Hasil untuk "Industries. Land use. Labor"

Uchendu Eugene Chigbu

Niels van Doorn, Niels Beerepoot, Meg Kitamura et al.

This article reports on a Roundtable Workshop organised to reflect on the continuities and changes in the geographically variegated development of the gig economy and to assess the state of the art in gig economy research. The workshop brought to light how, despite growing academic attention over the past decade, gig economy research still grapples with a number of blind spots that deter advancements in the field. The main contribution of the workshop was to stage a debate on how these theoretical and methodological blind spots may be overcome and to sketch an innovative research agenda that can push the field ahead in its second decade.

Farhad Sharifi Bagha, Jafar Haqiqat, Zahra Karimi Takanloo

<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">The purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the monetary policy shock via exchange rate channel on the management quality index in the banking system within a productivity approach. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of its method. This study utilizes 96 variables of seasonal time series data that affect the management quality index within the bank productivity framework, one of the critical indicators for assessing the health of the banking system. The analysis covers the period from 1378:1 to 1401:4 and employs the Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregression (FAVAR) model to investigate the effect of monetary policy via exchange rate channel on the management quality index in the banking system. Among the many variables influencing the productivity of the whole bank, which are extracted from the bank's balance sheet, the amount of expenses (financial expenses, administrative and general expenses) and the amount of profit (net investment interest, interest received from foreign currency deposits) were investigated. The results indicated that the monetary policy shock through the exchange rate channel had a significant negative relationship with the selected variables and caused a decrease in the amount of profit and an increase in the amount of expenses, which led to a decrease in the overall productivity of the bank.</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Key Words:</strong> management quality in the banking system, productivity approach, monetary policy shock, exchange rate</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>1.Introduction</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">Productivity is one of the concepts of economics and management, which is defined as: "the amount of goods or services produced compared to each unit of energy or labor spent without reducing quality&rdquo;, in other words "effectiveness along with efficiency". In the operational concept, productivity is the ratio between output values ​​and input values ​​used in the production process. In fact, the purpose of productivity is to maximize output and minimize input. On the other hand, one of the most important challenges of the banking system in any economy is its reaction to shocks and economic fluctuations. Any unexpected phenomenon that has an unpredictable effect on economic variables is considered a shock, which can be classified as environmental, external, internal or supply and demand shocks. The adoption of monetary policies is the process by which the central bank or the country's monetary authority controls the supply of money or other monetary variables and imposes fluctuations on the economy as a type of economic policies.</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>2.Literature Review</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">Sofin (2005) in a study entitled &ldquo;the source of changes in profitability in commercial banks in developing countries; The case study of the country of Malaysia&rdquo; has investigated the productivity of all production factors in commercial banks in Malaysia during the period from 1998 to 2003 using the Malmquist index. In this study, the interest income of the banks from the place of granting various types of facilities, the amount of loan paid as the bank's income and the volume of various types of bank deposits, labor force and fixed assets of the bank's branches were taken into consideration. In total, the results of this study showed that the productivity of production factors in Malaysian banks decreased by 7% during the period under review. The negative effects of technological changes have been one of the reasons for the decrease in the productivity of banks. In a study, Sanbat (2016) has investigated monetary policy transmission channels in the United States using the FAVAR model and 154 monthly time series variables in the time period from 1970 to 2014. To this end, the effect of monetary policy shock on bank portfolio variables and economic activity variables and the effect of lending on economic activity variables have been investigated. The research findings indicate the existence of a credit channel in America. Also, it was found that the contractionary monetary policy causes a decrease in loan supply, which leads to a dcrease in economic activities. Elborn et al. (2019) in a study aimed at Do SVARs detect unconventional monetary policy shocks? revealed that the used identification schemes fail to recover real unconventional monetary policy shocks in the Eurozone. In their identification schemes, information on the size of the central bank's balance sheet is key to distinguishing monetary policy shocks from other shocks that reduce financial market stress. In the present study, we show that replacing ECB balance sheet size with random numbers leads to statistically indistinguishable shock response functions and time series of abnormal monetary policy shocks. In contrast, using monetary policy shocks identified by forward rate data by Jaroski and Karadi, we argue that unconventional monetary policies have not had a statistically significant effect on real economic activity.</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>3.Methodology</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">Regarding the purpose, the present study is applied research, utilizing an analytical-descriptive methodology. The FAVAR or the Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregression model presented by Bernanke, Boivin and Elias (2003) has been used to solve the problems related to the VAR model. Therefore, using 96 variables of seasonal time series data affecting the management quality index within the bank productivity approach which is one of the most important indicators of assessing the health of the banking system, and employing the factor-added empirical model (FAVAR), the effect of monetary policy via the exchange rate channel on the management quality index in the banking system was investigated during the period of 1378:1-1401:4</p> <p style="text-align: left;">In order to investigate the mechanism of the impact of monetary policy shocks via exchange rate channel on the variables affecting the health of the banking system, the two-stage method of principal components was used. Therefore, first, the following equation was estimated without considering the Yt vector, based on which the number of optimal factors was selected. The equation can be written using model variables as follows:</p> <p style="text-align: left;">After determining the number of optimal factors, the equation was estimated. This equation can be shown as follows:</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>4.Result</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relationship between the monetary policy shock through the exchange rate channel on the management quality index in the banking system within the productivity approach. Regarding the relationship between the variables, it was expected that the value of each variable from the previous period will have a positive effect on the current value of the variable, in such a way that, for example, an increase in the exchange rate in the past period increases or decreases the variables in the current period. The monetary policy through the exchange rate channel has led to a direct effect on the deposits of the banking network and, as a result, the power to grant facilities and operational income, which, in turn, affects one of the most important indicators of the health of the banking system, which is the management quality index (i.e., productivity). For this reason, fluctuations caused by monetary policy shocks in the exchange rate, as one of the most fundamental factors affecting the health of the banking system, can have a significant negative impact. Thus, the results showed:</p> <p style="text-align: left;">Monetary policy shocks via exchange rate channel have a significant negative impact on the bank's profit.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">Monetary policy shocks via exchange rate channel have a significant positive effect on the amount of expenses in the bank.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">As a result, it can be said that the relationship between the monetary policy shock via exchange rate channel has a negative significant relationship with the management quality index (i.e., productivity).</p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>5.Discussion</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;">In recent years, the exchange rate fluctuations caused by the policies of monetary and financial authorities of the country to pursue different goals and the banking-oriented nature of Iran's economy have caused the optimal management of resources and the ability of bank allocation as well as the resulting revenues to have a great impact on the country's financial performance. One of the most important indicators that can be used to attract bank resources and assess how to use resources (optimal allocation of resources) and incomes, is the productivity index in the discussion of management quality. Productivity is a combination of efficiency and effectiveness. The obtained results indicate that the impact of the monetary policy shock via exchange rate channel has increased over a certain period on the target factors. During this time, the number of changes in the target variables by the variables themselves decreases and the changes in the variables caused by the shock of the exchange rate channel increase. Therefore, monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel have a significant negative impact on productivity, and consequently, have a negative impact on the quality index of bank management. Moreover, monetary policy shocks through the exchange rate channel have a significant negative impact on the amount of profit earned in the bank and a significant positive effect on the amount of bank expenses.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p>

H.S. Geyer

Virda Fauziah, Ujang Setoko, Abdurrahman Salim et al.

The cotton plant is a fiber plant that is commonly used as a raw material for textiles, beauty, and health products. To increase cotton production, the development of superior varieties using plant breeding methods in cross-analysis is necessary. The cross-analysis method is used to determine the agronomic traits that affect cotton production, by selecting yield through several other characteristics related to yield. The aim of this study was to identify which agronomic characters can be used as selection criteria to increase cotton production using cross-analysis. The research was conducted at Politeknik Negeri Jember, and included 12 independent variables and one response variable, namely cotton production. The method used in this study was to perform correlation analysis, cross-analysis, calculate direct and residual contributions, and select agronomic characters that can be used as selection criteria. The results showed that the number of fruit characters had the highest correlation with cotton production (RX9Y = 0.835). Cross-analysis was carried out, and the highest direct effect was found between the number of fruit characters and cotton production (PX9Y = 0.971). The highest direct contribution was found in the character of the number of fruit, which had a total contribution of 98.321% and residue of 1.679%. Therefore, the agronomic character that can be used as a direct selection criterion is the number of fruits.

K. Bobbins, L. Diep, P. Hofmann et al.

In 2020, 54% of the world had access to safe sanitation, but access further reduces to 21% in sub-Saharan Africa . With only eight years left to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is an urgent need to accelerate action in the sanitation sector. Previous academic research highlights sanitation as vital for supporting cross-cutting outcomes in health, economics, climate, gender equality, and the environment. However, there is a gap in knowledge outputs for policymakers to highlights how action in sanitation can leverage investment from agencies and ministries to achieve multiple SDGs. Our transdisciplinary team (academics, policymakers, and practitioners) co-developed actionable outputs for diverse audiences to fill this gap, building on an existing global evidence review identifying 130 synergies between sanitation and the SDGs.We identified priority focus areas influencing sanitation policies and financing in Sub-Saharan Africa to collaboratively develop visual aids, policy briefs, and this academic publication to engage cross-sectoral audiences. Our approach offers insights into the value of theoretical knowledge for policy outcomes in the sanitation sector. It is most likely that SDG6 Targets particularly related to sanitation will not be met by 2030 as the sector suffers from under investment. Co-creation between academia and the development sector is critical for consolidating knowledge/research and development practice to influence investment, progress and innovation.

Ladislav Zjavka

Microgrid autonomous networks need an effective plan and control of power supply, energy storage, and retransmission. Prediction and monitoring of power quality (PQ) along with efficient utilization of Renewable Energy (RE) is unavoidable to optimize the system performance without abnormalities. Alterations and irregularities in PQ must remain within the prescribed norm ranges and characteristics to allow fault-tolerant operation of the detached system in various modes of attached equipment. The PQ data for all possible combinations of grid-attached household appliances and different inside/outside conditions cannot be measured completely or described exactly by physical equations. PQ predictions on a daily basis using Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are needed because atmospheric fluctuations and anomalies in local weather with uncertainties in system states primarily influence the induced power and operation of real off-grids. A novel soft-computing method using Differential Learning, which allows modelling of complex dynamics of weather-dependent systems, is presented and compared with the recent standard deep and probabilistic machine learning. The AI models were evolved using weather data and the binary status of attached equipment in the test predetermined daily training periods. Daily statistical models process 24-h forecast data and definition load series of trained input variables to calculate the target PQ parameters at the same times. Optimal utilization, efficiency, and failure-free operation of smart grids can be planned according to the suggested operable power consumption scenarios based on their PQ verification on a day-horizon. Executable load sequences can be automatically combined and scheduled in the system to be adapted to user needs, considering the RE production potential, charge state, and optimal PQ characteristics over the next 24 h. A parametric C++ application software with applied PQ and weather data is free available to allow reproducibility of the results.

Inês Boavida-Portugal

M. Ahdan Abror Ertanto, S Syekhfani, Erlangga Abdillah

The utilization of eucalyptus leaf waste in the processing unit of the eucalyptus oil factory has not been carried out optimally and has great potential as raw material for making organic fertilizer in the form of compost. This study aimed to study the potential use of eucalyptus leaf compost to improve soil fertility limiting factors in Jati Plus plantations. This research was conducted at the Department of Research and Innovation of the Perhutani Forestry Institute, Cepu, Central Java, and in the chemical laboratory of the Department of Soil, FPUB. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The results showed that eucalyptus leaf waste could be composted with organic carbon content, total nitrogen, total P2O5, total K2O, high organic matter content, high cation exchange capacity, and neutral pH. Perhutani's Teak Plus Plantation has fertility limiting factors on the ustic soil moisture regime, alkaline soil reaction, and clay texture. Eucalyptus leaf waste compost can be used as organic material for the strategic direction of soil management in several Jati Plus Perhutani plantation areas.

Grzegorz Gawron

The concept of co-production offers a solution to some of the challenges facing modern societies. It provides an original model for relationship building and a platform for initiating and managing the practicalities between the state and citizenry. When scaled down to the local level, co-production takes on a special role, i.e., public administration liaises directly with citizens through public services. Subsequently, there is value to be gained in observing how co-production develops in this domain. The main purpose of this article is to present the findings regarding the potential co-production has in the implementation of three types of local civic initiatives (Participatory Budget, Local Initiative, Village Fund), all of which may be optionally undertaken in Polish local governments. The empirical basis for this study is the author’s research, conducted in forty-one cities and towns forming one of Polish metropolis GZM.

Saru Arifin, Sonny S. Wicaksono, Slamet Sumarto et al.

This article will address the disaster resilience village (DRV) approach as a disaster preparedness method in Indonesia. This scheme became operational in 2012, exactly 5 years after disaster management legislation was passed in 2007. This DRV strategy is a component of the central government’s decentralisation of disaster management to local governments. Using a method of doctrinal legal review, this study argues that the DRV approach to disaster preparedness at the village level is inefficient. That is because the village apparatus is the central player in this DRV, but residents of disaster-prone areas are regarded as an afterthought when it comes to disaster management. Consequently, efforts to strengthen emergency preparedness for residents in disaster-prone areas will be harmed. As a result, it is unsurprising that whenever a disaster occurs in Indonesia, the death toll and damage to property remain high. This is because people who live in disaster-prone areas lack a framework for transforming knowledge and scientific experience with disasters. In addition, this DRV strategy opposes previous disaster experts’ community-based and transformative approaches. However, direct field research on communities living in disaster-prone areas is needed to obtain empirical evidence of the DRV approach’s shortcomings.

Hossein Azadi

Katharina Gugerell, Andreas Endl, Sara Louise Gottenhuber et al.

Walter Arana Mayorca, Edson Jorge Huaire Inacio

<p>Se presenta un estudio cuyo objetivo fue identificar a los factores motivadores de mayor prevalencia en trabajadores de diferentes empresas tanto de producci&oacute;n como de servicio. El dise&ntilde;o del estudio es descriptivo y participaron 1,214 trabajadores de ambos tipos de empresas de Lima Metropolitana. En el estudio se utiliz&oacute; como instrumento el Test J&amp;F &ndash; Motivaci&oacute;n Laboral elaborado espec&iacute;ficamente para este estudio, el mismo que tuvo una confiabilidad de 0.98. Los resultados evidencian que los factores motivacionales de mayor prevalencia en los trabajadores son: el crecimiento personal, el sueldo, el reconocimiento, la responsabilidad, el logro y otros factores como el trabajo, la relaci&oacute;n con el jefe y las relaciones con los compa&ntilde;eros, en ese orden. Adem&aacute;s, se pudo evidenciar que los factores internos son m&aacute;s relevantes que los factores externos, lo cual nos lleva a concluir que la principal fuente de motivaci&oacute;n de las personas son las que tienen que ver con su beneficio personal y en segundo plano est&aacute;n los factores externos que tienen que ver con est&iacute;mulos que reciben de la empresa. Finalmente, no se encontr&oacute; diferencia en cuanto al tipo de empresa. &nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Palabras clave</strong>: Motivaci&oacute;n laboral; crecimiento personal, sueldo; reconocimiento; responsabilidad: logro, trabajo: relaci&oacute;n entre compa&ntilde;eros; vida personal; status; seguridad; poder</p>

Demetris Demetriou

Marta TOLENTINO, Francisco JAREÑO, Rocío Rubio

Since 2007, when the real estate bubble burst, we was immersed in a global economic crisis. During this period, the Spanish financial system has experienced a process of economic imbalance and downturn as a consequence of massive exposure to the construction sector. In this context, the banking institutions, aware of the need to recapitalize their balance sheets, offered their retail clients a complex and high-risk product: preferred shares. What at first was considered the ideal solution for recapitalizing the institutions has done nothing but worsen the economic situation, highlighting the vulnerability of the banking Spanish system. All of this gave rise to a process of bank restructuring that was unprecedented in Spain. The result has been the reduction of the number of banking institutions from 45 in 2009 to 12 today, with the consequent repercussions on the macroeconomic variables and the economies of families and businesses.