Hasil untuk "International relations"

D. A. Munro

Friedrich Ebert, Fundação Getúlio, Vargas

Elmer Schialer Salcedo

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Revista Política Austral

Iwona Krzyżanowska-Skowronek

THEORETICAL, LAW AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF DE FACTO STATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The issue of the functioning of de facto states in the international environment, its importance and the problems faced by the communities that create them, as well as other political entities, cannot be enfolded by one field of knowledge. Although the question appears to be within the scope of international law, disputes between legal theories do not address the political causes and effects of current recognition practices. States, as creators of international law, have no political interest in changing the ways of recognising new state entities, because they are afraid of weakening their own position and the international system that is based on them. Theoretical analysis in the field of international relations theory offer another important research perspective to this issue, although classical and critical theories differ significantly in their assessment and proposed solutions.

Xia Hongyuan

International actors are fundamental units of research in the field of international relations, with state actors being the primary focus. The political relationships between countries serve as the basis for current mainstream research in international relations theory. However, the author believes that with the evolution of the international system and the increasing complexity of the international community, the traditional Westphalian system and its derivative concept of absolute sovereignty have become outdated. This limits the effectiveness of the current paradigm used to describe objective reality and its ability to guide practical applications. As a result, it is necessary to redefine these propositions. In this paper, the author will use literature investigation and historical analysis methods to deconstruct the three mainstream views of the national center, rational countries, and single country perspectives. This will demonstrate that a variety of international actors and power centers have emerged in the field of international relations and are playing increasingly important roles. This highlights the need to move beyond the limitations of a single nation system towards a more nuanced understanding of international relations. Through a multi-center perspective and utilizing multidisciplinary research methods, including techniques from quantum mechanics, the author will work towards developing a more accurate theory based on the reality of the international relations system.

Lellanis Arroyo-Rojas, Francisco-Javier Vallejo-Saldaña

Las decisiones tomadas en la cotidianeidad están orientadas por significados construidos y heredados, no neutros y que instituyen realidades. El presente texto tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de las estrategias de control ejercidas sobre el cuerpo por medio del discurso médico en el espacio de las cirugías plástico-cosméticas. Nos suscribimos a un análisis cualitativo inductivo del discurso, para indagar en la constitución de significados como salud y belleza dentro de la práctica médica, cabe resaltar que la lente teórica para analizar estos discursos parte de la analítica biopolítica. Concluyendo finalmente, que el discurso médico atiende al orden anatómico-quirúrgico que delimita diversas estrategias de control sobre los cuerpos y la vida; contribuyendo así, a la normalización de significados como “saludable” y “bello”.

Ashok Natarajan

The quest for human security has pitted the individual against the collective throughout history. Individualism and collectivism are two competing philosophical and social movements that have divided the world for centuries and trace their origin back to ancient times. They are founded on different interpretations of the value and place of freedom and equality in society. The individual seeks the protection and support of the collective while at the same time insisting on freedom for personal self-expression and action without hindrance by the collective. The collective seeks the allegiance and conformity of the individual to the laws and dictates of central authority in the name of collective security and wellbeing, which is often perceived by the individual as a threat to personal security rather than assurance of it. Therefore, any ultimate solution to the quest for human security must necessarily address and reconcile these apparently contradictory viewpoints and arrive at a perspective that resolves them into complementary dimensions of a greater whole. This article traces the development of individualism in the West and positive and negative characteristics associated with its more extreme manifestations in order to understand both the strengths that perpetuate it and the weaknesses that continuously erode its stability. It points to the emergence of a reconciling formula based on a shift from individualism to mature individuality and the prevailing struggle within democratic societies in recent times. An evolutionary progression of this character constitutes an essential condition for arriving at a sound, stable, universal foundation for human security for all.

Blanca Fierro Álvarez-Ossorio

In the last decades, the migration phenomenon has become one of the greatest humanitarian crises. The generalized solution by the international community has been the reception in refugee camps as a temporary solution to the displacement. Nonetheless, conflicts are frequently prolonged in time and migrants are stagnated in protracted situations. The objective of this project is to explore alternatives to refugee camps, namely, the reception of migrants in cities. The project is centered around the idea that this strategy will not only be beneficial for the migrants, who will be able to break the dependency built in the camps, but also for the development of the economies of the host countries, by creating more employment, generating a more competitive market, and promoting the development of the infrastructures of the cities. This is going to be studied from the perspective of Ecuador, the country of Latin America that hosts more refugees and migrants, without the establishment of camps.

Daniel Blinder, Maximiliano Vila Seoane

En el marco de un contexto internacional en transformación, donde las disputas geopolíticas entre grandes potencias se han acentuado, la literatura de Relaciones Internacionales ha prestado creciente atención al rol de la ciencia y la tecnología. La mayoría de esta literatura examina las capacidades de los países centrales en su carrera por dominar tecnologías estratégicas y/o emergentes, con especial énfasis en la creciente rivalidad entre China y EEUU. No obstante, la literatura le ha prestado menos atención a cómo esta competencia por la supremacía tecnológica incide en las estrategias de adquisición de capacidades y/o de desarrollo tecnológico de países de menores recursos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conceptualizar las presiones internacionales realizadas por un estado sobre otro estado, para que no obtenga ni desarrolle capacidades tecnológicas transferidas por otro estado, sea este rival o no lo sea. En particular, se sostiene que las presiones internacionales contra la cooperación científico-tecnológica suelen involucrar una mezcla de uso de encuadres coercitivos, engaño, hostigamiento diplomático, diplomacia pública mediada, y sanciones, pero muchas veces el efecto de las presiones internacionales puede ser limitado. Para ilustrar esta propuesta conceptual, se analiza el caso de las presiones de EEUU sobre Argentina para evitar la construcción de una planta nuclear de diseño chino, denominada Hualong One o HPR1000. El estudio de caso se basa en el análisis cualitativo de fuentes primarias, como documentos oficiales y entrevistas semiestructuradas, y de otras fuentes secundarias pertinentes. Específicamente, el estudio sintetiza la cooperación nuclear entre Argentina y China entre 2012-2022, y detalla las presiones estadounidenses realizadas durante la administración Macri (2015-2019) y la administración Fernández (2019-2022). El análisis de este caso ilustra la conceptualización de presiones internacionales propuesta, en particular, los datos recabados muestran que las presiones estadounidenses contra la cooperación nuclear entre Argentina y China fueron realizadas por intermedio de hostigamiento diplomático, encuadre engañoso, y diplomacia pública mediada. Estas presiones han tenido el propósito de acabar con la cooperación en temas que son de interés para EEUU. No obstante, si el objetivo de máxima de la diplomacia estadounidense fue propiciar la cancelación del proyecto, las presiones parecen no haber sido exitosas. Sin embargo, si suponemos que buscaron retrasarlo, en tal caso, dado que desde el inicio de las negociaciones en 2012, aún no se ha iniciado la planta nuclear, se puede suponer que fueron un factor que incidió en esta demora.

Joshua S. Goldstein

Jeffrey W. Legro

E. Y. Shchedrina, V. V. Khubulova, A. N. Goncharov et al.

Currently, tourism creates seamless travel using the four core technologies of Industry 4.0, such as artificial intelligence, Internet of information, big data analysis, and cloud computing, to make travel more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly while optimizing travel time and minimizing costs for travelers.

Marcos Valle Machado da Silva

Graham Allison analisa as relações entre a República Popular da China e os Estados Unidos da América (EUA), neste início do século XXI. Dialogando com o passado e trabalhando com cenários prospectivos, Allison apresenta possíveis desdobramentos da ascensão da China vis-à-vis com a reação dos EUA e, assim, descortina para o leitor a necessidade de as duas potências deste início de século evitarem a Armadilha de Tucídides e um potencial conflito militar. Palavras-chave: República Popular da China. Estados Unidos da América. Armadilha de Tucídides. ABSTRACT Graham Allison analyzes the relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America (USA) at the beginning of the 21st Century. Dialoguing with the past and working with future scenarios, Allison presents possible consequences of the rise of China vis-à-vis the US reaction and, thus, reveals to the reader the need for the two powers to avoid the Thucydides's Trap and a potential military conflict. Key words: People's Republic of China. United States of America.  Thucydides's Trap.   Recebido em: 09 mai. 2022 | Aceito em: 15 ago. 2022.

M. Wight, Gabriel J. Wright, B. Porter

Marina Morcuende Parrón

Reseña de: Zeitoun, M., Mirumachi, N. y Warner, J. (2020). Water Conflicts: Analysis for Transformation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

A. Gagnon

Estudos Internacionais

Páginas Iniciais

Adam Watson

S. Tarrow