Atef A. Sheekhoon, Abdelrahman O. Haridy, Vitaly V. Kresin
The work functions of 7Li and 6Li metals have been measured as a function of temperature, by using photoionization of pure isolated metal nanoparticles in a beam. These data reveal a marked isotope effect in the temperature variation of these work functions. Furthermore, for both isotopes the curvature of this temperature variation is found to be significantly larger than may be ascribed purely to a change in the electron gas density. These findings enhance the characterization of lithium as a quantum material in which the interplay between electronic and ionic degrees of freedom is nontrivial, and call for a microscopic understanding beyond simple models. Additionally, the slope of the work function curves was observed to vanish in the low temperature limit, as had been predicted on the basis of the Third Law of thermodynamics.
Oleh Semenenko, Lilia Semenenko, Oleksandr Vodchyts
et al.
Мета роботи: розглянути основні особливості психолого-педагогічної підтримки українських дітей і молоді в умовах воєнного стану. Головний фокус дослідження сконцентрувати на емоційному відновленні дітей і молоді під час війни, забезпеченні безпеки в освіті, та адаптації до змін.
Метод дослідження: робота базується на аналізі ефективних інструментів емоційного відновлення, розробленні механізмів забезпечення психологічної безпеки в освітніх закладах та сприянні формуванню життєстійкості дітей і підлітків у сучасних умовах нестабільності.
Результати дослідження: проведено аналіз сучасних досліджень з теми психолого-педагогічної підтримки дітей і молоді в умовах воєнного стану; визначено ключові напрями виміру психолого-педагогічної підтримки дітей і молоді в умовах воєнного стану; проведено аналіз складових кожного виміру та визначено проблеми – особливості – шляхи вирішення цих проблем; розроблено практичні рекомендації для підвищення психолого-емоційного відновлення дітей і молоді в умовах триваючого воєнного стану в Україні.
Теоретична цінність дослідження: стаття розширює наукові уявлення про психолого-педагогічну підтримку українських дітей і молоді в умовах воєнного стану. Запропоновані підходи та рекомендації можуть бути використані для вдосконалення державної політики у сфері освітньої діяльності та розробки освітніх програм.
Тип статті: теоретичний, описовий, практичний, методичний.
Shaker El-Sappagh, Waleed Nazih, Meshal Alharbi
et al.
Mental health disorders (MHDs) have significant medical and financial impacts on patients and society. Despite the potential opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI) in the mental health field, there are no noticeable roles of these systems in real medical environments. The main reason for these limitations is the lack of trust by domain experts in the decisions of AI-based systems. Recently, trustworthy AI (TAI) guidelines have been proposed to support the building of responsible AI (RAI) systems that are robust, fair, and transparent. This review aims to investigate the literature of TAI for machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) architectures in the MHD domain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes the literature of trustworthiness of ML and DL models in the MHD domain. The review identifies the advances in the literature of RAI models in the MHD domain and investigates how this is related to the current limitations of the applicability of these models in real medical environments. We discover that the current literature on AI-based models in MHD has severe limitations compared to other domains regarding TAI standards and implementations. We discuss these limitations and suggest possible future research directions that could handle these challenges.
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
Oleh Semenenko, Maryna Abramova, Viktor Tsarynnyk
et al.
Мета роботи: полягає у висвітленні проблематики неоднорідності динаміки людського ресурсу порівняно до частки населення працездатного віку, що у довгостроковій перспективі може мати негативний вплив на оборону достатність держав.
Метод дослідження: аналізу; синтезу; порівняння; формалізації та оцінювання матеріалу; абстрагування та кон’юнктурного аналізу (мислення).
Результати дослідження: здійснено екстраполяцію даних коефіцієнтів вікової залежності деяких країн до 2029 року, що у поєднанні із порівнянням прогнозованих значень динаміки та темпів змін людського ресурсу дали можливість виділити держави, у котрих людський фактор може бути загрозою\поштовхом до зниження\підвищення оборонної достатності у довгостроковій перспективі.
Теоретична цінність дослідження: полягає у донесенні до читачів важливості порівняння динаміки людського ресурсу до частки населення працездатного віку під час планування довгострокової оборонної політики.
The theory of entire functions and its applications were at the center of Ostrovskii's research interests throughout his entire career. He made lasting contributions to several aspects of this theory, and many of his works had a significant influence on subsequent research. In this note, we describe some of this work.
Sepehr Gourabi, Masoud Lotfalipour, Reza Khosrowabadi
et al.
Working memory plays a crucial role in various aspects of human life. Therefore, it has been an area of interest in different research studies, especially neuroscience. The neuroscientists investigating working memory have primarily emphasized the brain's functional modularity. At the same time, a holistic perspective is still required to investigate the brain as an integrated and unified system. We hypothesized that the brain should shift towards a more stable state during working memory than the resting state. Therefore, based on the Structural Balance Theory (SBT), we aimed to address this process. To achieve this, we examined triadic associations in signed fMRI networks in healthy individuals using the N-back as the working memory task. We demonstrated that the number of balanced triads increased during the working memory task compared to the resting state, while the opposite is true for imbalanced triads. The increase of balanced triads forced the network to a more stable state with a lower balance energy level. The increase of balanced triads was crucially related to changes in anti-synchrony to synchronous activities between the Temporal Cortex, the Prefrontal Cortex, and the Parietal Cortex, which are known to be involved in various aspects of working memory, during the working memory process. We hope these findings pave the way to a better understanding the working memory process.
This paper questions the impact of digitalization on the labour market, both regarding supply and demand, aiming to investigate what the role of collective bargaining should be at different levels, in order to exploit the potential and minimize the risks of digitalization.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Labor. Work. Working class
This paper introduces a maximum likelihood estimator of the value of job amenities and labor productivity in a single matching market based on the observation of equilibrium matches and wages. The estimation procedure simultaneously fits both the matching patterns and the wage curve. While our estimator is suited for a wide range of assignment problems, we provide an application to the estimation of the Value of a Statistical Life using compensating wage differentials for the risk of fatal injury on the job. Using US data for 2017, we estimate the Value of Statistical Life at \$ 6.3 million (\$2017).
Ta-Chung Chi, Ting-Han Fan, Alexander I. Rudnicky
et al.
Unlike recurrent models, conventional wisdom has it that Transformers cannot perfectly model regular languages. Inspired by the notion of working memory, we propose a new Transformer variant named RegularGPT. With its novel combination of Weight-Sharing, Adaptive-Depth, and Sliding-Dilated-Attention, RegularGPT constructs working memory along the depth dimension, thereby enabling efficient and successful modeling of regular languages such as PARITY. We further test RegularGPT on the task of natural language length extrapolation and surprisingly find that it rediscovers the local windowed attention effect deemed necessary in prior work for length extrapolation.
Oleh Semenenko, Iryna Chernyshova, Olha Taran
et al.
Мета роботи: аналіз оборонних витрат та спроможностей збройних сил Ізраїлю ,а також порівняльний аналіз оборонних витрат Ізраїлю, Росії та України.
Метод дослідження: основними методами досліджень є методи статистичного аналізу, воєнно-економічного аналізу, порівняння, синтезу та узагальнення.
Результати дослідження: визначені основні принципи оборонної доктрини Ізраїлю; представлені існуючи спроможності збройних сил Ізраїлю; проаналізовано витрати Ізраїлю на оборону та визначені основні тенденції цих витрат.
Теоретична цінність дослідження: формування теоретичної бази для обґрунтованого оцінювання можливих витрат України на її оборону та розвиток власних збройних сил.
Тип статті: описовий та розрахунково-аналітичний.
The field of bibliometrics, studying citations and behavior, is critical to the discussion of reproducibility. Citations are one of the primary incentive and reward systems for academic work, and so we desire to know if this incentive rewards reproducible work. Yet to the best of our knowledge, only one work has attempted to look at this combined space, concluding that non-reproducible work is more highly cited. We show that answering this question is more challenging than first proposed, and subtle issues can inhibit a robust conclusion. To make inferences with more robust behavior, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian model that incorporates the citation rate over time, rather than the total number of citations after a fixed amount of time. In doing so we show that, under current evidence the answer is more likely that certain fields of study such as Medicine and Machine Learning (ML) do correlate reproducible works with more citations, but other fields appear to have no relationship. Further, we find that making code available and thoroughly referencing prior works appear to also positively correlate with increased citations. Our code and data can be found at https://github.com/EdwardRaff/ReproducibleCitations .
Ensembling neural networks is an effective way to increase accuracy, and can often match the performance of individual larger models. This observation poses a natural question: given the choice between a deep ensemble and a single neural network with similar accuracy, is one preferable over the other? Recent work suggests that deep ensembles may offer distinct benefits beyond predictive power: namely, uncertainty quantification and robustness to dataset shift. In this work, we demonstrate limitations to these purported benefits, and show that a single (but larger) neural network can replicate these qualities. First, we show that ensemble diversity, by any metric, does not meaningfully contribute to an ensemble's uncertainty quantification on out-of-distribution (OOD) data, but is instead highly correlated with the relative improvement of a single larger model. Second, we show that the OOD performance afforded by ensembles is strongly determined by their in-distribution (InD) performance, and -- in this sense -- is not indicative of any "effective robustness". While deep ensembles are a practical way to achieve improvements to predictive power, uncertainty quantification, and robustness, our results show that these improvements can be replicated by a (larger) single model.
En los últimos 10 años hemos visto incrementar el número de publicaciones relacionadas con la inclusión en las aulas universitarias de estudiantes con Trastornos del Espectro del Autismo, síndrome de Asperger o Autismo de alto funcionamiento. En este artículo, se resume la literatura sobre la presencia de estudiantes con Trastornos del Espectro del Autismo en la Universidad y se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de desarrollar programas específicos para su atención en el marco de los servicios de apoyo a los estudiantes con discapacidad u otras estructuras de servicios similares. Entre las medidas específicas, hemos encontrado experiencias sobre programas de sensibilización a profesores y estudiantes con la finalidad de generar una cultura sobre “el autismo”, programas para tratar la ansiedad, programas de prevención de salud mental, etc. En definitiva, medidas que, aunque están dirigidas a un colectivo en particular, pueden beneficiar a toda la comunidad universitaria.
Psychology, Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
OBJECTIVES Among all Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, South Korean older adults work until the latest age. We investigate the extent to which work experiences over the life course and family circumstances can be associated with older workers' incentives to remain in the labor force beyond the statutory pension age. We explore gender-specific patterns of labor force exit and labor force re-entry in later life. METHODS Using panel data of South Korean older workers and retirees from 2006 to 2016, we estimate multilevel discrete-time models with random effects to predict their labor force transition process that unfolds over time. RESULTS Results show that skilled manual workers are less likely to exit employment and more likely to re-enter the labor force. A longer history of self-employment is related to later retirement. The relationship between career characteristics and the risk of retirement is only significant for men. Late-aged employment transition among women appears to be more related to family conditions. Women who receive financial support from adult offspring are more likely to remain out of the labor force but this relationship is not pronounced among men. DISCUSSION Policies aimed at extending working lives need to provide various types of social support to older job seekers, especially those who had low-class jobs and those without family networks.
Background: This research is part of a larger project on the exploration of inequalities in South African higher education. This current study focussed on the implementation of policies to eradicate inequalities in an inclusive education system.
Objectives: This article aimed to establish the implementation of policy by researching the lived experiences of students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) studying in the university.
Method: A qualitative, systematic review was employed as the research methodology. Original peer-reviewed qualitative studies published between 1994 and 2017 were systematically reviewed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to ensure rigorous reviews. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to guide the process of critical appraisal of the selected articles which resulted in a total of 10 articles being selected for reviewing. The target population of this research comprised undergraduate students diagnosed with SLD. Semi-structured interviews were the main data collection tools used in the studies that were reviewed. Data from the selected articles were extracted and synthesised.
Results: The dominant themes that emerged from the review were: (1) fear of stigmatisation; (2) gaps in policy implementation; (3) experiences vary across departments; and (4) self-determination and family support as success factors.
Conclusion: An important aspect in the transformation of higher education institution is to ensure the closing of the disjuncture between policy and implementation in support of students with SLD.
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities, Communities. Classes. Races
Tässä tutkimuksessa perehdytään opettajan toimijuuteen tilanteessa, jossa useampi opettaja opettaa yhdessä. Yhteisopetuksella tarkoitetaan tilannetta, jossa ainakin kaksi opettajaa yhdessä suunnittelee, toteuttaa ja arvioi opetusta, joka
toteutetaan pääasiassa samassa tilassa. Kun opetetaan yhdessä, saadaan luokkaan useamman opettajan osaaminen. Asiantuntijakeskustelujen kautta selvitetään, mitä pedagogit kertovat yhteisopetuksesta ja pohditaan, miten opettajan toimijuus toteutuu, kun opetetaan yhdessä. Tutkimuksemme tulosten mukaan yhteisopetus koetaan hyvänä, mutta sille löytyy selkeitä reunaehtoja. Eri ammattiryhmien (luokan-, aineen- ja erityisopettajien) kertomukset yhteisopettamisesta erosivat toisistaan. Koulutustaustasta riippumatta opettajat näkivät yhteisopetuksen yleensä omaa ammattitaitoa kehittävänä ja parhaassa tapauksessa opettajan perustyötä helpottavana tapana työskennellä. Osa opettajista koki sen lisäävän omaa toimijuutta, mutta osa taas kertoi yhteisopetuksen kapeuttavan toimijuutta. Yhteisopetuksen tekemisen tapaa venytettiin määritelmästä poiketen tarpeiden mukaan.
Andrei Lihu, Jincheng Du, Igor Barjaktarevic
et al.
Bitcoin mining is a wasteful and resource-intensive process. To add a block of transactions to the blockchain, miners spend a considerable amount of energy. The Bitcoin protocol, named 'proof of work' (PoW), resembles a lottery and the underlying computational work is not useful otherwise. In this paper, we describe a novel 'proof of useful work' (PoUW) protocol based on training a machine learning model on the blockchain. Miners get a chance to create new coins after performing honest ML training work. Clients submit tasks and pay all training contributors. This is an extra incentive to participate in the network because the system does not rely only on the lottery procedure. Using our consensus protocol, interested parties can order, complete, and verify useful work in a distributed environment. We outline mechanisms to reward useful work and punish malicious actors. We aim to build better AI systems using the security of the blockchain.
We study the role of the initial quantum coherence in coherent processes generated by an external control of some parameters by looking on the thermodynamic work done. We start by taking in exam an active state and we isolate the contribution to the ergotropy coming from the quantum coherence among the energy eigenstates. It is shown to be related to the quantum relative entropy of coherence through an inequality which involves the completely passive state connected to the initial state. Finally, we extend the analysis to a general out-of-equilibrium process and we show how to take in account in the statistics of work the effects of the initial quantum coherence.