Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

D. Rolfson, S. Majumdar, R. Tsuyuki et al.

1. Meltzer H, Gill H, Petticrew M, Hinds K. Office of Population Census and Surveys (OPCS)—Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain Report 1: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst adults living in private households. London: HMSO, 1995. 2. Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174: 307–11. 3. Prescription Pricing Authority (PPA) PACT Centre Pages. Drugs used in Mental Health. http://www.ppa.org.uk/news/ pact-112003/pact-112003.htm (4 November 2004, date last accessed). 4. Middleton N, Gunnell D, Whitley E, Dorling D, Frankel S. Secular trends in antidepressant prescribing in the UK, 1975–1998 J Public Health Med 2001; 23: 262–6. 5. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline 23. National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2004. 6. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, Petrovich L. Antidepressant drug prescribing among elderly subjects: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 113–8. 7. Lawreson RA, Tyrere F, Newson RB, Farmer RDT. The treatment of depression in UK general practice: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants compared. J Affect Disord 2000; 59: 149–57. 8. Wilson KC, Copeland JR, Taylor S, Donoghue J, McCracken CF. Natural history of pharmacotherapy of older depressed community resident. The MRC-ALPHA Study. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 439–43. 9. Living in Britain. A summary of changes over time – Use of health services. Office of National Statistics (ONS). http://www.statistics.gov.uk (16 February 2005, date last accessed). 10. Rosenbaum JF, Zajecka J. Clinical management of antidepressant discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: 535–7. 11. Zermansky AG. Who controls repeats? Br J Gen Prac 1996; 46: 643–7.

Eliga H. Gould, L. Colley

Jingyang Ke, Feiyang Wu, Jiyi Wang et al.

Traditional approaches to studying decision-making in neuroscience focus on simplified behavioral tasks where animals perform repetitive, stereotyped actions to receive explicit rewards. While informative, these methods constrain our understanding of decision-making to short timescale behaviors driven by explicit goals. In natural environments, animals exhibit more complex, long-term behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations that are often unobservable. Recent works in time-varying inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aim to capture shifting motivations in long-term, freely moving behaviors. However, a crucial challenge remains: animals make decisions based on their history, not just their current state. To address this, we introduce SWIRL (SWitching IRL), a novel framework that extends traditional IRL by incorporating time-varying, history-dependent reward functions. SWIRL models long behavioral sequences as transitions between short-term decision-making processes, each governed by a unique reward function. SWIRL incorporates biologically plausible history dependency to capture how past decisions and environmental contexts shape behavior, offering a more accurate description of animal decision-making. We apply SWIRL to simulated and real-world animal behavior datasets and show that it outperforms models lacking history dependency, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This work presents the first IRL model to incorporate history-dependent policies and rewards to advance our understanding of complex, naturalistic decision-making in animals.

Ewoud Wempe, Amina Helmi, Simon D. M. White et al.

We study the mass growth histories of the halos of Milky Way and M31 analogues formed in constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group. These simulations constitute a fair and representative set of $Λ$CDM realisations conditioned on properties of the main Local Group galaxies, such as their masses, relative separation, dynamics and environment. Comparing with isolated analogues extracted from the TNG dark-matter-only simulations, we find that while our M31 halos have a comparable mass growth history to their isolated counterparts, our Milky Ways typically form earlier and their growth is suppressed at late times. Mass growth associated to major and minor mergers is also biased early for the Milky Way in comparison to M31, with most accretion occurring 1 - 4 Gyr after the Big Bang, and a relatively quiescent history at later times. 32% of our Milky Ways experienced a Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES)-like merger, while 13% host an LMC-like object at the present day, with 5% having both. In one case, an SMC- and a Sagittarius-analogue are also present, showing that the most important mergers of the Milky Way in its Local Group environment can be reproduced in $Λ$CDM. We find that the material that makes up the Milky Way and M31 halos at the present day first collapsed onto a plane roughly aligned with the Local Sheet and Supergalactic plane; after $z \sim 2$, accretion occurred mostly within this plane, with the tidal effects of the heavier companion, M31, significantly impacting the late growth history of the Milky Way.

Georges Letissier

Nicholas Sowels

This article examines the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the UK in comparison to previous shocks since 1980. It details the economic measures taken by the public authorities to deal with the crisis, including massive public spending to support household incomes and powerful monetary policy measures. The analysis then looks at the economic legacies of the pandemic, especially concerning public debt and inflation, noting that at the time of the general election in July 2024 Britain’s economic outlook had stabilised and inflation had ebbed. However, the article concludes that the era of unprecedented ultra-low interest rates which began in the wake of the global financial crisis (2007-2009) is over. It emphasises that while today’s high public debt is not unprecedented in British history it will weigh heavily on public spending in the years, if not decades, to come.

Stéphane Revillet

Abbas Ghaddar, David Alfonso-Hermelo, Philippe Langlais et al.

In this work, we dive deep into one of the popular knowledge-grounded dialogue benchmarks that focus on faithfulness, FaithDial. We show that a significant portion of the FaithDial data contains annotation artifacts, which may bias models towards completely ignoring the conversation history. We therefore introduce CHARP, a diagnostic test set, designed for an improved evaluation of hallucinations in conversational model. CHARP not only measures hallucination but also the compliance of the models to the conversation task. Our extensive analysis reveals that models primarily exhibit poor performance on CHARP due to their inability to effectively attend to and reason over the conversation history. Furthermore, the evaluation methods of FaithDial fail to capture these shortcomings, neglecting the conversational history. Our findings indicate that there is substantial room for contribution in both dataset creation and hallucination evaluation for knowledge-grounded dialogue, and that CHARP can serve as a tool for monitoring the progress in this particular research area. CHARP is publicly available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/huawei-noah/CHARP

Changmao Li, Jeffrey Flanigan

Predicting the future is of great interest across many aspects of human activity. Businesses are interested in future trends, traders are interested in future stock prices, and companies are highly interested in future technological breakthroughs. While there are many automated systems for predicting future numerical data, such as weather, stock prices, and demand for products, there is relatively little work in automatically predicting textual data. Humans are interested in textual data predictions because it is a natural format for our consumption, and experts routinely make predictions in a textual format (Christensen et al., 2004; Tetlock & Gardner, 2015; Frick, 2015). However, there has been relatively little formalization of this general problem in the machine learning or natural language processing communities. To address this gap, we introduce the task of future language modeling: probabilistic modeling of texts in the future based on a temporal history of texts. To our knowledge, our work is the first work to formalize the task of predicting the future in this way. We show that it is indeed possible to build future language models that improve upon strong non-temporal language model baselines, opening the door to working on this important, and widely applicable problem.

Tom Banks

The purpose of this brief article is to clarify certain distortions of the history of ideas about the quantum theory of de Sitter space that have appeared in recent literature.

Nicolas Perreaux

This article examines the importance of graphic representations in the social sciences, and particularly in (medieval) history, taking as its starting point a reflection by {É}tienne-Jules Marey, a physiologist and pioneer of 19th-century photography and cinema. Marey believed that the visual should replace language in many fields. Indeed, the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an exponential multiplication of visual media, particularly with the advent of digital technology. However, this ''graphics revolution'' has not affected all disciplines equally. Significant differences remain between scientific fields such as astrophysics, anthropology, chemistry and medieval history, despite their shared commitment to describing dynamic processes and changes of state. Yet, while historians have already digitized a large part of the cultural heritage from Antiquity to the 10th-13th centuries, exploration of this corpus using visualizations remains limited. There is therefore untapped potential in this field.This article begins by outlining a typology and quantification of the past and potential roles of visual representations in medieval history. It examines two distinct intellectual approaches: 1. the use of visuals to support a scientific discourse (majority) and 2. the construction of a historical discourse based on observations made from visual figures with the aim of modeling phenomena invisible to the naked eye. The author thus examines the use of ''images'' in medievalism, focusing on the annual volumes of the Soci{é}t{é} des historiens m{é}di{é}vistes de l'enseignement sup{é}rieur (SHMESP), up to 2006. Two other parts of the text look at the still-rare forms of visual representation in medieval history, particularly those with a ''heuristic vocation'', using iconographic objects, parchments, buildings and digitized texts. The article suggests various visualization techniques, such as network analysis, the creation of ''stemmas 2.0'' and interactive chronologies, which could benefit the discipline. These methods could potentially profoundly change our understanding of ancient societies, by showing the dynamic relationships between different aspects of these societies. One of the most important advances expected from these visual methods is a better understanding of the patterns of development in medieval Europe, which varied from region to region. The hypothesis is that the scarcity of heuristic graphics in medieval history stems from the relationship with ancient documents and the historical method based on narration and exemplarity. The article thus questions the value of ''visual modelling'' in medieval history, and highlights the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of this approach in the humanities and social sciences. Finally, the text invites us to reflect on the nature and functioning of heuristic visual devices, by comparing medieval ''images'' and contemporary scientific visuals. In both cases, the point is to materialize the invisible in order to show something that exists beyond the visual. The author suggests that this way of approaching visuals could play a growing role in the decades to come, particularly in the field of data science.

Gheorghe CLIVETI

This study reveals a very specific issue in the field of the international relations history. As a matter of fact, the Romanian State՚s emergency presupposed an international regime exposed through the joint guarantee of the European Great Powers, as signing parts of the Peace Treaty of Paris, from the 30s March 1856. The readings of that Treaty and of the many other papers proved the fact that the Guaranteeing Powers were the six European Great Powers, as France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Sardaigne. The Ottoman Empire, as suzeraine Court on the Romanian Principalities Moldavia and Wallachia, as well on Serbia, it was a guaranteed, and not a guaranteeing part. These revealings permitted some pointed understandings of the both international impact of the Romanian international acts, as, for example, the Union of the Principalities in 1859, and significations of the diplomatic European deliberations, as the Great Powers Concert on the Romanian Question.

R. Maria del Rio-Chanona, Alejandro Hermida-Carrillo, Melody Sepahpour-Fard et al.

To study the causes of the 2021 Great Resignation, we use text analysis to investigate the changes in work- and quit-related posts between 2018 and 2021 on Reddit. We find that the Reddit discourse evolution resembles the dynamics of the U.S. quit and layoff rates. Furthermore, when the COVID-19 pandemic started, conversations related to working from home, switching jobs, work-related distress, and mental health increased. We distinguish between general work-related and specific quit-related discourse changes using a difference-in-differences method. Our main finding is that mental health and work-related distress topics disproportionally increased among quit-related posts since the onset of the pandemic, likely contributing to the Great Resignation. Along with better labor market conditions, some relief came beginning-to-mid-2021 when these concerns decreased. Our study validates the use of forums such as Reddit for studying emerging economic phenomena in real time, complementing traditional labor market surveys and administrative data.

Javier Iranzo-Sánchez, Jorge Civera, Alfons Juan

Simultaneous Machine Translation is the task of incrementally translating an input sentence before it is fully available. Currently, simultaneous translation is carried out by translating each sentence independently of the previously translated text. More generally, Streaming MT can be understood as an extension of Simultaneous MT to the incremental translation of a continuous input text stream. In this work, a state-of-the-art simultaneous sentence-level MT system is extended to the streaming setup by leveraging the streaming history. Extensive empirical results are reported on IWSLT Translation Tasks, showing that leveraging the streaming history leads to significant quality gains. In particular, the proposed system proves to compare favorably to the best performing systems.

Annaëlle Prugneau

Though security measures are often presented as exceptional or extraordinary, they tend to become the norm, in order to preserve the global security of European states. This paper aims at analysing and comparing French and British policies in this domain, in particular the way security measures, paradoxically justified by a context of “exception”, are actually becoming the norm in governmental discourse and practice. In France, the state of emergency enshrined in the law through new legislation is the clearest example. In the United Kingdom, the extensive use of stop and search powers, first legitimised by counter-terrorism policies, raises numerous questions. This study is based on the speeches and legal texts that justify the fact that extraordinary measures become the norm in the name of security in each country. This article also looks into this process of normalisation and its consequences.

Lucas Sakizloglou, Sona Ghahremani, Matthias Barkowsky et al.

Runtime models provide a snapshot of a system at runtime at a desired level of abstraction. Via a causal connection to the modeled system and by employing model-driven engineering techniques, runtime models support schemes for (runtime) adaptation where data from previous snapshots facilitates more informed decisions. Nevertheless, although runtime models and model-based adaptation techniques have been the focus of extensive research, schemes that treat the evolution of the model over time as a first-class citizen have only lately received attention. Consequently, there is a lack of sophisticated technology for such runtime models with history. We present a querying scheme where the integration of temporal requirements with incremental model queries enables scalable querying for runtime models with history. Moreover, our scheme provides for a memory-efficient storage of such models. By integrating these two features into an adaptation loop, we enable efficient history-aware self-adaptation via runtime models, of which we present an implementation.

Edwige Camp-Pietrain

James E. Upjohn, Michael J. I. Brown, Andrew M. Hopkins et al.

We measure the cosmic star formation history out to z = 1.3 using a sample of 918 radio-selected star forming galaxies within the 2 square degree COSMOS field. To increase our sample size, we combine 1.4 GHz flux densities from the VLA-COSMOS catalogue with flux densities measured from the VLA-COSMOS radio continuum image at the positions of I < 26.5 galaxies, enabling us to detect 1.4 GHz sources as faint as 40 uJy. We find radio measurements of the cosmic star formation history are highly dependent on sample completeness and models used to extrapolate the faint end of the radio luminosity function. For our preferred model of the luminosity function, we find the star formation rate density increases from 0.019 Solar masses per year per cubic Mpc at z = 0.225 to 0.104 Solar masses per year per cubic Mpc, which agrees to within 33% of recent UV, IR and 3 GHz measurements of the cosmic star formation history.

M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia

In this talk I present my personal summary of the progress on the determination of the masses of the neutrinos and of the leptonic flavour mixing from the combined analysis of the experimental results.

M. Dr. Yassar Ahmed Youssef

     The study is concerned with the study of an important period of time in the history of modern Iraq, the period of the establishment of modern Iraq and independence through the end of the British Mandate and acceptance of joining the League of Nations, an international organization, which includes the membership of independent free countries, which took on the establishment of security and world peace through the adoption of the principle Prohibition of the use of force and the adoption of the principle of resolving international disputes by peaceful means, the research aims to achieve a set of important goals, namely: 1 - Highlight the efforts of the Iraqi government to join the League of Nations and clarify the reasons for this accession and the difficulties that accompanied the desire of the Hummah in this area. 2- Clarification of the role of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the accession of Iraq to the League of Nations during the period of occupation and mandate on Iraq. 3- Clarifying the position of the League of Nations and its member states on the issue of Iraq's membership and how to deal with its desire to enter it from the beginning of the negotiations until the decision to accept membership. 4 -  Highlight the efforts of the most important Iraqi and foreign political figures, who had a role in the establishment of modern Iraq and joining the League of Nations.       Department of research into two basic topics, the first topic: the emergence of the modern Iraqi state. The second topic: Iraq, Britain and the League of Nations from the negotiations to join.