Abstract
The relevance of the topic lies in the need to disprove the pseudo-scientific statements of the political leadership of the Russian Federation concerning absence of a historical tradition of Ukrainian state-building and national constitutionalism. The article is aimed at analyzing the main sources of constitutional law of the Ukrainian state and peculiarities of the process of formation of early national constitutionalism from the second half of the seventeenth to the beginning of the eighteenth centuries. In the course of the study, the historical comparative and historical typological scientific methods have been used which have made it possible to establish the characteristics of formation of national constitutionalism. Based on the principle of historicism, the objective regularities of the emergence and development of constitutionalism in Ukraine have been revealed.
In the article, the process of rise of early national constitutionalism from the second half of the seventeenth to the beginning of the eighteenth centuries has been researched on the basis of the analysis of the sources of constitutional law of Ukraine such as Cossack customary law, Magdeburg law, constitutional legal acts, and treaties. Being in progress, this process was based on its own state and legal experience, in particular, of Zaporizhzhia Sich, as well as the experience of European countries. The key features of constitutionalism were the recognition and statutory expression of rights and freedoms, introduction of a republican form of government, and mechanisms for limiting the state power.
It has been proved that the sources of Ukrainian constitutionalism of the Hetmanate period reflect treaty socio-political traditions that existed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The main treaty tradition, which became the basis for the development of Ukrainian constitutionalism, was an effort to protect the interests of the Ukrainian state and representatives of its national elite in various treaty forms, which laid the foundations for legal regulation of social relations.
It should be taken in consideration that the features of the process of formation of early national constitutionalism from the second half of the seventeenth to the beginning of the eighteenth centuries were as follows: it was in progress simultaneously with the revival of the Ukrainian state and national liberation war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Tsardom of Muscovy, as well as struggle of officers’ groups for power, confrontation between officers and lower strata of Cossacks. The formation of early national constitutionalism took place under the conditions of significant human and material losses, which was called the Ruin in the national historical science.
The prospect of further research into the formation of Ukrainian constitutionalism is caused by the fact that the national historical and legal science and the science of constitutional law have not developed a unified position on the time and features of its emergence and development yet.
The goal of the author is to investigate a slightly obscure topic: the practice of interwar military justice in Hungary and its related questions, with an emphasis on matters concerning the peculiarities on how to implement them. The bill – which came into effect in 1930 – was born amidst uncommon historical conditions, since the Trianon Peace Treaty basically degraded Hungary into a quasi-numb entity. It is without a doubt that the decade-long consolidation – and its achievements – that came after can be regarded as one of the most prominently successful periods of the era’s political history. The historical pressure, the necessity of being able to defend ourselves along with the importance of national security demanded that our army remained intact, despite the prohibitions that surrounded its existence. This called for ensuring that the legal environment was modernized enough to be capable of supporting this goal. The system of regulations inherited from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was subjected to scrutiny and as a result ended up as a state-of-the art framework that even surpassed the European standards it aimed to match. This paper, putting emphasis on the most important dogmatic junctions, will further review these regulations – substantive or procedural contents alike –. After a brief diversion towards taking a glimpse into the historical situation, we will introduce the system of sanctions and punishments pertaining to military personnel, and proceed with the regulations related to their implementation, which in turn will offer a glimpse into the contemporary philosophy that surrounded military justice and procedure. In accordance, further regulations containing provisions regarding infrastructure, personnel, accommodation, and institution security in general would emerge. The author of the article provides a summary of the most important current relevant legal provisions. It touches upon the military justice system and its subsystems, introduces the more substantive procedural rules, and concludes with an argument on practical implementation. It will also raise the theoretical question on a future independent regulation which would take place in accordance with the reforms of the Hungarian military and the national strategy on defense.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
The article examines the topic of development and implementation of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in Vietnam, one of the rapidly developing countries in East Asia. The Vietnamese government, stimulated by its economic success, is paying more and more attention to the development and financing of the AI industry every year. The government's national strategy aims to transform Vietnam into one of the leaders in the field of artificial intelligence in the region and even in the whole world. The work on creation and application of AI is gradually becoming a national concern in Vietnam. As an example, the author considers Vietnam Artificial Intelligence Day on the topic “Artificial Intelligence: The Power of Life” – a major event to promote AI technologies, which was held in September 2023 in Ho Chi Minh City, the main economic center of the country. The activities of the Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center are also outlined in the context of its contribution to solving the AI problem.
South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Jan Kanty Rzesiński – Cracovian Roman Law and Legal History Scholar of 19th Century
The article is the second part of the work devoted to the academic profile and views of Jan Kanty Rzesiński – a Cracovian lawyer who was vigorously engaged in research on Roman law, Polish legal history, and legal philosophy in the first half of the 19th century. Despite his academic interests, J.K. Rzesiński was not working at the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University for most of the time. In the first part of the article, the author discussed J.K. Rzesiński’s curriculum vitae and his works on Roman law. The objective of this the second part of the article, is to examine those of remaining literary works that dealt with law (the translation of Processus iuris civilis Cracoviensis, articles on obstagium in lieu of securing creditors rights in the old Polish law, articles on language and jurisprudence, and articles on the relations between legal history and philosophy of law) as well as his views against the epoch and the Cracovian academic milieu.
In the medieval to early modern eras, legal manuals used visual cues to help teach the church laws of consanguinity and affinity as well as concepts of inheritance. Visual aids such as the trees of consanguinity or affinity helped the viewer such as a notary, law student or member of the clergy to do the ‘computation,’ or reckon how closely kin were related to each other by blood or by marriage and by lines of descent or collateral relations. Printed riddles in these early legal manuals were exercises to test how well the reader could calculate whether a marriage should be deemed incest. The riddles moved from legal textbooks into visual culture in the form of paintings and cheap broadside prints. This article examines a riddle painting ‘devoted’ to William Cecil when he was Elizabeth I’s principal secretary, before he became Lord Burghley and explores the painting’s links to the Dutch and Flemish kinship riddles circulating in the Low Countries in manuscript, print and painting. Cecil had a keen interest in genealogies and pedigrees as well as puzzles and ciphers. As a remarried widower with an eldest son from a first marriage and children from his longer second marriage, Cecil lived in a stepfamily typical of the sixteenth century in England and Europe. The visual kinship riddles in England and the Low Countries had a common root but branched into separate traditions. A shared element was the young woman at the centre of the images. To solve the riddle the viewer needed to determine how all the men in the painting were related to her as if she were the ego, or self, at the centre of a consanguinity tree. This article seeks to compare the elements that connect and diverge in the visual kinship riddle traditions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Low Countries and England.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(3), 763-777 | Insight | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The CJEU recourse to international law in decisions on disputed territories. - III. Court's analysis in Psagot: mandatory indication of the country of origin or the place of provenance of foodstuffs. - III.1. "Country of origin" v. "place of provenance". - III.2. Misleading consumers regarding the products' territory of origin and place of provenance. - III.3. Consumer protection and mandatory nature of origin marks. - IV. Observance of international law as a ground for mandatory origin marking. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) Mandatory origin labelling of products from occupied territories has been a delicate matter in the EU external trade policy. In the recent judgement Psagot (judgment of 12 November 2019, case C-363/18, Organisation juive européenne and Vignoble Psagot [GC]), the Court of Justice considered consumers' ethical considerations related to violations of international law as a reason for mandatory origin labelling of products originating in the Israeli settlements. This Insight argues that, in its decision, the Court missed a number of opportunities to clarify some essential concepts of EU food law, consumer protection and customs law and, as such, provided a ruling that is based on flawed and unconvincing argumentation. The Court's broad interpretation of the notion "ethical considerations" under Regulation 1169/2011 opens a Pandora's box of trade-restrictive practices while at the same time, continues the EU inconsistent policy towards trade with occupied territories.
In this paper we have come to some important conclusions regarding the legal systems in Serbia and Japan. Despite the fact that these two countries are geographically far away from each other, their solutions in criminal law are not as different. First of all, criminal procedure in Serbia and in Japan is based on adverse elements, with the dominant prosecutor's role during the pre-trial period. Throughout the trial, the court is relatively passive and this phase of criminal procedure is party oriented. The organization of the judiciary is also similar (basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts and Supreme Court) but Japan does not have Constitutional Court. Also, Japan has a special kind of the jury called 'saiban-in' system. Furthermore, we remarked the differences in the field of procedural phases and grounds for legal remedies. Finally, the duration of pre-trial detention in Japan is apparently shorter than in Serbia, what can be a source for legal transplants, because the duration of detention in the Republic of Serbia is a major problem due to huge amounts of money which state must pay to unlawfully detained people. When it comes to criminal sanctions, it is mentioned that death penalty does not exist in Serbia and also that fines are much more connected with Japan's criminal law because of higher standard of living. To conclude, this paper has shown that legal systems which are prima faciae supposed to be different due to cultural and social differences can be similar in many basic solutions.
Law of Europe, Comparative law. International uniform law
The article deals with European integration processes through the prism of the President Eisenhower foreign policy. The transatlantic relations are explored considering the geopolitical transformations in Europe. It is noted that after the end of World War II, Europe needed assistance on the path to economic recovery. Eisenhower initially as Commander in Chief of NATO forces in Europe, and later as the U.S. President, directed his foreign policy efforts to unite the states of Western Europe in their post-war renovating and confronting the communist threat. For that reason, Eisenhower deserved recognition by the leading European governments and became a major American figure, which symbolized the reliable transatlantic ally. Eisenhower’s interest in a united Europe was explained by the need for the United States in a strong single European partner that would help to strengthening the U.S. positions in the international arena. The United States expected to control the European integration processes through NATO instruments and mediated disputes between the leading European powers. Germany’s accession to the Alliance was determined as one of the key issues, the solution of which became the diplomatic victory of President Eisenhower. The U.S. government was building its European policy based on the need to integrate the Western states into a unified power, and therefore endorsed the prospect of creating a European Economic Community (EEC). It was intended that the union would include Italy, France, Germany and the Benelux members, and form a basis for the development of free trade and the deeper political and economic integration of the regional countries. It is concluded that, under the Eisenhower’s presidency, Europe was at the top of priority list of the U.S. foreign policy that significantly influenced the evolution of the European integration process in the future.
This is a difficult task to perform. It is most often a good deal easier to offer a reflection on a paper with which one would beg to differ, than with one to which one’s own thinking is aligned. This is doubly so if the article in question is phrased as eloquently and insightfully as Professor Kennedy’s was. I might be well advised to merely state, “I concur”, and he said, “it is better than I will ever be able to” and leave it at that.
Law of Europe, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The organic fraction of atmospheric aerosols has proven to be a critical
element of air quality and climate issues. However, its composition and the
aging processes it undergoes remain insufficiently understood. This work
builds on laboratory knowledge to simulate the formation of oligomers from
biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) in the troposphere at the
continental scale. We compare the results of two different modeling
approaches, a first-order kinetic process and a pH-dependent
parameterization, both implemented in the CHIMERE air quality model (AQM) (<a href="http://www.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere"target="_blank">www.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere</a>), to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of oligomerized secondary organic aerosol (SOA) over
western Europe. We also included a comparison of organic carbon (OC) concentrations at two EMEP (European Monitoring
and Evaluation Programme)
stations. Our results show that there is a strong dependence of the results
on the selected modeling approach: while the irreversible kinetic process
leads to the oligomerization of about 50 % of the total BSOA mass, the
pH-dependent approach shows a broader range of impacts, with a strong
dependency on environmental parameters (pH and nature of aerosol) and the
possibility for the process to be reversible. In parallel, we investigated
the sensitivity of each modeling approach to the representation of SOA
precursor solubility (Henry's law constant values). Finally, the pros and
cons of each approach for the representation of SOA aging are discussed and
recommendations are provided to improve current representations of oligomer
formation in AQMs.
ENGLISH:
This paper discusses the connectivity of constitutional law doctrine on findings of governance research and behavioral science. Fundamental questions how to integrate "soft" instruments like "framing" and "nudging" in a constitutional law doctrine will be considered. The image of man in the constitutional order, as presupposed in the German and in the Austrian constitution, will be illuminated. For a doctrine of state communication accuracy, objectivity and due restraint are key postulates.
DEUTSCH:
Der Beitrag behandelt die Anschlussfähigkeit der Verfassungsrechtsdogmatik an Erkenntnisse der Governance-Forschung und Behavioral-Science. Es wird überlegt, welche grundlegenden Fragen sich für eine Integration „weicher“ Steuerungsformen wie „framing“ und „nudging“ in eine Verfassungsrechtsdogmatik stellen. Dabei dient das Bild des Menschen, wie es in der deutschen und in der österreichischen Verfassung vorausgesetzt wird, als Projektionsfläche. Daran ansetzend werden grundsätzliche Überlegungen an staatliches Kommunikationsverhalten angestellt. Richtigkeit, Sachlichkeit und angemessene Zurückhaltung sind zentrale Postulate.
In Tolofson v. Jensen, the Supreme Court of Canada determined that in most cases the law of the place where the tort occurred has exclusive authority to regulate all legal aspects related to it. In developing this choice of law rule, the Supreme Court relied on an analogy between Private International Law and Public International law. This allows Private International Law to claim a structural, neutral function in the distribution of legislative authority in the international realm and to ignore both private law and public law considerations. To best reveal the way in which the Supreme Court injected these limitations into Private International Law by reference to Public International Law, I show the striking similarity between the Supreme Court’s reasoning and several Private International Law writings at the end of the 19th century in Continental Europe.
In the context of the extraterritorial tortious activity of multinational corporations, these limitations make Private International Law oblivious to arguments of Corporate Social Responsibility scholars showing that a multinational corporation may legitimately be regulated by the state of its headquarters, even for extraterritorial conduct. Overall, I argue that an overemphasis on legislative authority as a symbol of state sovereignty transforms Private International Law matters generally, and transnational torts in particular, in inter-state affairs, removed from the interests and pleas of the individuals and communities affected by them.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The universality of human rights is undermined by the principle of territorial supremacy. This allows member states of the EU to discriminate against those who are not citizens of the Union. Moreover, the European Convention on Human Rights and the EC Race Directive are incapable of redressing collective racial or ethnic disadvantage because they do not provide for the enforcement of positive social, economic and cultural obligations. These limitations are assessed in the light of current political and legal developments, using as the main illustration the case of the European Roma. An analysis is provided of obligations to respect, to protect and to fulfil social rights, which could be used when challenging the actions of public authorities and securing access for individuals to public facilities and services. An inclusionary approach would emphasise that equality is central to human rights, and that ‘outsiders’ such as migrant workers and asylum‐seekers have human rights.
Le present article s’occupe de la voïevodie de Chełmno, mais les données qu’il renferme peuvent aussi bien être généralisées à toute la Prusse Royale. Les mêmes relations socio-économiques existaient alors sur tout ce territoire, et la juridiction rurale s’aidait souvent du droit de Chełmno.
Les principales sources de cet article sont les registres des Tribunaux ruraux et les règlements établis par les propriétaires fonciers. Il résulte indubitablement de la pratique des Tribunaux de ce territoire que l’on recourait, dans le domaine du droit rural de succession, au droit de Chełmno dans sa version révisée de 1580 (ius culmense emendatum). Il était complété par des lois domaniales et se développait par la pratique.
Nous décrivons également la succession légale, testamentaire, et la procédure de succession. Il convient d’indiquer que dans la succssion légale le conjoint était particulièrement avantagé. Ceci découlait de la communauté des biens des époux maintenue dans le droit de Chełmno. La moitié de l’héritage revenait au conjoint. La succession testamentaire était également connue parmi les paysans, et il était même admis de tester les immeubles. Les testaments n’étaient toutefois pas très nombreux à l’époque et leur rôle ne fut pas important.
La procédure de succession montre à quel point les pouvoirs domaniaux s’intéressaient aux héritages des paysans. Cet intérêt s’est manifesté, entre autres, par la prise en charge des affaires de successions par les Tribunaux domaniaux, et par l’application du principe de l’indivisibilité des trres. Tandis que les biens mobiliers étaient répartis entre tous les héritiers, les terres ne pouvaient passer qu’à l’un d’entre eux. Elles étaient reconnues à celui qui présentait les meilleures garanties d’une bonne exploitation (le plus souvent au conjoint). L’héritier devenant propriétaire des terres était tenu de rembourser leur part d’héritage aux autres héritiers.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
Prawo rzymskie i Europa — perspektywa polska. Konferencja naukowa w Zajączkowie (Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier)... 203
Kara śmierci w starożytnym państwie rzymskim. Konferencja naukowa w Lublinie (Elżbieta Żak) .... 204
Czterdziestolecie pracy naukowej profesora Stanisława Grodziskiego (Irena Dwornicka) 205
Kościuszko als Gegenstand der historischen Forschung. Eine wissenschaftliche Tagung in
Solothurn und auf dem Schloß Waldeck (Heiko Haumann, Thomas Held, Katarzyna Schott) ................................................................................................................................... 207
Cesare Beccaria — reformator prawa karnego i jego epoka. Konferencja naukowa w Toruniu (Monika Rzewuska) ...210
Ustrój polityczny Polski i Niemiec (1918-1945). Konferencja naukowa we Wrocławiu (Marek Maciejewski)... 210
Historia administracji i prawo administracyjne wczoraj i dziś. Spotkanie historyków prawa w Rennes (Maria Zmierczak) ... 212
Problemy badawcze sejmików Korony i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Konferencja Zespołu Historii Parlamentaryzmu do 1914 r. (Anna Rosner)... 213
Obrony prac doktorskich (Józef Koredczuk — Elżbieta Żak) ... 215
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
Le 11 février 2003 l’Institut d’Histoire du Droit de l’Université de Varsovie s’est réuni en commémoration du Professeur Michał Sczaniecki (1910-1977), dirigeant la Chaire d’Histoire générale de l’Etat et du droit de l’Institut depuis sa venue de Poznań en 1965 jusqu’à sa mort. A cette occasion, deux rapports ont été présentés, en présence des deux filles du Professeur, par les deux derniers disciples du Professeur Sczaniecki, aujourd’hui professeurs de la Faculté de Varsovie: l’un consacré aux activités scientifiques de Michał Sczaniecki (Hubert Izdebski, professeur d’histoire des idées politiques et juridiques) et l’autre sur ses activités du domaine d’enseignement de l’histoire du droit (Marek Wąsowicz, professeur d’histoire comparée de l’Etat et du droit). Les rapports ont été suivis des évocations des souvenirs du Professeur ainsi que de la discussion générale.
La division de la matière entre les rapports est d’ailleurs bien conventionnelle parce que Michał Sczaniecki unissait étroitement l’intérêt à l’enseignement avec l’intérêt tout scientifique. L'Histoire générale de l'Etat et du droit, son oeuvre majeure parue pour la première fois en 1968-69, est à la fois un manuel (toujours en usage) pour les étudiants et une synthèse originale de l’histoire comparative des institutions.
Dans sa préface, l’auteur a présenté quatre principes qui l’avaient guidés, et qui se font retrouver dans toutes ses oeuvres, à savoir:
• l’histoire de l’Etat et du droit s’occupe des régularités du développement des institutions, ce développement n’étant pas autonome, mais dépendant des facteurs sociaux et économiques,
• l’histoire générale de l’Etat et du droit est la plus synthétique des disciplines des sciences d’histoire du droit comme elle s’occupe du développement général des institutions dans le cadre du développement social général,
• c’est la méthode comparative qui est la plus typique de l’histoire générale de l’Etat et du droit,
• grâce à la recherche des régularités du développement et à la méthode comparative,
l’histoire du droit peut servir à expliquer les problèmes de l’Etat et du droit contemporains. Ses principes se font retrouver déjà dans les deux premiers livres de Michał Sczaniecki: la thèse de doctorat sur les concessions de la terre aux chevaliers en Pologne jusqu’à la fin du XIIIe siècle (soutenue en 1937 à Poznań) et L'Essai sur les fiefs-rentes (publié en 1946 à Paris). Le deuxième livre, consacré au sujet très peu connu et se trouvant sur l’influence de la Sociétéféodale de Marc Bloch, a reçu très bonnes notes de la critique scientifique polonaise et internationale, et c’était dans une large mesure grâce à lui que Michał Sczaniecki a obtenu le doctorat honoris causa de l’Université de Grenoble en 1959. On retrouve les mêmes principes dans la dernière oeuvre du Professeur Sczaniecki, le rapport Jean Bodin et la Pologne, présenté au Congrès varsovien de la Société Jean Bodin pour l’Histoire comparative des institutions en 1976.
Dans son rapport, M. Izdebski analyse les autres traits caractéristiques de l’oeuvre de Michał Sczaniecki, dont l’emploi, jamais dogmatique, de la méthode marxiste, son intérêt à l’histoire des idées ainsi que son ouverture à la culture française, aux thèmes français et à la science française. Les dernierès parties du rapport sont consacrées aux activités du Professeur Sczaniecki que l’on peut qualifier comme le service à la science, dont la rédaction de „Czasopismo PrawnoHistoryczne” (en fait depuis ses débuts en 1948, formellement depuis 1953), la direction des nombreuses institutions scientifiques ainsi que l’information du public français sur le développement de l’histoire du droit en Pologne (dans la „Revue historique de Droit français et étranger”) et du public polonais sur les oeuvres françaises (notamment dans le „Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne")
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law