Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

A. Goetzberger, C. Hebling, H. Schock

Hilary Bussell, Cheryl Thompson, Maureen Haaker et al.

Qualitative data and their collections are valuable treasures for re-use, re-analysis, and training. However, there is a tension inherent in qualitative data sharing between the desire for transparency and the complex ethical, methodological, and labor-intensive realities of sharing non-numeric materials. As the push for Open Science accelerates, researchers are increasingly required to navigate the high standards set by the FAIR, CARE, and TRUST principles. In response to data sharing expectations, qualitative researchers have expressed concerns about the ethical challenges, methodological concerns, and labor involved in making their data and materials publicly available. The collection of papers in this special issue examines the challenges of data sharing in the context of qualitative research.   The first paper, “Evaluating data sharing practices: A case study for federally funded research using FAIR Standards,” examines qualitative and quantitative data from a federally funded project on undergraduate academic success. Author Jung Mi Scoulas evaluates how these shared data sets align with FAIR principles, offering critical insights for applying these standards across diverse and complex data types. In “Giving structure to the "everything else" box: Creating curation standards for qualitative data,” Amanda Draft, Matthew Johnston, Aubrey Garman, Zachary Bennett, and Annie Beaubien examine the role played by data curators in applying FAIR standards to the unique, often variable structures of qualitative and mixed-methods research. The authors highlight how the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) has refined its workflows for qualitative data and present a framework that categorizes curation tasks into specific "curation levels" based on their intensity. The curation of qualitative data requires special considerations in archival infrastructure, workflow, and relationships with other archival collections. The article, “IPUMS qualitative resources: Supporting robust social science research”, looks at the development of archival infrastructure to manage, preserve, annotate, and distribute qualitative data at an established archive with a long history of curating census data. Diana Magnuson presents a model for how data archives can extend their data curation workflows to qualitative data, even if it is not the primary data product. In “Managing, sharing and reusing qualitative data - approaches that integrate data protection, research ethics and research interests, or: How researchers and data providers work together to make qualitative research data available for scientific re-use,” Kati Mozygemba describes archival infrastructure designed to address the data protection and ethical challenges in qualitative data sharing. This article explores the QualidataNet, a network of qualitative research data infrastructures established as part of the National Research Data Infrastructure in Germany that enables cooperative data management, data access, and data exchange among data producers. The article, “Stewarding qualitative data: A hermeneutic and relational reframing of qualitative data governance” explores the challenges of applying deidentification and disclosure control practices designed for structured data to qualitative data. Taking a critical approach, Elizabeth Green proposes a nuanced model where qualitative data governance aligns with ethics, FAIR, and CARE principles for a responsive and practical stewardship of qualitative data. The article, “From labourer to information service expert: FSD's journey in qualitative data archiving” by Arja Kuula-Luumi, Jarkko Päivärinta, and Tuomas J. Alaterä, highlights how a data repository extended their archiving services to qualitative data. The Finnish Social Science Data Archive (FSD) has slowly evolved qualitative data archiving support since 2003 including practical guidance for researchers, procedures, and software. Given the recent global and disciplinary trends in open science and data, we believe it is timely to revisit the qualitative data landscape. This special issue contributes to the literature on concepts, theory, and practices that can support transparent, trustworthy, and accessible qualitative research now and into the future.  

Lena Schestag, Lena Schestag, Lena Schestag et al.

BackgroundChildren born in Germany, who have a so-called migration background face great challenges. This is not due to their parents' history of migration itself, but rather due to the complex interplay of trauma, sociodemographic factors and numerous social barriers faced by children with an immigration background, which have an impact on their early development. While the effects of (acute) parental trauma, which often accompany flight and migration, on their children have been increasingly studied in recent decades, the effects of peri-and post-migration circumstances have rarely been investigated.MethodOur exploratory statistical analysis is based on data obtained during the formative evaluation of the early prevention project “Strong together!.” The analysis aims to investigate the emotional availability of migrated mothers in their interactions with their children, and the association between emotional availability, migratory circumstances and sociodemographic factors. To address the first research question, video recordings of 25 mother–child dyads were evaluated using the Emotional Availability Scales (EA Scales). Findings of our sample were compared with samples of migrated as well as non-migrated mother-child dyads from other studies. To answer the second question, non-parametric tests were conducted to examine the associations between emotional availability and various migration-related and sociodemographic factors.ResultsOn average, ratings on the sensitivity scale indicated that the observed mothers were “inconsistently sensitive” in the interaction with their child. This result appears to be similar to that found in migrant parents in other studies. Also, sensitivity was lower than observed in non-migrant samples. A higher – albeit subclinical – trauma-related symptom load was associated with more sensitive, more structured and less hostile interactions. Those who had fled war or persecution scored higher on the child responsiveness scale and, to a lesser extent, the sensitivity scale. In addition, women who had been in Germany for a shorter period of time were more sensitive and less hostile in their interactions with their children. Results highlight the necessity to offer prevention to children born to migrant mothers, independent of their self-report on trauma-related symptoms. Furthermore, they suggest that there is no straightforward association between migration-related stress and emotional availability.

Andrew Iskauskas, Max Knobbe, Frank Krauss et al.

We apply, for the first time, Bayes Linear Emulation and History Matching to the calibration of non-perturbative models in Monte Carlo event generators. In contrast to the usual approach of "Monte Carlo tuning", History Matching does not result in best-fit plus ellipsoidal parameter uncertainty estimates but instead identifies all parameter space regions that are consistent with data. This approach leads to a systematic and robust quantification of parametric uncertainties in the models, especially in those challenging cases where different, possibly disjoint, regions of parameter space deliver similar results, which are usually not properly treated with current methodology. We highlight the power of this method with the hadronisation models available through Sherpa: the built-in cluster fragmentation Ahadic and string fragmentation through an interface to Pythia.

J. Bockris

Ewoud Wempe, Amina Helmi, Simon D. M. White et al.

We study the mass growth histories of the halos of Milky Way and M31 analogues formed in constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group. These simulations constitute a fair and representative set of $Λ$CDM realisations conditioned on properties of the main Local Group galaxies, such as their masses, relative separation, dynamics and environment. Comparing with isolated analogues extracted from the TNG dark-matter-only simulations, we find that while our M31 halos have a comparable mass growth history to their isolated counterparts, our Milky Ways typically form earlier and their growth is suppressed at late times. Mass growth associated to major and minor mergers is also biased early for the Milky Way in comparison to M31, with most accretion occurring 1 - 4 Gyr after the Big Bang, and a relatively quiescent history at later times. 32% of our Milky Ways experienced a Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES)-like merger, while 13% host an LMC-like object at the present day, with 5% having both. In one case, an SMC- and a Sagittarius-analogue are also present, showing that the most important mergers of the Milky Way in its Local Group environment can be reproduced in $Λ$CDM. We find that the material that makes up the Milky Way and M31 halos at the present day first collapsed onto a plane roughly aligned with the Local Sheet and Supergalactic plane; after $z \sim 2$, accretion occurred mostly within this plane, with the tidal effects of the heavier companion, M31, significantly impacting the late growth history of the Milky Way.

Caprice L. Phillips, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Ben Burningham et al.

We present an atmospheric retrieval analysis on a set of young, cloudy, red L dwarfs—CWISER J124332.12+600126.2 (BD+60 1417B) and WISEP J004701.06+680352.1 (W0047)—using the Brewster retrieval framework. We also present the first elemental abundance measurements of the young K-dwarf (K0) host star, BD+60 1417, using high-resolution ( R = 50,000) spectra taken with the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument on the Large Binocular Telescope. In the complex cloudy L-dwarf regime the emergence of condensate cloud species complicates retrieval analysis when only near-infrared data are available. We find that for both L dwarfs in this work, despite testing three different thermal profile parameterizations we are unable to constrain reliable abundance measurements and thus the carbon-to-oxygen ratio. While we cannot conclude what the abundances are, we can conclude that the data strongly favor a cloud model over a cloudless model. We note that the difficulty in retrieval constraints persists regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio of the data examined (S/N ∼ 10 for CWISER BD+60 1417B and 40 for WISEP W0047). The results presented in this work provide valuable lessons about retrieving young, low-surface-gravity cloudy L dwarfs. This work provides continued evidence of missing information in models and the crucial need for JWST to guide and inform retrieval analysis in this regime.

Davoud Shahpari Sani, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi Shavazi

In recent years, the incidence of divorce in Iran has risen significantly, making it a pressing social concern. Various demographic and social factors contribute to this trend, with childbearing and the number of children in a family playing a crucial role. This study explores how the presence and number of children influence the likelihood of divorce among Iranian women. A secondary analysis of two-percent sample from the 2016 census data reveals that both childlessness and the number of children in a household significantly affect the probability of divorce among women. The findings indicate that having children reduces the likelihood of divorce, as women who have given birth during their marriage are less likely to divorce than those without children. Moreover, the study demonstrates that a higher number of children is associated with greater marital stability, with families having three or more children exhibiting higher levels of stability compared to others. The results underscore the critical role of childbearing in sustaining marital relationships in Iran. While supporting marriage and family formation, policymakers can enhance family stability by implementing policies and support systems that encourage childbearing.   ‌ Keywords Population Changes, Childbearing, Family Stability, Value of Children, Women's Divorce   Introduction The family, as the fundamental social institution, plays a pivotal role in human development and the fulfillment of essential needs (Azadarmaki & Bahar, 2006: 590-591). However, this dynamic institution undergoes continuous semantic, structural, and functional transformations. Over the past century, Iranian family structures and relationships have experienced significant changes (Abbasi-Shavazi, 2017: 55; Abbasi‐Shavazi et al., 2009: 1309; Mohammadpur et al., 2009: 311; Shahpari Sani et al., 2021: 5). One of the most critical social challenges arising from these transformations is the rising divorce rate (Abbasi‐Shavazi et al., 2009: 1310; Alimondegari et al., 2016: 63-65; Askari-Nodoushan et al., 2019: 2; Azadarmaki & Bahar, 2006: 591; Sadeghi, 2016: 190). Divorce has thus become a major societal concern. Among the factors influencing marital dissolution, childbearing and the number of children are key determinants (Alimondegari et al., 2016: 64; Sadeghi, 2018: 207). Given the cultural and social fabric of Iranian society and the socioeconomic consequences of divorce for women, this study investigates the extent to which childbearing and the number of children impact the probability of divorce among Iranian women. It addresses two key research questions: (1) Does having children influence the probability of divorce among women? (2) If so, how does the number of children affect this probability?   Theoretical Framework Various theoretical perspectives offer insights into the relationship between childbearing and marital stability. Household economics theory (Becker et al, 1977: 1146; Kaplan et al, 2020: 127), sociological approaches (Waite & Lillard, 1991: 937), and social psychology perspectives (Kaplan et al, 2020: 127) argue that children contribute to marital stability. Conversely, alternative models, such as the role conflict model (Kaplan et al, 2020: 126-127; Twenge, 2003: 576), freedom restriction model (Garvin, 1997: 128), and financial cost model (Twenge, 2003: 576-578), posit that childbearing may contribute to marital dissolution by imposing additional burdens on couples. This study integrates these theoretical perspectives to analyze the research problem.     Methods This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing secondary data analysis from the 2016 Iranian census (2% sample). The dataset comprises household and individual records, with the individual file containing 1,579,435 cases, of which 783,060 (49.5%) are women. Based on marital status information, the final sample includes only married (coded as 0) and divorced (coded as 1) women. The total sample consists of 436,551 women, comprising422, 363 married women and 14,188 divorced women. The study applies the Chi-square test for bivariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.   Findings and discussion The results reveal that childbearing and the number of children significantly impact the probability of divorce among Iranian women. Women who have given birth during their marriage are less likely to divorce than those without children. Moreover, a higher number of children contributes to greater marital stability with families having three or more children exhibiting the highest levels of stability. These findings align with household economics theory, sociological perspectives, and social psychology approaches, all of which emphasize the stabilizing role of children in marital relationships. The study concludes that in Iranian society, parental emotional attachment to children plays a crucial role in reducing divorce risk and strengthening marital bonds.   Conclusion This study highlights the pivotal role of childbearing and the number of children in fostering marital stability among Iranian families. The findings underscore the need for policy measures that support childbearing as a means to strengthen family cohesion. Population policy planning should incorporate strategies that promote childbearing through economic incentives, housing support, and work-family balance policies, ensuring a more stable and resilient family structure.   Funding This research and its associated publication costs were fully funded by the authors. No external financial support was received for this study.         ‌ References Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J (2017). Iran’s Population Situation Analysis, National Institute of Population Research and UNFPA, Tehran. (Persian) Abbasi‐Shavazi, M. J., Morgan, S.P., Hosseini‐Chavoshi, M., & McDonald, P. (2009). Family change and continuity in Iran: Birth control use before first pregnancy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1309-1324. Aghajanian, A., & Thompson, V. (2013). Household size and structure in Iran: 1976-2006. The Open Family Studies Journal, 5(1), 1-9. Alimondegari, M., Ghazi Tabatabie, M., & Sadati, S.M.H. (2016). Examining a Theoretical-Conceptual Model of Tendency to Divorce among Couples in Tehran City. Population Policy Research, 2(1), 61-93. (Persian) Andersson, G. (1997). The impact of children on divorce risks of Swedish women. European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie, 13, 109-145. Askari-Nodoushan, A., Shams Ghahfarokhi, M., & Shams Ghahfarrokhi, F. (2019). An analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of divorce in Iran. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 8(2), 1-16. (Persian) Azadarmaki, T., & Bahar, M. (2006). Families in Iran: Changes, challenges and future. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(4), 589-608. Bagi, M., & Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J. (2020). Household Dynamics in Iran: Study of Changes in Family and Household Structure over Four Decades. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 15(30), 203-230. doi:10.22034/jpai.2021.241891. (Persian) Becker, G. S., Landes, E. M., & Michael, R. T. (1977). An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1141-1187. Brines, J., & Joyner, K. (1999). The ties that bind: Principles of cohesion in cohabitation and marriage. American sociological review, 64(3), 333-355. Chiappori, P. A., Radchenko, N., & Salanié, B. (2018). Divorce and the duality of marital payoff. Review of Economics of the Household, 16, 833-858. Coombs, L. C., Freedman, R., Friedman, J., & Pratt, W. F. (1970). Premarital pregnancy and status before and after marriage. American Journal of Sociology, 75(5), 800-820. Coppola, L., & Di Cesare, M. (2008). How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain. Demographic Research, 18, 117-144. Durkheim, E. (1964). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press. Erlangsen, A., & Andersson, G. (2001). The impact of children on divorce risks in first and later marriages. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR Working Papers, WP-2001-033, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. Freedman, D. S., & Thornton, A. (1979). The long-term impact of pregnancy at marriage on the family's economic circumstances. Family Planning Perspectives, 11(1), 6-13, 18. Hart, R. K., Lyngstad, T. H., & Vinberg, E. (2017). Children and union dissolution across four decades: Evidence from Norway. 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A joint model of marital childbearing and marital disruption. Demography, 30(4), 653-681. Lutz, W. (1991). Effects of children on divorce probabilities and of divorce on fertility: The case of Finland 1984 (IIASA Working Paper No. WP-91-035). International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Lutz, W., Wils, A. B., & Nieminen, M. (1991). The demographic dimensions of divorce: The case of Finland. Population Studies, 45(3), 437-453. Ma, L., Rizzi, E., & Turunen, J. (2019). Childlessness, sex composition of children, and divorce risks in China. Demographic Research, 41, 753-780. Mohammadpur, A., Rezaei, M., Partovi, L., & Sadeghi, R. (2009). The meaning reconstruction of family changes using grounded theory. Journal of Family Research, 5(3), 309-330. (Persian) Moltafet, H., Shahpari-Sani, D., Mohebi Meymand, M., & Hashemi, F. (2021). A Study of the dynamics of divorce in Iran in the period 2005-2015. Journal of Family Research, 16(4), 547-568. (Persian) Morgan, S. P., Lye, D. N., & Condran, G. A. (1988). Sons, daughters, and the risk of marital disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 94(1), 110-129. Murphy, M. J. (1985). Demographic and socio-economic influences on recent British marital breakdown patterns. Population Studies, 39(3), 441-460. Sadeghi, R. (2016). Socio-economic factors affecting Iranian youth divorce. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports, 15(32), 189-205. (Persian) Sadeghi, R. (2018). Youth’s assessment of the consequences of divorce and its effects on tendency to divorce in Tehran City. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports, 16(38), 205-222. (Persian) Shahpari Sani, D., Sadeghi, R., Hadadi, J., Khajenexad, R., Hosseini, M., & Mahmoudian, H. (2021). Analysis of the demographic, social and economic situation of female-headed households in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 12(47), 1-18. (Persian) Svarer, M., & Verner, M. (2008). Do children stabilize relationships in Denmark? 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Demographic Research, 20, 11-36. Waite, L. J., & Lillard, L. A. (1991). Children and marital disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 96(4), 930-953. Xu, Q., Yu, J., & Qiu, Z. (2015). The impact of children on divorce risk. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 2, 1-20.

Melanie Conroy, Christina Gillmann, Francis Harvey et al.

Network visualization is one of the most widely used tools in digital humanities research. The idea of uncertain or “fuzzy” data is also a core notion in digital humanities research. Yet network visualizations in digital humanities do not always prominently represent uncertainty. In this article, we present a mathematical and logical model of uncertainty as a range of values which can be used in network visualizations. We review some of the principles for visualizing uncertainty of different kinds, visual variables that can be used for representing uncertainty, and how these variables have been used to represent different data types in visualizations drawn from a range of non-humanities fields like climate science and bioinformatics. We then provide examples of two diagrams: one in which the variables displaying degrees of uncertainty are integrated/pinto the graph and one in which glyphs are added to represent data certainty and uncertainty. Finally, we discuss how probabilistic data and what-if scenarios could be used to expand the representation of uncertainty in humanities network visualizations.

Rainer R. Schoch, Florian Witzmann, Raphael Moreno et al.

The Middle Triassic capitosaur Mastodonsaurus giganteus was the largest temnospondyl and the dominating aquatic predator in many European freshwater to brackish ecosystems. It is represented by numerous size classes, which are described and analysed for the first time. The documented size range encompasses specimens between 12–15 mm and 1200 mm in skull length. Early growth stages are restricted to dentaries and interclavicles, whereas juveniles are represented by partial skulls, mandibles, and girdles. The smallest specimens already possessed diagnostic features of the taxon, and small juveniles also shared the dermal ornament with larger specimens. The heavy, disc-shaped intercentra were established early in the juvenile phase. Cranial proportions were remarkably conservative throughout ontogeny, with the orbits proportionately decreasing in size only very moderately, the postorbital skull becoming slightly longer and the occipital margin more concave in the largest forms. Analysis of frequency distributions of M. giganteus in different Lower Keuper deposits in southern Germany reflects habitat preferences in specific phases of its life cycle. The coal-bearing deposit at Gaildorf yielded unusually large specimens with relatively well-ossified appendicular skeletons. In the more common lake shore facies, only adult specimens are present. In turn, juveniles might have dwelled in calmer environments. Smaller lakes were apparently less attractive than larger or deeper water bodies that provided sufficient resources for several temnospondyls, and juvenile specimens have been identified from all of them. The diverse actinopterygian fish fauna provided prey for all growth stages of the large temnospondyl predators.

Akash Gupta, Ivaxi Sheth, Vyas Raina et al.

With the recent emergence of powerful instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), various helpful conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been deployed across many applications. When prompted by users, these AI systems successfully perform a wide range of tasks as part of a conversation. To provide some sort of memory and context, such approaches typically condition their output on the entire conversational history. Although this sensitivity to the conversational history can often lead to improved performance on subsequent tasks, we find that performance can in fact also be negatively impacted, if there is a task-switch. To the best of our knowledge, our work makes the first attempt to formalize the study of such vulnerabilities and interference of tasks in conversational LLMs caused by task-switches in the conversational history. Our experiments across 5 datasets with 15 task switches using popular LLMs reveal that many of the task-switches can lead to significant performance degradation.

Petra Moser

Guy Tennenholtz, Nadav Merlis, Lior Shani et al.

We introduce Dynamic Contextual Markov Decision Processes (DCMDPs), a novel reinforcement learning framework for history-dependent environments that generalizes the contextual MDP framework to handle non-Markov environments, where contexts change over time. We consider special cases of the model, with a focus on logistic DCMDPs, which break the exponential dependence on history length by leveraging aggregation functions to determine context transitions. This special structure allows us to derive an upper-confidence-bound style algorithm for which we establish regret bounds. Motivated by our theoretical results, we introduce a practical model-based algorithm for logistic DCMDPs that plans in a latent space and uses optimism over history-dependent features. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on a recommendation task (using MovieLens data) where user behavior dynamics evolve in response to recommendations.

Hannah Sophia Borgschulte, Daniela Jacob, Jörg Zeeh et al.

Abstract Background The diagnosis of tularemia is not often considered in Germany as the disease is still rare in this country. Nonetheless, Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, can infect numerous animal species and should, therefore, not be neglected as a dangerous pathogen. Tularemia can lead to massively swollen lymph nodes and might even be fatal without antibiotic treatment. To our knowledge, the case described here is the first report of the disease caused by a squirrel bite in Germany. Case presentation A 59-year-old German woman with a past medical history of hypothyroidism and cutaneous lupus erythematosus presented at the emergency room at St. Katharinen Hospital with ongoing symptoms and a swollen right elbow persisting despite antibiotic therapy with cefuroxime for 7 days after she had been bitten (right hand) by a wild squirrel (Eurasian red squirrel). After another 7 days of therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam, laboratory analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the suspected diagnosis of tularemia on day 14. After starting the recommended antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin, the patient recovered rapidly. Conclusion This is the first report of a case of tularemia caused by a squirrel bite in Germany. A naturally infected squirrel has recently been reported in Switzerland for the first time. The number of human cases of tularemia has been increasing over the last years and, therefore, tularemia should be taken into consideration as a diagnosis, especially in a patient bitten by an animal who also presents with headache, increasing pain, lymphadenitis, and fever, as well as impaired wound healing. The pathogen can easily be identified by a specific real-time PCR assay of wound swabs and/or by antibody detection, for example by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), if the incident dates back longer than 2 weeks.

Elehna Bethune, Ellen Schulz-Kornas, Ellen Schulz-Kornas et al.

Marine mammals are increasingly threatened in their habitat by various anthropogenic impacts. This is particularly evident in prey abundance. Understanding the dietary strategies of marine mammal populations can help predict implications for their future health status and is essential for their conservation. In this study we provide a striking example of a new dietary proxy in pinnipeds to document marine mammal diets using a dental record. In this novel approach, we used a combination of 49 parameters to establish a dental microwear texture (DMTA) as a dietary proxy of feeding behaviour in harbour seals. This method is an established approach to assess diets in terrestrial mammals, but has not yet been applied to pinnipeds. Our aim was to establish a protocol, opening DMTA to pinnipeds by investigating inter- and intra-individual variations. We analysed the 244 upper teeth of 78 Atlantic harbour seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina). The specimens were collected in 1988 along the North Sea coast (Wadden Sea, Germany) and are curated by the Zoological Institute of Kiel University, Germany. An increasing surface texture roughness from frontal to distal teeth was found and related to different prey processing biomechanics. Ten and five year old individuals were similar in their texture roughness, whereas males and females were similar to each other with the exception of their frontal dentition. Fall and summer specimens also featured no difference in texture roughness. We established the second to fourth postcanine teeth as reference tooth positions, as those were unaffected by age, sex, season, or intra-individual variation. In summary, applying indirect dietary proxies, such as DMTA, will allow reconstructing dietary traits of pinnipeds using existing skeletal collection material. Combining DMTA with time series analyses is a very promising approach to track health status in pinniped populations over the last decades. This approach opens new research avenues and could help detect dietary shifts in marine environments in the past and the future.

Prianka Singh, Bryan Bennett, Tom Bailey et al.

Abstract Background Although current therapy for patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is potentially curative, the recurrence rate is high. Patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) SCCHN have a poor prognosis and substantial disease burden, including impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), productivity loss and indirect costs, such as need for caregiver support. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of R/M SCCHN and its first-line treatment on patient and caregiver quality of life, daily activities and work productivity using real-world evidence from Europe. Methods This was a multicentre retrospective study of patients with R/M SCCHN in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom incorporating patient and caregiver surveys, and a physician-reported medical chart review, conducted between January and May 2019. Patients aged 18 or over with a physician confirmed diagnosis R/M SCCHN completed four validated measures of disease activity and its impact on quality of life and work productivity, while caregivers also completed questionnaire to assess the burden of providing care. Physicians provided data for clinical characteristics, patient management, testing history and treatment patterns. Results A total of 195 medical/clinical oncologists provided data for 937, predominantly male (72%) patients, with almost half of patients aged over 65 years. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue (43%), weight loss (40%), pain (35%) and difficulty swallowing (32%). The EXTREME regimen was the most common first line therapy in over half of patients, who reported moderate or extreme pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, and problems with self-care resulting in a diminished health status compared with the general population. Only 14% were employed with high absenteeism or presenteeism, and over half of patients had a caregiver for whom the burden of care was substantial. Conclusion Our results provide real-world insight into the multi-faceted burden associated with R/M SCCHN. The combination of poor HRQoL and the impairment in daily activities, social life and employment illustrates the wider impact of R/M SCCHN on patients and their caregivers, and highlights a need for novel 1 L treatment regimens to improve the humanistic and productivity burdens of this cancer.

K. Pasda, M. López Correa, M. López Correa et al.

<p>The finding of a partially preserved elk skeleton from the Bavarian Alps is reported. Remnants of an adult male were found, together with skeletal elements of juvenile moose calves, at the base of a talus cone in the pit cave Stiefelschacht, next to Lenggries (southern Germany). The adult's bones exhibited anthropogenic traces like cut marks and were radiocarbon-dated to the Late Iron Age. A projectile hole in the left shoulder blade and cut marks on the bones are indicative of hunting and meat usage. The elk remains were associated with several wild and domestic species such as ungulates and hare but were not, however, accompanied by archaeological artefacts. Other archaeological sites of the Late Iron Age are so far not known within a distance of less than 30&thinsp;km to the Stiefelschacht. While the presence of elk during prehistoric times in the Alps has already been known before, the finds and the location are unique in that they are the first evidence of elk hunting during the Late Iron Age in the northern Alps.</p>

A. Yu. Borisov

It is unfortunate to note again today that World War II did not end, it continues in the form of the war of memory. Politicians and scholars who stand as ideological successors of collaborators are trying to rewrite the history of those tragic days, to downplay the role of the Soviet Union in the victory over fascism. They try to revive certain political myths, which have been debunked long ago, that the Soviet Union and the Nazi Germany bear equal responsibility for the outbreak of World War II, that the Red Army did not liberate Eastern Europe but ‘occupied’ it. In order to combat these attempts it is necessary to examine once again a turbulent history of the inter-war period and, particularly, the reasons why all attempts to form a united antifascist front had failed in the 1930s, but eventually led to the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.The paper focuses on a complex set of political considerations, including cooperation and confrontation, mutual suspicions and a fervent desire to find an ally in the face of growing international tensions, which all together determined the dynamics of relations within a strategic triangle of the Soviet Union — the United States — Great Britain in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The paper shows how all attempts to establish a collective security system during the prewar period had shattered faced with the policy of appeasement, which allowed the Nazi Germany to occupy much of Europe. Only the Soviet Union’s entry into the war changed the course of the conflict and made a decisive contribution to the victory over fascist aggressors. The author emphasizes that at such crucial moment of history I.V. Stalin, F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill raised to that challenge, demonstrating realism, common sense and willingness to cooperate. Although within the anti-Hitler coalition there was a number of pending issues, which triggered tensions between the Allies, their leaders managed to move beyond old grievances, ideological differences and short-term political interests, to realize that they have a common strategic goal in the struggle against Nazism. According to the author, this is the foundation for success of the anti-Hitler coalition and, at the same time, the key lesson for contemporary politicians. The very emergence of the anti-Hitler coalition represented a watershed in the history of the 20th century, which has determined a way forward for the whole humanity and laid the foundations for the world order for the next fifty years.

Anne Kluger

Despite the previous overview studies on Polish and East German archaeology and historiography after 1945, further analyses of the relationship between science and politics as well as of the inner-disciplinary processes and discourses in the “Cold War” period are still needed. This applies in particular to the research field of “Slavic archaeology”, the archaeological and historiographical research on the “Slavs” in prehistorical and early medieval times. With regard to recent demands for an extended and more dynamic understanding of science and new methodological approaches in the history of science (and of archaeology as well), this paper focuses on two leading figures of “Slavic archaeology”, Witold Hensel (PPR) and Joachim Herrmann (GDR), as case studies to provide more insights into this discipline. Analysing the course of Hensel’s and Herrmann’s careers and of their way to the “Slavs” as one of their main research interests, their administrative functions as institutional directors and the central narratives of their publications on the early “Slavs”, provides the opportunity to profoundly dissect the interrelations between scholarly work, politics, and ideology in this field of research. The comparative approach also makes it possible to identify parallel tendencies in Eastern German and Polish “Slavic archaeology” as well as specific national conditions and developments. On the example of Hensel and Herrmann, it becomes clear that the implemented biographical-comparative perspective is fruitful and can be used for further research in the history of science.

Meng-Hua Zhu, Natalia Artemieva, Alessandro Morbidelli et al.

The importance of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) to track planetary late accretion has long been recognized. However, the precise nature of the Moon's accretional history remains enigmatic. There exists a significant mismatch of HSE budgets between the Earth and Moon, with the Earth disproportionally accreted far more HSEs than the Moon did. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain this conundrum, including the delivery of HSEs to Earth by a few big impactors, the accretion of pebble-sized objects on dynamically cold orbits that enhanced the Earth's gravitational focusing factor, and the "sawtooth model" with much reduced impact flux before ~4.10 Gyr. However, most of these models assume a high impactor retention ratio f (fraction of impactor mass retained on the target) for the Moon. Here, we performed a series of impact simulations to quantify the f-value, followed by a Monte Carlo procedure enacting a monotonically decaying impact flux, to compute the mass accreted into lunar crust and mantle over their histories. We found that the average f-value for the Moon's entire impact history is about 3 times lower than previously estimated. Our results indicate that, to match the HSE budget of lunar crust and mantle, the retention of HSEs should have started ~ 4.35 Gyr ago, when most of lunar magma ocean was solidified. Mass accreted prior to 4.35 Gyr must have lost its HSE to the lunar core, presumably during the lunar mantle crystallization. The combination of a low impactor retention ratio and a late retention of HSEs in the lunar mantle provide a realistic explanation for the apparent deficit of Moon's late accreted mass relative to the Earth.