Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Corentin Barloy, Felix Tschirbs, Nils Vortmeier et al.

This paper explores the fine-grained structure of classes of regular languages maintainable in fragments of first-order logic within the dynamic descriptive complexity framework of Patnaik and Immerman. A result by Hesse states that the class of regular languages is maintainable by first-order formulas even if only unary auxiliary relations can be used. Another result by Gelade, Marquardt,and Schwentick states that the class of regular languages coincides with the class of languages maintainable by quantifier-free formulas with binary auxiliary relations. We refine Hesse's result and show that with unary auxiliary data formulas with one quantifier alternation can maintain all regular languages. We then obtain precise algebraic characterizations of the classes of languages maintainable with quantifier-free formulas and positive existential formulas in the presence of unary auxiliary relations.

Doruk Alp Mutlu

Gradual verification soundly combines static checking and dynamic checking to provide an incremental approach for software verification. With gradual verification, programs can be partially specified first, and then the full specification of a program can be achieved in incremental steps. The first and only practicable gradual verifier based on symbolic execution, Gradual C0, supports recursive heap data structures. Despite recent efforts to improve the expressivity of Gradual C0's specification language, Gradual C0's specification language is still limited in its capabilities for complex expressions. This work explores an extension to Gradual C0's design with a common construct supported by many static verification tools, pure functions, which both extend the specification capabilities of Gradual C0 and increase the ease of encoding observer methods in Gradual C0. Our approach addresses the technical challenges related to the axiomatisation of pure functions with imprecise specifications.

Jon Chapman

This paper introduces SGL, a graphics language that is aesthetically similar to SQL. As a graphical counterpart to SQL, SGL enables specification of statistical graphics within SQL query interfaces. SGL is based on a grammar of graphics that has been customized to support a SQL aesthetic. This paper presents the fundamental components of the SGL language alongside examples, and describes SGL's underlying grammar of graphics via comparison to its closest predecessor, the layered grammar of graphics.

Tikhon Pshenitsyn

The Lambek calculus is a substructural logic known to be closely related to the formal language theory: on the one hand, it is used for generating formal languages by means of categorial grammars and, on the other hand, it has formal language semantics, with respect to which it is sound and complete. This paper studies a similar relation between first-order intuitionistic linear logic ILL1 along with its multiplicative fragment MILL1 on the one hand and the hypergraph grammar theory on the other. In the first part, we introduce a novel concept of hypergraph first-order logic categorial grammar, which is a generalisation of string MILL1 grammars studied e.g. in Richard Moot's 2014 works. We prove that hypergraph ILL1 grammars generate all recursively enumerable hypergraph languages and that hypergraph MILL1 grammars are as powerful as linear-time hypergraph transformation systems. In addition, we show that the class of languages generated by string MILL1 grammars is closed under intersection and that it includes a non-semilinear language as well as an NP-complete one. This shows how much more powerful string MILL1 grammars are as compared to Lambek categorial grammars. In the second part, we develop hypergraph language models for MILL1. In such models, formulae of the logic are interpreted as hypergraph languages and multiplicative conjunction is interpreted using parallel composition, which is one of the operations of HR-algebras introduced by Courcelle. We prove completeness of the universal-implicative fragment of MILL1 with respect to these models and thus present a new kind of semantics for a fragment of first-order linear logic.

Ksenia A. Klimova

This article presents a detailed account of the folk-mythological representations of the deceased in the traditional culture of the Pontic Greeks. It is primarily based on field data collected during expeditions conducted between 2022 and 2024 in the areas where the Pontic Greeks have traditionally lived in concentrated settlements. The data was collected from the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions, the Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania and Dagestan, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Armenia, as well as from written sources on the traditional culture of the Pontic Greeks and dialect dictionaries. The characteristics of the Pontic mythological character "hortlach" ("walking dead," zombie) are considered according to the scheme developed by the team of authors of the Moscow ethnolinguistic school. This includes a description of the character's names and titles, its hypostases, characteristics of its appearance, genesis, loci, time of activation, properties, characteristic occupations, functions and predicates, objects of influence, characteristic motifs, and other relevant information. A distinctive quality of the Pontic "hortlach" is its capacity to alter its physical form. During the daytime, it assumes the appearance of a deceased individual interred in a grave, at night, it emerges from the cemetery and departs from the burial ground. Another distinctive attribute of the Pontic "hortlach" is its capacity to transform into a werewolf. During the daytime, it lies in the grave in the form of a deceased individual, while at night it emerges from the cemetery and traverses the village in the guise of a massive black canine. The concepts associated with the "Chortlakh" are more enduring among Turkic-speaking Urum Greeks, who are native to Greek villages in Georgia. This observation correlates with the overall more robust preservation of folk-mythological beliefs and traditional culture within this subgroup. Narratives about "chortlakh" are ubiquitous across all surveyed regions, and the lexeme itself is fixed in a multitude of phraseological expressions, including "to wander like a chortlakh," "to walk at night like a chortlakh," and as a swear word. Extended texts with descriptions of mythological characters or full texts of classical stories are very rarely recorded in the surveyed territories, and mythological vocabulary is gradually fading into oblivion.

Алла Геннадьевна Шешкен

Македонский писатель Венко Андоновский (1964) в прозе последних десятилетий (романах «Азбука для непослушных», «Пуп земли», «Пуп света» и др.) и эссеистике («Достоевский и Макдональдс») поднимает вопрос аксиологии современной литературы, интреграции ее ценностных смыслов в мировосприятие современников. Ценностные доминанты художественной литературы, их интерпретация в произведениях современных авторов стали важной проблемой в XXI в. для славянских стран, особенно остро — для авторов «малых литератур». На фоне крупных общественно-политических сдвигов в последние десятилетия приобрела интенсивный характер коммерциализация литературы, она серьезно затронула славянские литературы. Современный писатель часто должен выбирать между подлинным творчеством (серьезным и глубоким осмыслением судьбы своего народа, важных событий современности, совершенствованием языка и стиля и т. д.) и коммерческим успехом, который обеспечивает статус бестселлера. Размышляя об этом явлении, В. Андоновский видит в нем проявление глобализации в искусстве и называет его «литературным фастфудом». Выбор между подлинными и мнимыми художественными ценностями писатель образно называет «выбором между Достоевским и “Макдональдсом”». В эссе и романах В. Андоновский раскрывает идею важности сохранения национальной традиции и ориентацию на достижения мировой литературы, содержащие ценности высшего духовного порядка. Статья поступила в редакцию 25.01.2024. Рецензирование завершено 31.01.2024. Статья принята к публикации 12.03.2024. Цитирование Шешкен А. Г. Македонский писатель Венко Андоновский о подлинных и мнимых художественных ценностях // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 1–2. С. 274–285. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.1-2.14

Kristīne Beķere

• gada otrais numurs ir veltīts atsevišķām politiskām un sociālām problēmām 20. gadsimta vēsturē. Lielāks tematiskais uzsvars šajā numurā likts uz laika posmu uzreiz pēc Pirmā pasaules kara, kas Baltijas valstīm bija tik nozīmīgs un arī strauji mainīgs – šim laika posmam veltīti divi raksti un arī šajā numurā publicētais avots. Pārējie pētījumi skar periodu no 1918. līdz 1934. gadam, kā arī Latvijas Republikas neatkarības atjaunošanas procesu 1991. gadā. Glāzgovas Universitātes emeritētā profesora Džefrija Svaina apjomīgo pētījumu par lēdijas Mjūrielas Peidžetas misijas darbību Daugavpilī no 1920. līdz 1922. gadam publicējam divos turpinājumos. Šajā numurā publicēta pētījuma otrā daļa, kas aplūko sarežģītās attiecības starp misiju un tās galveno finansiālo atbalstītāju – starptautisko “Fondu “Glābiet bērnus”” – un abu iesaistīto pušu atšķirīgo izpratni par palīdzības darba būtību. Pētījuma pirmā daļa lasāma 2024. gada pirmajā numurā un aplūko misijas izveidošanas Daugavpilī vēsturi un izseko lēdijas Mjūrielas mēģinājumiem iespējami efektīvi palīdzēt ilgstošajā karadarbībā cietušajai Latvijas sabiedrībai, īpaši tās vismazāk aizsargātajai daļai – bērniem. Varšavas Universitātes asociētais profesors Mihals Sadlovskis savā pētījumā piedāvā pievērst uzmanību kādam mazāk zināmam aspektam saistībā ar Baltijas valstu patstāvīga valstiskuma iegūšanu pēc Pirmā pasaules kara. Analizējot kadetu partijas līdera Pāvela Miļukova tiesiskos un politiskos uzskatus šajā jautājumā, kuri bija nesaraujami saistīti ar Miļukova plāniem par Krievijas tālāko vēsturi un attīstību, autors izskaidro, kāpēc pret jaunizveidotajām Baltijas valstīm bija negatīva attieksme. Tāpat kā iepriekšējos žurnāla numuros, arī šajā publicējam vienu rakstu, kas veidots uz nesen aizstāvēta maģistra darba bāzes. Tas ir Helēnas Emerbergas raksts, kas veltīts Latvijas valsts ierēdniecības darbības apstākļu un motivācijas (laikā no 1918. līdz 1934. gadam) izpētei. Analizējot Valsts un pašvaldību darbinieku centrālās savienības aktivitātes, autore izšķir četrus posmus valsts darbinieku atalgojumu sistēmas attīstībā aplūkojamajā laika posmā, atzīmējot, ka īpaši problemātisks atalgojuma jautājums bija zemāko amata kategoriju ierēdņiem. Latvijas Universitātes asociētā profesora Jāņa Taurēna raksts pievēršas vēl vienam Latvijas vēsturē ļoti būtiskam un līdz šim akadēmiski salīdzinoši maz pētītam periodam – Latvijas Republikas neatkarības atjaunošanas laikam 80.–90. gadu mijā. Autors analizē no politiskā un tiesiskā viedokļa neviennozīmīgu un komplicētu epizodi – 1991. gada 3. marta tautas nobalsošanu par Latvijas neatkarību. Skatot plašā kontekstā ar starptautisko situāciju, Padomju Savienības politisko stāvokli un Latvijas iekšpolitisko situāciju, autors ne vien analizē konkrēto politisko notikumu, bet arī raksturo kopumā ārkārtīgi komplicēto politisko situāciju, kādā risinājās Baltijas valstu centieni atjaunot un nostiprināt savu valstiskumu. Publicēšanai šajā numurā izvēlētais vēstures avots ir britu Politiskās misijas vadītāja Latvijā, pulkveža-leitnanta Stīvena Talentsa ziņojums par militāri politiskajām un sabiedriskajām norisēm Latvijā un reģionā kopumā no 1919. gada 4. līdz 9. septembrim. Šis laika posms Latvijas Neatkarības karā ir īpaši sarežģīts un saspringts, tādēļ S. Talentsa detalizētie novērojumi ir vērtīgs avots padziļinātai izpratnei ne tikai par notikumiem kā tādiem, bet arī par dažādo konfliktā iesaistīto pušu viedokļiem un nostājām, kas neapšaubāmi ietekmēja tālāko notikumu attīstību. Šo ziņojumu tulkojis un publicēšanai sagatavojis Latvijas Universitātes profesors Ēriks Jēkabsons. Neiztrūkstoši publicējam arī recenzijas par aktuāliem, nesen iznākušiem pētījumiem vēsturē un ar to saistītās jomās. Šajā numurā piedāvājam lasītājiem vērtējumus par divām Latvijā un divām ārvalstīs iznākušām grāmatām. No Latvijā iznākušiem darbiem analizēta Jāņa Lejnieka Rīgas pilsētplānošanas vēsturei veltītā grāmata un Valda Bērziņa jaunākais pētījums par nozīmīgu un vienlaikus pretrunīgu personību Latvijas vēsturē – Jukumu Vācieti. Savukārt no ārvalstīs iznākušiem darbiem piedāvājam recenziju par latviešu vēsturnieces Unas Bergmanes Francijā izstrādāto fundamentālo pētījumu par Baltijas jautājumu Padomju Savienības sabrukuma un pasaules lielvaru politikas kontekstā, kā arī par Komunistiskajai Internacionālei veltītu šveiciešu vēsturnieces Brigites Študeres monogrāfiju.

Dhruv Nevatia, Si Liu, David Basin

The high complexity of DNS poses unique challenges for ensuring its security and reliability. Despite continuous advances in DNS testing, monitoring, and verification, protocol-level defects still give rise to numerous bugs and attacks. In this paper, we provide the first decision procedure for the DNS verification problem, establishing its complexity as $\mathsf{2ExpTime}$, which was previously unknown. We begin by formalizing the semantics of DNS as a system of recursive communicating processes extended with timers and an infinite message alphabet. We provide an algebraic abstraction of the alphabet with finitely many equivalence classes, using the subclass of semigroups that recognize positive prefix-testable languages. We then introduce a novel generalization of bisimulation for labelled transition systems, weaker than strong bisimulation, to show that our abstraction is sound and complete. Finally, using this abstraction, we reduce the DNS verification problem to the verification problem for pushdown systems. To show the expressiveness of our framework, we model two of the most prominent attack vectors on DNS, namely amplification attacks and rewrite blackholing.

Oksana Baranivska

Due to the increase of the importance of translation in the modern world, the profession of translator has gained some popularity — especially among those who study foreign languages. The article discusses the role of translation in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, where translation is suggested as the fifth language skill (following speaking, writing, etc). The possibilities for the development of translation competence together with the role of didactic translation in a Ukrainian class for foreign language learners have been analyzed herein. Moreover, the article presents some methodological recommendations for a variety of text types as well as a choice of useful translation exercises for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language.

Cassio de Oliveira

Nikolai Dobroliubov’s and Dmitrii Pisarev’s reviews of Ivan Goncharov’s novel Oblomov have gone into history as exemplars of Russian civic criticism. Their main argument centers on the eponymous protagonist’s seeming inability to exit his lethargic condition, which they interpret as a symptom of the Russian status quo at the time of the Great Reforms. In the present article, I argue that the case of Oblomov demonstrates the limits of the civics’ mimetic criticism. The dominant chronotope of the novel, namely the idyll, indicates that Oblomov is not in essence a novel about the hero’s inability to change (which would presuppose a willingness to, or desire for, said change), but rather about his longing for a restorative past which is ultimately inaccessible to him.

Ksenia A. Klimova, E. Uzeneva

The paper comes up with a synchronous-diachronic analysis of the linguistic situation in one of the isolated cultural and linguistic enclaves of the Balkan Peninsula: the district of Xanthi in the region of Thrace in Northern Greece, on the Bulgarian-Greek border. Here, in a remote mountainous area, live Muslim Slavs, ethnic Bulgarians, representing a minority ethnolinguistic and cultural-confessional group that has existed for a long time in a foreign language and other religious environment among Orthodox Greeks. In the historical past, this community formed a single whole with the Muslim Bulgarians who now live within the boundaries of the Republic of Bulgaria. This minority is the object of the language and cultural policy of three states: Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. Note that the Greek authorities for a long time 1920s–1990s (excluding the period of Bulgarian rule in 1941–1944) pursued a policy of de-Bulgarization of this population. As a result, today the degree of its Turkicization (due to the influence of Islam, the study of the Koran in Turkish and the active position of Turkey) is quite high. It should be noted that the Bulgarian-speaking communities in Northern Greece are not the object of the Bulgarian language policy, which is carried out by disinterested officials and politicians who ignore the opinions and assessments of Bulgarian dialectologists and sociolinguists. The study focuses on ethnonyms and exonyms as important factors in the formation of the Pomaks' linguistic identity: the self-name of the speakers of these dialects is Pomaks, Ahryans. The ethnonym Pomaks was introduced and continues to be actively used to discuss the new Greek policy towards the Bulgarian-speaking population of Greece; the linguonym Pomaks was also formed from it. Earlier in Greece, the term Slavophones ('speakers of the Slavic language') was used, cf. new pomakophones. In the 90s of the 20th century and early 21th century a number of scientists (V. Friedman, A. D. Dulichenko, A. Ioannidou, K. Voss, M. Nomati, M. Henzelmann, K. Steinke) considered Pomak to be one of the literary microlanguages of the southern Slavia, noting that it is characterized by the diversity of the script used and poor functionality. There were appropriate grounds for this (codification, publication of dictionaries and grammar, textbooks, etc.). But the impetus for the “creation” of the literary language of the Pomaks was the political task of the country's leadership. At present, Pomak (Southern Rodhopian, Bulgarian) dialects in Greece have an unwritten character (they are used exclusively for oral communication in the family and village, microsociety). Despite the presence of certain signs of the formation of the literary language among the Pomaks, the modern language situation and language policy do not contribute to its existence and functioning. We rely on both published sources and our own field materials collected during two ethnolinguistic expeditions carried out in 2018 and 2019, as well as online in 2021, and will try to present preliminary results of the study of the current state of the language and language policy. Let us note the importance of modern interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the phenomenon of intercultural communication, which are based on the dialogue of languages and cultures, and which necessitated the description of new linguistic conditions and consideration of the importance of not so much Greek as Turkish as a means of intra — and interethnic communication in the specific genre.

E. V. Kaziev

The relevance of the study is determined by the consideration of the issues of the socio-political structure of the medieval Alanian state, which are one of the debatable in modern alanistics, which is manifested mainly in the use of regressive or progressive approaches in interpreting the political system of Alania, as well as in the use of various approaches in describing its political structure. The avoidance of these approaches in the interpretation of social and political orders in Alanya during the period under review has become a scientific novelty of the study. As a result, it was concluded that the basis of the socio-political structure of Alania in the first forty years of the XIII century was a specific combination of forms of the suzerain-vassal hierarchy and patriarchal-tribal democracy, with weak political unity, supported by the presence of a common ruling dynasty, but in reality it was a conglomerate of several territorial and tribal possessions formed by a network of unilocal consanguineous collectives capable of being part of wider internal political associations formed on the basis of the principle of artificial kinship, which, perhaps, were similar in structure to the sworn brotherhoods known in the Caucasus until the middle of the 19th century.

Karlygash N. Zhapparkulova, Zhanseit K. Tuyembayev, Bayan U. Dzholdasbekova

The authors characterize functioning of semiotically heterogeneous texts in the methodology of teaching the Russian language. Traditional methods of applying semiotically heterogeneous texts in the educational process are still important, but at the same timeit is necessary to transform the scientific approaches to analysing the problems caused bythe reflexive nature and situational variability of digital content in education. The aim ofthe work is to identify and describe the linguodidactic potential of semiotically heterogeneous texts used in Russian language classes in Kazakhstan schools. Methods of comprehensive theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature on semiotically heterogeneous texts, as well as observational method of studying and summarizing the pedagogical experience of Russian language teachers in Almaty schools were used. The printed semiotically heterogeneous texts from the series of textbooks on the Russian language and literature ofthe Kazakh language school (7th, 8th, 9th grades), as well as the video clips of literary miniatures by E. Posashkova on Youtube channel were chosen as the sources for the study material. It was proved that the linguodidactic potential of semiotically heterogeneous texts is disclosed on the basis of a system of special tasks and exercises. The authors’ method of analysing semiotically heterogeneous texts in Russian language classes in Kazakhstan schools is offered. Their linguodidactic potential aimed at memorizing the main content of the text, developing the skills in the main types of speech activity and language aspects, influencing the students’ imagination, emotions, subconsciousness, ensuring the productivity of communication in the new information and communication environment is revealed. Prospective for the study is the study of the functional load of variative components of semiotically heterogeneous texts, their hypertextual connections and implementation in teaching Russian in Kazakh schools.

K. Nikiforov

This is a review of the first Russian-language summary of the dissident movement in Eastern Europe and its role in the final collapse of the totalitarian system. The study covers eight countries of the region: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia in the period from 1956 to 1989. Accordingly, the entire work is divided into eight essays. Each essay provides a brief historical overview and list of references, a chronicle of events, which reflects the facts related to the dissident movement. Finally, biographical articles about significant figures in the dissident movement in each of the countries mentioned are listed in alphabetical order. The definition of the term “dissident” remains debatable. The compilers of the Encyclopedia interpret it broadly. On the whole, the work fills in a noticeable gap that existed in historiography.

Tadeusz Kruczkowski

The article discusses the main viewpoints of the Russian historian and philologist Anton S. Budilovich on the Polish question in Russia. Budilovich was a dynamic personality and, at the same time, a prominent philologist, historian, publicist, and above all, an excellent administrator of science and education. The name Budilovich was widely known in the educated circles of contemporary society. He spent his entire life working in educational institutions in St. Petersburg, Nezhin, Warsaw, and Yuryev. Budilovich acquired work in the Russifi cation of Warsaw and Yuryev universities. The scholar’s views are considered against the background of the position generally inherent in Russian historiography. The topics studied by Budilovich were closely connected with the history of the Orthodox lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Western Russian (Belarusian and Ukrainian) issue. The scientific and socio-political views of Budilovich were infl uenced by both the nature of his education and the socio-political environment of what was then Western Russia. In general, Budilovich’s historical polonistics fully corresponded to the fundamental ideas of Russian historical polonistics of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: conservative and Slavophile in nature, and mostly anti-Western. The most important attribute of Slavic unity for Budilovich was the religious community of the Slavs and their common language. Orthodoxy seemed to him the foundation on which the Slavs exclusively could preserve their own identity. He explained Russia’s mission in Poland to be motivated by its desire to save the Poles from the Germanization that threatened them and to “bring to life” Polish moral and intellectual forces. The scholar was one of the last adherents of the Slavophile approach to history and a supporter of pan-Slavic ideas.

Colin S. Gordon, Sergey Matskevich

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may have been mistranslated from a claim made in natural language. This is especially problematic when using proof assistants to formally verify the correctness of software with respect to a natural language specification. The translation from informal to formal remains a challenging, time-consuming process that is difficult to audit for correctness. This paper argues that it is possible to build support for natural language specifications within existing proof assistants, in a way that complements the principles used to establish trust and auditability in proof assistants themselves.

Nadia Caprioglio

Book Review

Michael Coblenz

Current approaches to making programming languages and reasoning assistants more effective for people focus on leveraging feedback from users and on evaluating the success of particular techniques. These approaches, although helpful, may not result in systems that are as usable as possible, and may not lead to general design principles. This paper advocates for leveraging theories from cognitive science, focusing on cognitive load theory, to design more effective programming languages and reasoning assistants. Development of these theories may enable designers to create more effective programming languages and reasoning assistants at lower cost.

Fernando C. Alves

In his pioneering work in the field of Inductive Inference, Gold (1967) proved that a set containing all finite languages and at least one infinite language over the same fixed alphabet is not learnable in the exact sense. Within the same framework, Angluin (1980) provided a complete characterization for the learnability of language families. Mathematically, the concept of exact learning in that classical setting can be seen as the use of a particular type of metric for learning in the limit. In this short research note we use Niyogi's extended version of a theorem by Blum and Blum (1975) on the existence of locking data sets to prove a necessary condition for learnability in the limit of any family of languages in any given metric. This recovers Gold's theorem as a special case. Moreover, when the language family is further assumed to contain all finite languages, the same condition also becomes sufficient for learnability in the limit.

Edward McDaid, Sarah McDaid

We present Zoea Visual which is a visual programming language based on the Zoea composable inductive programming language. Zoea Visual allows users to create software directly from a specification that resembles a set of functional test cases. Programming with Zoea Visual involves the definition of a data flow model of test case inputs, optional intermediate values, and outputs. Data elements are represented visually and can be combined to create structures of any complexity. Data flows between elements provide additional information that allows the Zoea compiler to generate larger programs in less time. This paper includes an overview of the language. The benefits of the approach and some possible future enhancements are also discussed.