Kurmet G. Satenov, Yerlan M. Suleimen, Zholaman A. Tashenov
With the rapid development of green energy and its transition to renewable sources, countries and multinational oil and gas companies are increasingly focusing on forecasting global scenarios of the world economy’s demand for hydrocarbon resources. These predictions serve as a key reference point for determining future development strategies. Gas produced from natural sources plays a key role in the global energy industry and in the international balance of fuels. The main objective of the Gas Processing Plants construction is to provide Kazakhstan consumers with high-quality sales gas and increase the stability of gas delivery at the expense of the country’s own resources. In order to meet the technical requirements for finished products, the processing trains of the plant should be equipped with inlet separators, gas dehydration units, gas sweetening unit and sour (raw) gas injection system. This article presents an overview of new gas treatment technologies used in the processes of sales gas production. The classification and brief characteristics of gas sweetening systems, including absorption, adsorption and membrane methods, are described. The different types of zeolites used in dehydration systems are also presented. Special attention is given to gas injection processes.
Abstract Flooding stress is a significant factor that restricts the development of the blueberry industry and the recovery process following waterlogging plays a critical role in blueberries' waterlogging response. In the experiment, there were two blueberry cultivars of ‘Duke’ and ‘Reka’. After 7 days of waterlogging treatment (the relative soil water content was 90–100%) the relative soil water content was then restored to 50–60% after the waterlogging treatment. Changes in photosynthetic parameters, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, invertases, amylase activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar contents of blueberries were determined during the recovery period after waterlogging. The results showed that after waterlogging, the MDA content in ‘Duke’ leaves was 22% higher than that in the control. While there were no significant differences in the MDA content of ‘Reka’. During the waterlogging recovery period, the antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of two blueberry cultivars were increased. The photosynthetic rate and soluble sugar content of the two cultivars of blueberries decreased significantly after waterlogging. On second day of recovery, α-amylase activity in ‘Reka’ leaves was 23% lower than that of the control, while the α-amylase activity in ‘Duke’ leaves was increased by 41% . Under waterlogging stress, ‘Duke’ relies on starch degradation to increase the levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose, whereas ‘Reka’ is less affected in terms of soluble sugar content and accumulates more starch as a reserve. Compared with ‘Duke’, the photosynthesis and MDA contents of ‘Reka’ leaves recovered faster after waterlogging and showed stronger waterlogging tolerance. Significance of the study What is already known on this subject? Previous studies on various plants have shown that waterlogging stress leads to root hypoxia and gas exchange disorders, which impair photosynthesis and respiration, causing a carbon source crisis that inhibits plant growth. However, a plant’s adaptability to adverse environments depends not only on its tolerance during the stress but also on its recovery ability after the stress is removed. Blueberries generally have poor waterlogging tolerance; therefore, studying the recovery mechanisms of blueberries after waterlogging is of great significance for selecting waterlogging-tolerant cultivars and improving blueberry waterlogging tolerance. What are the new findings? After prolonged waterlogging stress, blueberry sugar metabolism shows a certain adaptability to the stress. Upon relief of the waterlogging stress, oxidative stress occurs in blueberries. Accelerating the elimination of oxidative stress can speed up the recovery of blueberries after waterlogging. Reka exhibits stronger waterlogging tolerance. Waterlogging-tolerant cultivars exhibit stronger adaptability to waterlogging stress and a greater capacity to eliminate oxidative stress. During the post-waterlogging recovery period, tolerant cultivars accumulate more stored substances such as starch, enhancing their ability to cope with subsequent stresses. What are the expected impacts on horticulture? Assessing waterlogging stress intensity in blueberries can be effectively conducted by monitoring parameters such as photosynthetic rate, malondialdehyde content and starch content. To enhance blueberry waterlogging tolerance, future research can further explore ways to accelerate the elimination of oxidative stress in blueberries and investigate their molecular response mechanisms to waterlogging.
HU Junjie, LU Cong, GUO Jianchun, ZENG Bo, GUO Xingwu, MA Li, SUN Yuduo
With technological advancements, fibers now serve roles beyond proppant backflow prevention, including proppant transport, plugging, fracture morphology optimization, and other aspects, namely, fiber-network proppant fracturing technology. The fiber-based proppant transport and fiber temporary plugging technologies can effectively address issues currently faced by deep shale gas, such as proppant near-wellbore accumulation and insufficient temporary plugging effectiveness, thereby improving the effectiveness of volumetric fracturing stimulation. To this end, the study was conducted in a deep shale gas block in the southern Sichuan Basin, investigating fiber-based proppant transport and fiber temporary plugging mechanisms, as well as laboratory physical simulations to optimize and evaluate the performance of fiber materials. Based on the regional geological and engineering characteristics of the study area, fracturing software simulations were carried out to determine the hydraulic fracture width for deep shale gas. A field test plan was then developed, and the fracturing construction, flowback, plugging, and fracturing effectiveness of the test wells were monitored and evaluated. The research results indicated that fibers had strong proppant transport assistance and flexible bridging capabilities. By modifying the molecular structure of fiber materials and adding a certain amount of structural stabilizers, discontinuous cluster-like support structures can be formed, significantly enhancing the placement effect and conductivity of proppants. Based on fracture width simulation calculations, the hydraulic fracture width for deep shale gas is between 2 to 5 mm. By optimizing fiber types based on fracture width, proppant grain size, and concentration, full support of fractures can be achieved. Compared to conventional fracturing wells, the test wells with modified fiber + structural stabilizer for sand-carrying fracturing exhibited better production increase and proppant flowback prevention. Fibers can be used for temporary in-fracture plugging. During the construction process, the pressure response is evident, which may lead to excessively high pressure during subsequent operations, making proppant addition difficult. Optimizing the timing of fiber injection is beneficial for the subsequent overall sand addition process. Additionally, fibers can also be used to address the inter-well gas migration issue in deep shale gas wells by strengthening the temporary plugging of fracture openings and sealing natural fractures, thereby preventing further communication between hydraulic fractures and distant natural fractures. The study, based on the characteristics of deep shale reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin, has developed a set of performance indicators for fiber materials suitable for deep shale gas, including fiber length, stability, compatibility, and degradation rate. It also proposes a four-in-one fiber injection process and design method, focusing on “entry, distance, height, and prevention”. It provides strong support for the future economic development, technology optimization, and fracturing process adjustments of shale gas.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Ayaz Belkozhayev, Ayaz Belkozhayev, Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki
et al.
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and the limited efficacy of current therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly those carrying microRNA (miRNA) molecules, as promising non-invasive biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. EVs are nanoscale vesicles secreted by tumour cells, capable of transporting various bioactive molecules including miRNAs while preserving their structural stability in circulation. These miRNAs mirror the molecular state of the tumour and often exhibit distinct expression signatures depending on cancer subtype and stage. Studies have shown that specific EV-associated miRNAs are significantly dysregulated in lung cancer patients and correlate with tumour progression, metastatic potential, and overall survival. Moreover, tracking dynamic changes in EV-miRNA profiles during treatment may provide predictive insights into responsiveness to immunotherapy and targeted therapy. This review emphasizes the diagnostic and prognostic utility of EV-derived miRNAs, highlighting their tumour specificity and stability in bodily fluids. In addition, we summarise key challenges such as the lack of standardisation, EV heterogeneity, and technical variability, while also outlining future directions including single-EV detection, multi-omics integration, AI-driven diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. By integrating these biomarkers into clinical workflows via liquid biopsy, it may become possible to detect lung cancer earlier and adapt therapeutic strategies more effectively ultimately improving patient outcomes and offering new directions in precision oncology.
Mochammad Karim Al Amin, Rafi Febian Soelistijono, Adristi Nisazarifa
et al.
Shielding gas is an important thing to protect the weld metal from impurities during the welding process. Ar, CO2, and mixing gas of Ar-CO2 are often used as a shielding gas in the marine industry. Differences in shielding gases and the current of welding could affect the microstructure and hardness of welding. This research analyzed the microstructure and hardness from the FCAW process of Shipbuilding Steel Plate using mixing gas and shielding gas of 100% CO2 with variations of current 180 and 195 A. The filler metal which has been used was A 5.20 E-71T1. The microstructure for the weld metal with 100% CO2 shielding gas was pearlite, widmanstatten ferrite, grain ferrite, and polygonal ferrite; otherwise for mixing shielding gas of 80% Ar + 20% CO2 and 75%Ar + 25% CO2 was found, the structure of pearlite, grain ferrite, and acicular ferrite. The effect of variations in the shielding gas composition and welding current that produced the highest hardness value was achieved with a shielding gas composition of 80% Ar + 20% CO2 and a current of 195 A, resulting in a hardness of 159.2 HV in the weld area.
Ayman M. Sharaf, M.A. El-Nahal, Islam M. Nabil
et al.
The present study aims to establish a new treatment method for removing or reducing the concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra in sludge waste produced due to natural gas production at natural gas processing Plants. The main radionuclides present in sludge waste of natural gas processing are Radium and its daughters due to their low solubility in the water they can form compounds with sulfate ions, carbonate ions, silicate ions, then precipitation scale or sludge. The suggested method is designed to be simple, applicable, economically beneficial, and environmentally safe, by using internal available resources like emitted hydrogen sulfide and sodium hydroxide, also reduction of chemicals that used in radioactivity treatment to be sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide instead of multiple different chemicals that used in other treatment procedures. The effects of the used chemical reagents sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide in various concentrations at different reaction temperatures on the sludge waste to extract the radium isotopes have been studied, evaluated, and compared. The study proved that removing radium isotopes is increased by elevating the reagents concentration and sludge temperature. The removal effects of the used reagents are approximately similar.
Dmitrii Pereponov, Alexandra Scerbacova, Vitaly Kazaku
et al.
To increase the oil recovery factor (RF), enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are applied: chemical, gas, thermal, and combined ones. Standard laboratory research methods for selecting and optimizing EOR technologies require a lot of time and resources, as well as core material, which is often in short supply. To optimize the selection of reagents and field development technologies, the use of microfluidic technology is proposed i.e. conducting experiments in reservoir conditions using microfluidic chips with a porous structure, reproducing the properties of the core of the target field. The main advantages of conducting tests in micromodels are the low duration and the ability to visualize filtration processes, which makes it possible to evaluate the behavior of fluids in reservoir conditions. This paper considers the modern application of microfluidics for the selection of EOR agents and stimulation methods and the status of this technology in the oil and gas industry. The use of microfluidic chips for screening surfactants and polymers, as well as studying the mechanism of low-mineralized water action is described. Conducting microfluidic tests to optimize gas and thermal EOR, which became possible due to the development and improvement of technology, is considered.
The nitriding coating process is widely applied in the industry. Gas nitriding is a technique used to improve the mechanical properties of a metal. This study aims to determine the influence of holding time variations on surface hardness and diffusion depth in aluminum alloy 6061 (Al-Mg-Si) that undergoes gas nitriding. The independent variable used in this study was holding time, namely, initial specimen (without holding time treatment), and specimens that experienced holding ranging from 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours. The cooling medium used after gas nitriding was air. The highest surface hardness value was obtained in aluminum alloy 6061 specimens without holding time treatment, namely with a hardness value of 141 VHN while the lowest surface hardness value was produced by the specimen with a holding time of 5 hours. The lowest surface hardness value was 55.4 VHN. Based on the results of the EDAX composition test known that the specimen of aluminum alloy 6061 with a holding time of 5 hours diffused nitrogen element of 1.57% and oxygen element of 5.27%.
With the advent of new technologies and endeavors for automation in almost all day-to-day activities, the recent discussions on the metaverse life have a greater expectation. Furthermore, we are in the era of the fifth industrial revolution, where machines and humans collaborate to maximize productivity with the effective utilization of human intelligence and other resources. Hence, Industry 5.0 in the metaverse may have tremendous technological integration for a more immersive experience and enhanced communication.These technological amalgamations are suitable for the present environment and entirely different from the previous perception of virtual technologies. This work presents a comprehensive review of the applications of the metaverse in Industry 5.0 (so-called industrial metaverse). In particular, we first provide a preliminary to the metaverse and industry 5.0 and discuss key enabling technologies of the industrial metaverse, including virtual and augmented reality, 3D modeling, artificial intelligence, edge computing, digital twin, blockchain, and 6G communication networks. This work then explores diverse metaverse applications in Industry 5.0 vertical domains like Society 5.0, agriculture, supply chain management, healthcare, education, and transportation. A number of research projects are presented to showcase the conceptualization and implementation of the industrial metaverse. Furthermore, various challenges in realizing the industrial metaverse, feasible solutions, and future directions for further research have been presented.
N. A. Shulaev, S. G. Nikulin, R. B. Aubakirov
et al.
In the oil and gas industry, several problems can be identified that affect the subsequent rates of development of the relevant industry: low quality of oil products and low rates of application of new technologies, which directly slows down the country's economic component. Currently, the development of multiphase flow meters is underway, however, the creation of a universal device is still an unsolved problem, and the existing developments require calibrations. The main problem in calculating the flow rate of the fluid is the determination of the density of the components of the passing mixture. The use of X-ray radiation allows you to solve most of the technical problems, as well as to determine the density with a high accuracy. Flow meters using this concept are of little use. The purpose of the study of our work is to update the applicability of the use of the X-ray range in determining the density of the passing flow. In the course of the work, a search and analysis of tabular data characterizing the interaction of radiation with matter was carried out, according to the results of which acceptable sources of characteristic radiation were determined. In the next step, we modeled the structure of the fluid and derived a system of equations that allows one to determine the densities using existing instruments, as well as constants that are determined experimentally. The result of the research is a solvable system of equations, as well as primary modeling and determination of the component, quantitative composition of the gas-liquid mixture under consideration in laminar flow. The result of this work is to obtain a theoretical confirmation of the relevance of using the device based on this concept, the subsequent addition of characteristic radiation detectors will also help to determine the chemical composition of the fluid.
Most image generation methods are difficult to precisely control the properties of the generated images, such as structure, scale, shape, etc., which limits its large-scale application in creative industries such as conceptual design and graphic design, and so on. Using the prompt and the sketch is a practical solution for controllability. Existing datasets lack either prompt or sketch and are not designed for the creative industry. Here is the main contribution of our work. a) This is the first dataset that covers the 4 most important areas of creative industry domains and is labeled with prompt and sketch. b) We provide multiple reference images in the test set and fine-grained scores for each reference which are useful for measurement. c) We apply two state-of-the-art models to our dataset and then find some shortcomings, such as the prompt is more highly valued than the sketch.
Sri Hari Bharath Vinoth Kumar, Josefa Ibaceta-Jaña, Natalia Maticuic
et al.
Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ) are widely used in industry for surface cleaning and chemical modification. In the recent past, they have gained more scientific attention especially in the processing of carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a novel power generation technique was applied to realize the stable discharge in N<sub>2</sub> (10 vol.% H<sub>2</sub>) forming gas in ambient conditions. This APPJ was used to reduce solution-processed graphene oxide (GO) thin films and the result was compared with an established and optimized reduction process in a low–pressure capacitively coupled (CCP) radiofrequency (RF) hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) plasma. The reduced GO (rGO) films were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Effective deoxygenation of GO was observed after a quick 2 s treatment by AAPJ. Further deoxygenation at longer exposure times was found to proceed with the expense of GO–structure integrity. By adding acetylene gas into the same APPJ, carbon nanomaterials on various substrates were synthesized. The carbon materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. Fullerene-like particles and graphitic carbon with short carbon nanotubes were detected on Si and Ag surfaces, respectively. We demonstrate that the APPJ tool has obvious potential for the versatile processing of carbon nanomaterials.
G. Vanthana Sree, P. Rajasekaran, Olha Bazaka
et al.
Novel nanocomposite-based fertilizers produced through intelligent disposal of an abundant carbon-reach biological waste product, i.e. poultry feathers, will play an increasingly important role in sustaining global economy. Affordable, efficient, and sustainable, these fertilizer platforms derived from low or even negative value products provide a competitive alternative to conventional chemical agents. In this work, bio-fertilizer nanocomposites are fabricated from urea and keratin derived from feathers, the primary negative value by-products of poultry industry, and loaded into sustainable matrix, i.e. wood chips for sustained nutrient release. Urea-coated nanokeratin composites retain a significant fraction of the extracted organic and inorganic nutrients, and application of the loaded wood chips on the soil led to a significant improvement in germination rate, height of plant and number of leaves of cowpea compared to using urea alone, attributed to sustained release of nitrogen from the composite that prevented over-fertilization. Presence of disulphide bonds in the nanocomposite enables more efficient degradation of nanokeratin by soil microbes, providing a steady supply of essential nutrients like carbon, sulphur and nitrogen to plants. Our findings described in this communication suggest that nanokeratin-loaded wood chips may provide an efficient environmentally friendly strategy for improving soil fertility without the release of nitrous oxide, an anthropogenic greenhouse gas known to trap 300 times more heat than CO2.
Omar Abel Rodríguez-López, M. A. Solís, J. Boronat
We report on a novel structural Superfluid-Mott Insulator (SF-MI) quantum phase transition for an interacting one-dimensional Bose gas within permeable multi-rod lattices, where the rod lengths are varied from zero to the lattice period length. We use the ab-initio diffusion Monte Carlo method to calculate the static structure factor, the insulation gap, and the Luttinger parameter, which we use to determine if the gas is a superfluid or a Mott insulator. For the Bose gas within a square Kronig-Penney (KP) potential, where barrier and well widths are equal, the SF-MI coexistence curve shows the same qualitative and quantitative behavior as that of a typical optical lattice with equal periodicity but slightly larger height. When we vary the width of the barriers from zero to the length of the potential period, keeping the height of the KP barriers, we observe a new way to induce the SF-MI phase transition. Our results are of significant interest, given the recent progress on the realization of optical lattices with a subwavelength structure that would facilitate their experimental observation.
Abstract In this work, the inhibition efficiency of an imidazoline derivative corrosion inhibitors in CO2 corrosion of carbon steel was investigated in the presence of iron carbonate scale and hydrogen sulfide. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the most common controlling techniques for CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in oil and gas industry. One of the imidazoline derivatives was used as a corrosion inhibitor which protects the surface through the film formation mechanism. The investigation material was API 5L X65 carbon steel which was cut from a wet gas transmission pipeline. The internal surface of the pipe was covered with iron carbonate as corrosion product. In order to investigate the inhibitor efficiency, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were done in CO2-saturated 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution. According to the results, the existence of iron carbonate film reduced the inhibition efficiency. Furthermore, it was found that in the presence of H2S gas, the inhibition efficiency was decreased due to the decrease in inhibitor adsorption on the surface.
Abstract In this work, the investment required to apply CO2 capture to large-scale industrial sources is assessed and discussed in a case study of Sweden - a highly industrialized region with relative proximity to large and well-documented storage sites in the Norwegian North Sea. The Swedish process industry is characterized by a large share of biogenic emissions, and therefore has a considerable Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) potential. The capital cost for CO2 capture is estimated for a standard MEA-based CO2 absorption process. The CO2 absorption process is applied to several industries – pulp and paper, oil and gas, steel, cement and chemical production – and dimensioned using process modeling. The equipment cost is subsequently estimated using a detailed individual factor estimation method. The capture costs are compared to estimates of the cost for transport and storage.