Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

Вадим Вадимович ПЕТРОНЮК

The relevance of effective communication during crisis situations cannot be overestimated, as it determines society’s ability to respond to challenges and maintain stability. The importance of communication and communication technologies from a sociological point of view lies in their influence on social cohesion, mobilization of resources and maintenance of social order. The article considers the correspondence of the components of the model of communication strategies in crisis situations in practice, in particular during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the war in Ukraine, with the theoretical structural components of communication models. Theoretical models of crisis communication, such as SCCT (Situational Crisis Communication Theory), identify key principles that ensure effective communication: transparency, timeliness, credibility, consistency and empathy. This study analyzes how these theoretical principles are applied in practice in the conditions of war in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to communication strategies used by the Ukrainian government. Addressing the nation, informing the public through social media and international support campaigns are seen as key elements of successful communication. The analysis of cases made it possible to determine the correspondence of theoretical models to practical actions, confirmed the universality of the SCCT model, and also made it possible to formulate recommendations for further research on related topics. The results of the study confirm the importance of including each of the aspects for a successful exit from the crisis, as well as maintaining a stable situation in the communicative space of society during the crisis. Thus, the study emphasizes that effective communication not only contributes to the prompt resolution of crisis situations, but also ensures social cohesion and support of the nation’s morale in the face of challenges.

Mohammad Hosein Safaee, Hosein Vale

The epistemology of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh) expressed in Descriptive and normative domains. The descriptive approach discusses about “is” problems and includes Usuli’s and Akhbari’s jurisprudence that will be discussed in this article. The normative approach talks about “oughts” and the nature of jurisprudencial knowledge, its sources and its possibility. The normative approach could be examined in other articles. Here, alongside with revealing the position of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence in jurisprudential derivations (istinbat fiqhi), we tried to mention the centrality of essential validity of certainty as a common epistemic element in all of jurisprudential arguments.  To do so, first of all, the origin of this issue, the reason of its posing, and various bases adopted by Usulis about essential validity of certainty will be considered and afterwards, according to precise intellectual and epistemic Considerations of Usulis for proving the essential validity of certainty, their epistemic presuppositions will be determined and eventually, the epistemic disagreement of Akhbaris vs. Usulis (realism) will be The epistemology of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh) expressed in Descriptive and normative domains. The descriptive approach discusses about “is” problems and includes Usuli’s and Akhbari’s jurisprudence that will be discussed in this article. The normative approach talks about “oughts” and the nature of jurisprudencial knowledge, its sources and its possibility. The normative approach could be examined in other articles. Here, alongside with revealing the position of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence in jurisprudential derivations (istinbat fiqhi), we tried to mention the centrality of essential validity of certainty as a common epistemic element in all of jurisprudential arguments.  To do so, first of all, the origin of this issue, the reason of its posing, and various bases adopted by Usulis about essential validity of certainty will be considered and afterwards, according to precise intellectual and epistemic Considerations of Usulis for proving the essential validity of certainty, their epistemic presuppositions will be determined and eventually, the epistemic disagreement of Akhbaris vs. Usulis (realism) will be introduced and the disefficient confrontation of Usulis with Akhbaris (subjectivism) will be assessed. According to our findings, still the more effective explanation of validity’s structure in usul al-fiqh could be given as an alternative theory of essential validity of certainty and it could be taken as a reply to Akhbarism. introduced and the disefficient confrontation of Usulis with Akhbaris (subjectivism) will be assessed. According to our findings, still the more effective explanation of validity’s structure in usul al-fiqh could be given as an alternative theory of essential validity of certainty and it could be taken as a reply to Akhbarism.

Emanuel Cardoso, Marcília Barcellos , Andreia Guerra

O trabalho revisita o episódio copernicano sob a perspectiva das práticas científicas. Sob esse ponto de vista, surgem outros fatores sociais e personagens que influenciaram também a produção do conhecimento científico. As práticas mais latentes reveladas pela pesquisa foram aquelas de tradução, formação de grupos de estudos e redes de produção de conhecimento. Será abordado o dispositivo matemático conhecido como Par de Tusi, que se relaciona diretamente com a interpretação de unificação de movimentos circulares e retilíneos defendida por Copérnico. Esse dispositivo tem a marca da astronomia árabe e, a partir dele, é possível destacar a existência e importância de autores árabes como movimento de defesa da ciência como elemento cultural que é produzido no encontro de culturas. Compreender esse encontro passa por analisar o contexto da Universidade de Pádua e da relação da produção científica com o processo civilizatório vigente na época, no que diz respeito às migrações e interesses econômicos, as práticas de tradução e a incorporação cultural de conhecimento.

Oleh Kuz, Valentin Cheshko

Постановка проблеми. Сучасний етап розвитку науки визначається радикальними інституційними змінами в її соціальному статусі та структурі. Основні відмінності від класичного етапу зводяться до: по-перше, відмови від принципу етичної нейтральності наукового знання і, по-друге, реального перегляду змісту категорії «парадигма» як центрального елементу організації теоретичних знань. Її замінюють значно більш складними конструкціями, що складаються з кількох гетерогенних компонентів. Відбувається взаємне проникнення публічно-аксіологічної та описово-наукової форм дискурсу, що створює нерозривну єдність щодо змісту теоретичної структури. Публікацію присвячено аналізу цих обидвох аспектів теоретичної технонауки. У відповідності до специфічності предмету дослідження було застосовано методи квантифікаційного дискурсивного та концептуального аналізу метатеоретичних і онтологічних знань відповідно. Надметою є визначення базової схеми взаємодії між організацією трансдисциплінарної матриці та онтологічним рівнем теоретичного технознання. У онтологічному аспекті технонаука (постакадемічна наука) є теоретичним і технологічним інструментарієм щодо управління напрямком біологічної та соціокультурної еволюції. У епістемологічному аспекті сучасні теорії, що мають людський вимір, містять специфічну (транс)дисциплінарну матрицю, що складається не з одного, а двох парадигмальних ядер: науково-дескриптивного та гуманітарно-аксіологічного. Згідно з нашою моделлю, принципи біоетики є соціальним інститутом регулювання та контролю технологічного (біологічного та соціального) ризику. Прикладні технологічні розробки представлені (1) генною інженерією як інструментом управління біологічною еволюцією та (2) соціально-економічною інженерією як засобом управління цивілізаційним і соціокультурним розвитком. Ця бінарна структура логічно походить з постульованої нами трьохмодульної організації стабільної еволюційної стратегії людини розумної. Натурфілософія знову набуває статусу основної теорії еволюції в експліцитному вигляді. Існує система метафізичних постулатів і онтологічних категорій, що походить з антропного принципу участі. Для сучасної неоліберальної політичної демократії біовлада та біополітика є найбільш ефективною технологією стабілізації сценаріїв і тенденцій глобального еволюційного процесу, оптимальними щодо цієї ідеологічної системи. Висновки. Трансбіополітика у нашому розумінні постає як політична проблематика, пов’язана з раціоналізацією глобального еволюційного процесу. Найближчими десятиліттями трансбіополітика стане несучим елементом глобального процесу еволюції ноосфери з подальшим ускладненням і збільшенням когезії між окремими соціокультурними типами, що входять до системи сучасної глобальної цивілізації.

Luana Paula Goulart de Menezes, Michel Corci Batista, Daniel Gardelli

Neste trabalho apresentaremos um pequeno estudo sobre a astrologia de Kepler e algumas reflexões sobre a prática em suas concepções. O escrito que norteou nossa pesquisa foi De fundamentis astrologiae certioribus (1602), um trabalho em que temos uma preocupação com os fundamentos da astrologia, além das previsões para o referido ano. Nossa análise se voltou, principalmente, nas características dos planetas que nos levou a iniciar uma reflexão sobre o papel da luz. A partir desse estudo acreditamos ser possível, de fato, atribuir uma fundamental importância da astrologia em sua cosmologia

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Equipe editorial - vol.19, 1 (2020)

N. A. Roslaya, N. A. Lugovskaya, I. O. Kholopov

Relevance. Respiratory diseases, flu and pertussis, in particular, are common causes of temporary disability at work place. Pertussis is the second most common infectious disease by incidents increase in the Russian Federation. Combined immunization is found to be an efficient method to prevent infections at work place.Objective. Research objective is to prove safety of combined influenza and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines for people with occupational hazard of respiratory diseases.Materials and methods. We have studied the vaccination process in 257 adults with 2-nd and 3-rd health groups. We evaluated post-vaccination reactions, their localization, severity, time onset, and duration. We identified two groups with weaker and stronger side effects after vaccination. We determined typical parameters of the vaccination process.Results. 50% people in examined group showed adverse reaction. Symptoms were weak as a rule and lasted up to 4 days mostly. 29 people (11%) had more severe and long reaction. 6 patients (2%) required supportive care, 2 (0.8%) showed severe symptoms lasting from 2 to up to 5 days.Conclusion. The application of influenza vaccination combined with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccinations simultaneously have demonstrated that it is safe to use in adults at risk of exposure for respiratory diseases at workplace. Minor side effects do not pose a health threat, and can be completely prevented.

Ozan Altan ALTINOK

In this paper, my main aim is to analyse Mao’s conception of Marxist theory and his Marxist subjectivity in theory construction in his three articles. While doing so, I will use two main approaches, first is the idea that Karl Marx’s method in understanding social relations and his theory of knowledge is in many aspects compatible and in continuation with an epistemological reading of Hegel’s subjectivity, and the second is the general structure about the relationship between the object and subject’s process of knowing is similar in all three thinkers. While doing so, I will advocate the position that Mao’s epistemology is compatible with the Marxist understanding of Hegelian epistemology, and that from such an epistemological understanding it is possible to investigate Mao’s three texts in a way that yields, not an orthodox or “end result” Marxism, but instead a more general, meta epistemological understanding of Marx, that is understood better structurally. Eventually, I will claim that while using “scientific” or “orthodox” Marxism as a method to understand society, Mao further uses the subjective element in the same way as Hegel and Marx used it, although eventually he diverts the Marxist subjective manoeuvre to another direction.

Sanderson Molick

O livro do filósofo finlandês Tuomas Tahko, An introduction to Metametaphysics, recentemente lançado pela Cambridge University Press (2015) como um dos volumes da série Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy, fornece uma resposta à pergunta: Por que acrescentar um outro "meta" à palavra "metafísica" e tentar falar de uma metametafísica? De acordo com o autor, o termo "metametafísica" serve para designar a área da Filosofia que busca questionar a própria metodologia da metafísica, bem como seu propósito último. Deste modo, a metametafísica pode ser definida como o estudo dos fundamentos e metodologia da metafísica. O livro de Tuomas Tahko é uma notável obra que compila parte considerável do debate contemporâneo sobre o tema. [The book written by the finnish philosopher Tuomas Tahko, An introduction to Metametaphysics, recently published by Cambridge University Press as a volume of the series Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy,  provides an answer to the question: why to add another "meta" to the word "metaphysics" and talk about a "metametaphysics"? According to the author, the term "metametaphysics" refers to the field of Philosophy which seeks to investigate the very methodology of Metaphysics, as well as its ultimate goal. Therefore, metametaphysics might be defined as the study of the foundations and methodology of Metaphysics. Tuomas Tahko's book is a notable contribution which compiles much of the contemporary debate on the theme.]

Fernando Filgueiras

Pouco se fala de André João Antonil, mas muitos historiadores e sociólogosatribuem a Cultura e Opulência do Brasil uma descrição das condições econômicas esociais do período colonial brasileiro, que compreende o final do século XVII e o iníciodo século XVIII. É verdade que o argumento de Antonil centraliza estas questões,porém uma leitura atenta do livro mostra que elas são abordadas a partir de um pano defundo filosófico, o qual informa o logos operacional da sistemática construídadiscursivamente por este autor. O que este ensaio propõe é evidenciar os aspectospolíticos e filosóficos subjacentes a um discurso estruturado em torno de um contextohistórico marcado por mudanças profundas no Brasil, com a descoberta das minas deouro e o início da crise da hegemonia do açúcar.

Fiammetta Cirilli

Editorial Article

Speranza, Maria Teresa

Lo Sapio Luca

This paper tries to furnish some arguments against the dichotomical approach to human enhancement debate. In particular we flash out the major shortcomings of bioconservative perspective together with the principle criticalities of transhumanist point of view. We aim at delineating a different way of theorizing human enhancement topic pointing out the main results associated with the findings of current scientific research. Our thesis is that we ought to look at human enhancement within a conceptual framework which includes hybridization, openness to alterity, overcoming of nature/culture dichotomy.

Charalambos Tsekeris, Ioannis Katerelos, Konstantinos Koskinas

Straipsnyje siekiama visapusiškai sujungti pripažintas teorines ir metodologines saviorganizacijos ir sudėtingumo sąvokas su bendrosiomis socialinės teorijos problemomis (tokiomis kaip žinojimas, subjektyvumas, veikmė ir numatymas), taip pat su naujuoju episteminio nuosaikumo bei kuklumo etosu ir estetika. Kitaip sakant, bendroji saviorganizacijos teorija yra tinkamas ir patvarus analitinis karkasas kurti ir plėtoti radikalią epistemologinio silpnumo etiką/estetiką bei silpnesnę ir refleksyvesnę sociologinę/epistemologinę pasaulėžiūrą. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: žinojimas, saviorganizacija ir kompleksiškumas, epistemologija ir etika, refleksyvumas ir socialinė teorija. Self-Organization and Epistemological Weakness Charalambos Tsekeris, Ioannis Katerelos, Konstantinos Koskinas Summary This paper seeks to comprehensively and critically interconnect the well-established theoretical and methodological conceptions of self-organization, complexity and chaos with more general issues and dilemmas in the contemporary field of social theory (such as knowledge, objectivity/subjectivity, structure/agency and prediction), as well as with a new reflexive ethos (practice) and aesthetic (style) of epistemic modesty and humility. In other words, a general theory of self-organization seems to be a suitable and sustainable analytic framework for generating, developing and cultivating a radical ethics/aesthetics of epistemological weakness, as well as a sense of less strong and more reflexive sociological/epistemological worldview. Keywords: knowledge, self-organization and complexity, epistemology and ethics, reflexivity and social theory.

Antonio Basílio Novaes Thomaz Menezes

Este ensaio se define antes de tudo por um experimento mental: ler A Paz Perpétua com as lentes foucaultianas da problematizaçáo do poder, nos termos de uma “ontologia crítica do presente”. Voltado para uma caracterizaçáo crítica da atualidade na análise da do quadro de desconstruçáo histórica da razáo como avalista da paz e do universal como fim último do projeto iluminista, este ensaio tem por objeto reconstruir o tema da Paz Perpétua, naquilo que ainda o torna possível hoje sob a ótica das relações de poder. Seu objeto contrasta a ideia de um projeto filosófico com a tarefa de um incitamento ao desafio de pensar a letra kantiana fora do seu quadro restrito, transpondo as barreiras da leitura a tarefa de pensar a possibilidade da Paz no mundo contemporâneo.

Maria Helena Lisboa da Cunha

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