally anisotropic space-time". The isometry group of this space-time, $\mathrm{DISIM}_b(2)$, is a deformation of the Cohen and Glashow's very special relativity symmetry group $\mathrm{ISIM(2)}$. Thus, the deformation parameter b can be regarded as an analog of the cosmological constant characterizing the deformation of the Poincare group into the de Sitter (anti-de Sitter) group. The simplicity and naturalness of Finslerian extension in the context of this article adds weight to the argument that the possibility of a nonzero value of $b$ should be carefully considered.

Yasushi Ieno

There exists "a square problem": in a unit square is there a point with four rational distances to the vertices? This problem is still regarded as unproved. Yang showed proofs for several special cases of the square problem. By the reference of Yang's researches, We have proved other special cases of this problem.

Žiga Turk

Throughout the history of human civilization, specialization and division of labour have been key factors of progress. They were made possible by the cooperation of ever-larger groups of people. Construction has been no exception. However, specialization leads to fragmentation - unless specialization is supported by approaches and technologies that enable people to work together and that systems are interoperable. When it comes to interoperability, the construction sector is often considered special, but it is not incomparable to other industries. Methodologically, this paper is based on the frameworks developed in the field of Enterprise Information Systems. It considers interoperability as a means to achieve a goal. Novel is the understanding that the ultimate goal is neither integration nor more efficient construction but rather the division of labour and specialization. A comparison of approaches to interoperability with those in other areas reveals some gaps. Research in construction information technology has focused on one type of interoperability - semantic interoperability - intending to achieve computer integrated construction. There are other types of interoperability - legal and organizational - and other levels of interoperability - federated and unified. These also deserve investigation. In the future, there will be a growing number of systems that would need to be made interoperable, especially in connection with the construction 4.0’s Internet of Things, sensors, intelligent systems, etc. Since interoperability problems are caused by the emerging specializations, the problems of interoperability will never go away. The industry will have to recognize that it will always operate in an environment where interoperability is challenged. While research will continue working towards making systems interoperable and integrated it would need also to give attention to exploring collaboration in environments that are only partially interoperable.