Hasil untuk "English literature"

Kamber Kaşali, Özgür Fırat Özpolat, Merve Ülkü et al.

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in medicine, including pediatric endocrinology. AI models have the potential to support clinical decision-making, patient education, and guidance. However, their accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness in providing medical information and recommendations remain unclear. The aim was to evaluate and compare the performance of four AI models, ChatGPT, Bard, Microsoft Copilot, and Pi, in answering frequently asked questions related to pediatric endocrinology. Methods: Nine questions commonly asked by parents regarding short stature in pediatric endocrinology were selected, based on literature reviews and expert opinions. These questions were posed to four AI models in both Turkish and English. The AI-generated responses were evaluated by 10 pediatric endocrinologists using a 12-item Likert-scale questionnaire assessing medical accuracy, completeness, guidance, and informativeness. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc tests, were conducted to determine significant differences between AI models. Results: Bard outperformed other models in guidance and recommendation categories, excelling in directing users to medical consultation. Microsoft Copilot demonstrated strong medical accuracy but lacked guidance capacity. ChatGPT showed consistent performance in knowledge dissemination, making it effective for patient education. Pi scored the lowest in guidance and recommendations, indicating limited applicability in clinical settings. Significant differences were observed between AI models (p<0.05), particularly in completeness and guidance-related categories. Conclusion: The present study highlights the varying strengths and weaknesses of AI models in an area of pediatric endocrinology. While Bard was effective in guidance, Microsoft Copilot excelled at accuracy, and ChatGPT was informative. Future AI improvements should focus on balancing accuracy and guidance to enhance clinical decision-support and patient education. Tailored AI applications may optimize the role of AI in specialized medical fields.

Yifan Ke, Kunpeng Hu

ABSTRACT Mixed reality is an immersive visualization technology based on simultaneous localization and mapping systems and standalone head‐mounted displays. It enables seamless integration and dynamic interaction among users, virtual elements, and the physical environment. Although numerous clinical studies and in vitro experiments have confirmed the value of mixed reality in surgical practice, the hierarchy of evidence remains limited. This review draws on published English‐language literature to summarize its technical foundations, clinical applications, current innovations, and existing challenges. Specifically, the primary procedures of mixed reality‐assisted surgery consist of three‐dimensional reconstruction, holographic visualization, and spatial registration. Its clinical applications span preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, surgical training, and postoperative rehabilitation. However, current limitations include insufficient computational and display capabilities of head‐mounted displays, inadequate accuracy in spatial registration, high costs, workflow complexity, and unresolved ethical concerns. Therefore, we recommend increased resource allocation for technological innovations, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials, and detailed risk‐benefit assessments, aiming to establish and validate standardized clinical workflows. As the first comprehensive narrative review to compare the clinical applicability of mixed reality across all surgical specialties, this article outlines future research directions by analyzing representative clinical studies and offers a reliable report on current progress.

Carolina Fernandes, Denise Campbell-Scherer, Aisha Lofters et al.

Abstract Background Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) synthesize high-quality information to support evidence-based clinical practice. In primary care, numerous CPGs must be integrated to address the needs of patients with multiple risks and conditions. The BETTER program aims to improve prevention and screening for cancer and chronic disease in primary care by synthesizing CPGs into integrated, actionable recommendations. We describe the process used to harmonize high-quality cancer and chronic disease prevention and screening (CCDPS) CPGs to update the BETTER program. Methods A review of CPG databases, repositories, and grey literature was conducted to identify international and Canadian (national and provincial) CPGs for CCDPS in adults 40–69 years of age across 19 topic areas: cancers, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hepatitis C, obesity, osteoporosis, depression, and associated risk factors (i.e., diet, physical activity, alcohol, cannabis, drug, tobacco, and vaping/e-cigarette use). CPGs published in English between 2016 and 2021, applicable to adults, and containing CCDPS recommendations were included. Guideline quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool and a three-step process involving patients, health policy, content experts, primary care providers, and researchers was used to identify and synthesize recommendations. Results We identified 51 international and Canadian CPGs and 22 guidelines developed by provincial organizations that provided relevant CCDPS recommendations. Clinical recommendations were extracted and reviewed for inclusion using the following criteria: 1) pertinence to primary prevention and screening, 2) relevance to adults ages 40–69, and 3) applicability to diverse primary care settings. Recommendations were synthesized and integrated into the BETTER toolkit alongside resources to support shared decision-making and care paths for the BETTER program. Conclusions Comprehensive care requires the ability to address a person’s overall health. An approach to identify high-quality clinical guidance to comprehensively address CCDPS is described. The process used to synthesize and harmonize implementable clinical recommendations may be useful to others wanting to integrate evidence across broad content areas to provide comprehensive care. The BETTER toolkit provides resources that clearly and succinctly present a breadth of clinical evidence that providers can use to assist with implementing CCDPS guidance in primary care.

Siyanda S. Ngema, Evelyn Madoroba

Among the foodborne illnesses, listeriosis has the third highest case mortality rate (20–30% or higher). Emerging drug-resistant strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, a causative bacterium of listeriosis, exacerbate the seriousness of this public health concern. Novel anti-Listerial compounds are therefore needed to combat this challenge. In recent years, marine actinobacteria have come to be regarded as a promising source of novel antimicrobials. Hence, our aim was to provide a narrative of the available literature and discuss trends regarding bioprospecting marine actinobacteria for new anti-Listerial compounds. Four databases were searched for the review: Academic Search Ultimate, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and South African Thesis and Dissertations. The search was restricted to peer-reviewed full-text manuscripts that discussed marine actinobacteria as a source of antimicrobials and were written in English from 1990 to December 2023. In total, for the past three decades (1990–December 2023), only 23 compounds from marine actinobacteria have been tested for their anti-Listerial potential. Out of the 23 reported compounds, only 2-allyoxyphenol, adipostatins E–G, 4-bromophenol, and ansamycins (seco-geldanamycin B, 4.5-dihydro-17-O-demethylgeldanamycin, and seco-geldanamycin) have been found to possess anti-Listerial activity. Thus, our literature survey reveals the scarcity of published assays testing the anti-Listerial capacity of bioactive compounds sourced from marine actinobacteria during this period.

Sajjad Fathi, Ahmad Mohseni, Hossein Rahmanpanah

This study aims to investigate the effect of implementing self-reflection training on Iranian in-service EFL teachers’ beliefs and performance development. From all available participants teaching at the International College of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, 20 in-service EFL teachers were involved in this study. The teacher’s belief questionnaire, observation checklist, and Skype app were used as the instruments to collect data. Before the training phase, the pre-tests, i.e., observation checklist and teacher’s belief questionnaire, were used for all the participants. The researchers utilized Skype App to instruct the participants in an online setting. During the training phase, participants were exposed to self-reflection practice. The instruction was done in 16 sessions twice a week for two months. After the training phase, the post-tests were run, i.e., the observation checklist and teachers’ belief questionnaire. The data analysis revealed that implementing the principles of self-reflective instruction had a statistically significant effect on Iranian in-service EFL teachers’ beliefs about their teaching practice efficacy and teaching performance development. This study has some implications that may help language teacher educators, English instructors, EFL/ESL learners, students, language curriculum program policymakers, and educational syllabus designers.

Geoff Wong, Claire Duddy, Tracey McConnell et al.

Objectives (1) Develop a programme theory of why, for whom and in what contexts integrated palliative care (PC) and heart failure (HF) services work/do not work; (2) use the programme theory to co-produce with stakeholders, intervention strategies to inform best practice and future research.Methods A systematic review of all published articles and grey literature using a realist logic of analysis. The search strategy combined terms significant to the review questions: HF, PC and end of life. Documents were included if they were in English and provided data relevant to integration of PC and HF services. Searches were conducted in November 2021 in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, AMED, HMIC and CINAHL. Further relevant documents were identified via monthly alerts (up until April 2023) and the project stakeholder group (patient/carers, content experts and multidisciplinary practitioners).Results 130 documents were included (86 research, 22 literature reviews, 22 grey literature). The programme theory identified intervention strategies most likely to support integration of PC and HF services. These included protected time for evidence-based PC and HF education from undergraduate/postgraduate level and continuing professional practice; choice of educational setting (eg, online, face-to-face or hybrid); increased awareness and seeing benefits of PC for HF management; conveying the emotive and intellectual need for integrating PC and HF via credible champions; and prioritising PC and HF guidelines in practice.Conclusions The review findings outline the required steps to take to increase the likelihood that all key players have the capacity, opportunity and motivation to integrate PC into HF management.PROSPERO registration number CRD42021240185.

Imen SEGHIR

This paper aims to show how ageing is represented in cosmetics advertising discourse, the purpose of which is to convince and seduce the female consumer. The article is mainly about deciphering the anti-ageing discourse through the analysis of the linguistic features as well as some visual strategies implemented by advertisers to promote the products which help fight the visible signs of ageing. Indeed, the multimodal analysis of the anti-ageing discourse in my French and English corpora, taken from recent issues of ELLE magazine (2020), enabled me to identify the textual and pictorial characteristics that are used by advertisers to convince the consumer that the unwelcome signs of ageing need to be erased. In light of the quantitative data obtained using LancsBox as a linguistic analysis tool, a contrastive study of the language related to the anti-ageing discourse has been established. The close scrutiny of the data has revealed similarities as well as differences in the two sub-corpora. In order to illustrate the bilingual and multimodal study, some examples selected from the corpus will be explored in detail.

Parul Dasson Bajaj, Ramya Shenoy, Latha Sanjay Davda et al.

Abstract Introduction Reduction in health inequalities and providing universal access to health care have been identified as two important global milestones by the World Health Organization for countries to achieve by 2030. Therefore, recognizing the magnitude of oral health inequalities in India has become a pressing priority to improve access to dental care within the country. This scoping review was conducted with the aim of reviewing, collating and analysing the current knowledge base on oral health inequalities in India. Methodology The scoping review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s approach, and reporting was performed in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE to identify literature addressing one or more dimensions of oral health inequalities in India, published in English between January 2002 and April 2022. The data were charted, and qualitative analysis was performed to derive themes, highlighting the key concepts emerging from this review. Results In accordance with the eligibility criteria, a total of 71 articles retrieved through database search and backward citation search were included in this scoping review. The major themes ranged from individual to diverse sociodemographic factors acting as barriers to and facilitators of access to dental care. Deficiencies in human resources for oral health, along with a wide diversity in dental service provision and dental education were other major themes contributing to inequality. Subsequently, this has resulted in recommendations on restructuring the dental workforce and their development and modifications in oral health care policies and practices. The qualitative synthesis demonstrates the intertwined nature of the multiple factors that influence the goal of achieving an affordable, accessible, extensive and inclusive oral healthcare system in India. Conclusions This comprehensive review provides a broad perspective on oral health inequalities in India, providing valuable insights for both researchers and policymakers in this area and guiding their efforts towards achieving universal oral health coverage in the Indian context.

Julija Rozman

The article discusses translation policy in Slovenia as part of the country’s cultural diplomacy. Translations of Slovenian literature, especially into German and English, are among the goals of the country’s cultural policy, in part because of Slovenia’s upcoming role as Guest of Honour at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2023. The article analyses the role of the financial support for and promotion of translations from Slovenian into foreign languages by the Slovenian Book Agency and the Trubar Foundation. The study of subsidies for translations into German, English, French, Italian, Croatian, and Hungarian shows that while the number of subsidies for translations into German and English is high, as expected, Croatian takes the leading role among the target languages studied. This underscores the importance of the still-vibrant social and political ties stemming from the historical context of Yugoslavia. In addition to the crucial role of subsidies in exporting literature from a peripheral language such as Slovenian, the translation process and the promotion of literature depend to a considerable extent on other market actors-as the interviews with three literary experts showed.

Peter Kim

Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL (SALT) would like to thank the following individuals for reviewing the contributions for Volume 21, Issue 2 (2022)

Hirshi Anadza, Rommel Utungga Pasopati, Syarifuddin Syarifuddin

After being called the UN's, COVID-19 has become a global common enemy today. The escalation of the pandemic has been responded to nationally, regionally, as well as globally. However, the efforts of the United Nations as the most significant international organization are interpreted differently at the regional and national levels. That way, there will be a gap in understanding between the handling of COVID-19 at the global, regional, and national levels. Therefore, this paper discusses further how the COVID-19 as a common global enemy is reflected in regional and national actions against this pandemic? The global eclectic theory is explored to explain how global concepts relate to more specific concepts. Comparing the COVID-19 handling policies in ASEAN, SAARC, and the EU is needed to deeply explain the differences in handling the outbreak in each region. The result shows that common enemies do not automatically reflect joint regional action. National interest is still challenging to consolidate at the regional, furthermore global level. Moreover, cultural differences between countries cannot be reduced quickly in global matters.

Konstantinos Gasteratos, MD, MSc, Georgia-Alexandra Spyropoulou, MD, PhD, Kongkrit Chaiyasate, MD, FACS

Background:. The area of nasal reconstruction can be challenging for the microsurgeon, as the nose is a complex structure. A 3-dimensional understanding of the organ is a prerequisite for a successful outcome. A combination of procedures is usually necessary to completely repair subtotal or total nasal defects. Contouring and secondary revisions may ensue to enhance the postoperative functional and aesthetic outcome of the reconstruction. This study aimed to present a review of the various methods of microvascular reconstruction for complex nasal defects based on the radial forearm flap (RFF). Methods:. Two independent reviewers screened the literature on PubMed according to the inclusion criteria. The keywords for the search were “microvascular,” “nasal reconstruction,” and “free flaps in nasal reconstruction.” Articles on locoregional flap reconstruction, experimental animal studies, letters to the editors, non-English literature, and articles without full text were excluded from the study. The protocol is registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42019146447) under the umbrella of the National Institute for Health Research, and it is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Results:. Eighteen eligible studies were included in our articles. The infolding RFF, multiple skin paddles RFF, and prelaminated RFF were described. The results have been more than encouraging so far. Also, 3 clinical cases where the RFF provided intranasal lining and a forehead flap resurfaced the nose were presented. Conclusion:. The RFF is a reliable technique for nasal reconstruction in expert hands.

J. M. Sánchez-Torres, I. Miles

Abstract During the last three decades, many governments have incorporated Information and Communication Technologies in their internal and external processes, a phenomenon widely known as electronic government (e-Government). Rationales for e-Government include increasing public services’ efficiency, speed, transparency, accountability, etc., and enhancing relations between government and stakeholders (citizens, businesses, third sector organisations). e-Government programmes are large-scale innovation projects; and Future-oriented Technology Analysis, FTA, is often used in the design of public policies in science, technology and innovation. FTA tools allow for systematic appraisal of potential challenges, opportunities, and threats, and thus informing the design of long-term strategies. The aim of this paper is to examine what a systematic literature review tells us about the application of FTA to support e-Government planning, implementation or evaluation. The review confirms that FTA played a role in supporting some e-Government initiatives, especially in their planning stages. However, few relevant exercises of this sort are reported in the English language, though the e-Government literature itself in that language- is voluminous. Previous researchers often attribute weaknesses in e-Government efforts to deficiencies in vision and strategic planning. Hopefully, this review can encourage both FTA and e-Government practitioners to apply FTA to e-Government development. This suggests that there is both opportunity and need to take greater advantage of FTA in this field.

Somaye Ansari Moghadam, Masoomeh Shirzaiy, Sirus Risbaf

Researches have shown positive correlation between periodontitis and respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We reviewed the literature to assess the relationship between periodontitis and respiratory diseases. This study involved a review of relevant English literature published regarding periodontitis and respiratory diseases during the period of 1994-2015. The analysis of literature related to the topic showed there is association between periodontitis and respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. It was found that periodontitis is associated with respiratory diseases due to poor oral hygiene and low immunity state. Keywords: Inflammation; oral hygiene; periodontitis; respiratory illness.

Bita Geramizadeh, Mina Heidari, Golsa Shekarkhar

Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is an unusual, rare, but emerging fungal infection in the stomach, small intestine, colon, and liver. It has been rarely reported in the English literature and most of the reported cases have been from US, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran. In the last five years, 17 cases have been reported from one or two provinces in Iran, and it seems that it has been undiagnosed or probably unnoticed in other parts of the country. In this review, we explored the English literature from 1964 through 2013 via PubMed, Google, and Google scholar using the following search keywords: 1) Basidiobolomycosis 2) Basidiobolus ranarum 3) Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis In this review, we attempted to collect all clinical, pathological, and radiological findings of the presenting patients; complemented with previous experiences regarding the treatment and prognosis of the GIB. Since 1964, only 71 cases have been reported, which will be fully described in terms of clinical presentations, methods of diagnosis and treatment as well as prognosis and follow up.

Ilha do Desterro

Susan L. Fischer

In recent years, seventeenth-century classical drama has&#13; increasingly traversed national borders and become accessible to “foreign” audiences through modern productions based on translations and / or new versions that interrogate the original textual author-ity. The very act of translation, of denying a classical author such as Shakespeare his language, presents a challenge to the universalizing tendency of traditional stage history with its essentialist assumptions&#13; that classical texts “are stable and authoritative, that meaning is immanent in them, and that actors and directors are therefore interpreters rather than makers of meaning” (Bulman “Introd.” 1). In any reading of performance, whether past of present, the critic’s task is, as Cary Mazer reminds us, “an act of contextualizing, of historicizing, the performance in its cultural moment” (149).1 The&#13; performance text2 is itself historically contingent, the outcome of a process Patrice Pavis terms its “concretization,” wherein “signifier (literary work as thing), signified (aesthetic object), and Social Context. In recent years, seventeenth-century classical drama has&#13; increasingly traversed national borders and become accessible to “foreign” audiences through modern productions based on translations and / or new versions that interrogate the original textual author-ity. The very act of translation, of denying a classical author such as Shakespeare his language, presents a challenge to the universalizing tendency of traditional stage history with its essentialist assumptions&#13; that classical texts “are stable and authoritative, that meaning is immanent in them, and that actors and directors are therefore interpreters rather than makers of meaning” (Bulman “Introd.” 1). In any reading of performance, whether past of present, the critic’s task is, as Cary Mazer reminds us, “an act of contextualizing, of historicizing, the performance in its cultural moment” (149).1 The&#13; performance text2 is itself historically contingent, the outcome of a process Patrice Pavis terms its “concretization,” wherein “signifier (literary work as thing), signified (aesthetic object), and Social Context.

Madelena Gonzalez

This paper will explore the emergence of a counter-canon of literary works which are gradually replacing the classics on the syllabi of many higher education institutions. In an age when all culture seems diasporic and engaged in a constant process of dissemination, how does contemporary literature in English resist or espouse complicity with the global culture industry and what are the consequences for the aesthetics of the novel in the 21st century? Can the contemporary critic posit the existence of an ‘International Style’ based on a confident post-realist aesthetics going hand in hand with postnationalism or, are novelists in the twenty-first century increasingly confined to random intensities and professional ventriloquism? The postcolonial trope of the migrant empowered by his wandering, as expressed by Rushdie, among others, reflects the reluctance of contemporary culture to be tied down to a specific location and context. Does this refusal of territorialisation signal artistic freedom or an inability to resist the pull of the worldwide market which helps to justify its existence? The redrawing of the map of world culture as an all-inclusive entity raises important literary, political and social questions and constitutes a threat to the novel as well as a possibility.

Leonor Scliar Cabral

Through the contextual approach (Slama-Cazacu, 1984), we try to restore the speech chain that ties the writer (poet or novelist) to the receiver (the absent reader) both in different spaces and times. We try to unveil the moment or moments of the birth of text when past experiences directly lived by the author (see the role of these data in Prado Coelho, 1963:285-290) are mixed with the voices of other authors read by him and which are the starting factors of the text. Finally, we try to understand the different interpretations given by readers whose cognitive schemata were fed by other cosmovisions and to investigate why, nevertheless, the link still remains possible.

H. G. Ying

In this introduction, I will first address anaphoric relations and Binding Theory. Then I will discuss reconstruction (sentences with a reflexive inside a fronted noun phrase that involves overt movement of a wh-element) from the perspective of Chomsky’s (1993, 1995) Minimalist program, and how reconstruction presents a logical problem of language acquisition for Chinese EFL learners. Finally I will review psycholinguistic accounts regarding processing sentences with a fronted wh-phrase and second language research on sentence processing.