Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Niels van Doorn

ABSTRACT How does one value something one cannot and often does not want to see? How do contemporary digital platforms and their infrastructures of connectivity, evaluation, and surveillance affect this relationship between value and visibility, when it is mediated through the problem of labor as at once a commodity and a lived experience? And how can these infrastructures be mobilized in projects that aim to build different kinds of platforms – the kinds that support the revaluation low-income service work? This essay addresses these questions by examining the gendered, racialized, and classed distribution of opportunities and vulnerabilities associated with digitally mediated service work, or what I call platform labor. The argument will unfold in four parts. First, I briefly situate the ‘on-demand’ economy within the context of neoliberal socio-economic reforms that have, over the past four decades, shaped our present circumstances. Second, I argue that labor platforms should be understood as new players in the temporary staffing industry, whose devices and practices exacerbate the already precarious conditions of contingent workers in today’s low-income service economy. They do so by (1) bolstering the immunity of platform intermediaries and clients, (2) by expanding managerial control over workers, and (3) by orchestrating a pervasive sense of fungibility and superfluity with respect to this workforce. Third, after a short overview of the gendered and racialized history of service work, I analyze how this history extends into the networked present of our platform economy. Finally, I address the potential of ethnography, on the one hand, and platform cooperativism, on the other, to critically empower low-income service workers operating through platforms.

J. Villar, H. Ba’aqeel, G. Piaggio et al.

André Luiz da Silva Teixeira, Márcia Siqueira Rapini, Thiago Caliari

Abstract This article analyzes how some firms that interacted with universities in Brazil combine different organizational processes and characteristics to develop their Absorptive Capacities (ACAPs). For that, the techniques of Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) are used to analyze data from a survey specific to this objective. The findings reveal that distinct ACAPs, linked with diverse strategies, require specific “organizational configurations” for their development. If ACAPs are developed to expand the knowledge base, without a specific application, they depend on the combination of strong personal relationships within and outside the firm. When ACAPs are geared towards adapting existing technologies, these interpersonal relationships must synergize with managerial practices that involve employee engagement in strategic innovative projects. Finally, if ACAPs are developed to achieve results with a specific appropriability, these internal practices and relationships are combined with a high internal hierarchy that guides the process. JEL: O32; L20.

Md Abdul Bari, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Mohammad Osman Gani et al.

Slum dwellers continue to face exclusion from mainstream social, economic, and financial activities because of their lack of education and low income, leaving them vulnerable to income shocks and persistent poverty. The absence of empowerment compounds challenges and highlights the urgent need to address their financial inclusion. Designing an inclusive deposit product is imperative to ensure the financial inclusion of slum dwellers. We conducted a randomized conjoint experiment gathering 2500 choice responses from 250 respondents in slum households in Khulna, an industrial city in Bangladesh. Our study estimates the influence of each attribute on slum dwellers’ choice of deposit products, measures willingness to pay for the proposed inclusive deposit product, identifies heterogeneity in their preferences, and examines the impact of financial literacy on their preferences. Our hypothetical financial inclusion product provides valuable insights for policymakers when formulating comprehensive policies to ensure the financial inclusion of slum dwellers.

Editorial Neogranadina

W. T. Tay, M. F. Soria, Thomas Walsh et al.

The highly polyphagous Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a quarantine agricultural pest for the American continents. Historically H. armigera is thought to have colonised the American continents around 1.5 to 2 million years ago, leading to the current H. zea populations on the American continents. The relatively recent species divergence history is evident in mating compatibility between H. zea and H. armigera under laboratory conditions. Despite periodic interceptions of H. armigera into North America, this pest species is not believed to have successfully established significant populations on either continent. In this study, we provide molecular evidence via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) partial gene sequences for the successful recent incursion of H. armigera into the New World, with individuals being detected at two sites (Primavera do Leste, Pedra Preta) within the State of Mato Grosso in Brazil. The mtDNA COI and Cyt b haplotypes detected in the Brazilian H. armigera individuals are common throughout the Old World, thus precluding identification of the founder populations. Combining the two partial mtDNA gene sequences showed that at least two matrilines are present in Brazil, while the inclusion of three nuclear DNA Exon-Primed Intron-Crossing (EPIC) markers identified a further two possible matrilines in our samples. The economic, biosecurity, resistance management, ecological and evolutionary implications of this incursion are discussed in relation to the current agricultural practices in the Americas.

R. Suzman, J. Beard, T. Boerma et al.

D. Chiaramonti, K. Maniatis

The present work analyses the lessons learnt from the Covid19 (Coronavirus) pandemic that could possibly apply to the energy sector, with a special focus to decarbonizing transport. Distinguishing between short/medium- and medium/long-term options, the scope is to discuss how issues such energy security, energy storage and energy system resilience should deserve more attention. Today, fuel demand has fallen to unprecedented levels, with jet fuel demand being the most affected one. Oil price is at the lowest values recorded for many years while on 20 April it even reached a negative price in the US for the first time in history. While in the short-term low oil prices would be attractive, the long-term negative consequences could be very relevant, with significant associated costs for the EU economy and Member states (MS) related to the collapse of demand and to the socio-economic impacts. New measures should thus be considered in the post Covid19 strategy. In particular, while in a short- to medium-term view the oil sector will require specific support measures to overcome the economic and physical shock brought in by the pandemic, in a medium to long-term perspective domestic sources such as Renewable and Recycled Carbon Fuels (RRCF) should be regarded as a way to secure energy supply, leading to significant technical and economic advantages. Thus, EU should allocate adequate resources in the post-Covid recovery plans to definitely allow the transition to renewable energy sources and particularly to bio-based economy and stainable transport fuels. Decarbonisation of transport through RRCF and economic recovery do not compete, but rather represent a win-win solution in a well-designed and sustainable implementation strategy, especially when low or zero interest-rate investments are foreseen. The EU should take the opportunity to match the UN SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) and EU Green Deal goals with the need to inject economic and financial resources into the real economy improving the socio-economic conditions of EU populations. Both agroforestry and RRCF industry are ready to produce (biomass) or source (waste) the feedstocks as well as the technologies, systems and components needed by the industry along the whole value chain. The roadmap to cleaner transport fuels thus represent an evident opportunity to meet climate, economic and societal post-Covid19 goals, in a win-win-win approach.

Jimena Segura

En el artículo se presenta una mirada crítica a la teoría económica convencional de los recursos no renovables, mostrando que el concepto de renta por escasez que surge de la misma refleja serias limitaciones explicativas en cuanto a la relación entre precios e inversión en la industria del petróleo. Se analiza la literatura teórica y empírica mediante la exposición de las revisiones modernas de la teoría del agotamiento, y la contraposición del contenido del concepto de renta por escasez expuesto por Lewis Gray -precursor de Hotelling- frente a la teoría clásica de la renta de David Ricardo.

عبدالسلام عيشور

تعد مرحلة الاعتراف والتنفيذ من بين المراحل الأساسية التي يمر بها حكم التحكيم التجاري الدولي فهي المرحلة الحاسمة والأخيرة، فإن كانت أغلب الأحكام التحكيمية تنفذ تلقائيا والقاعدة هي التنفيذ الاختياري، إلّا أنّ هناك بعض الخصوم يلجِؤون الى وسائل المماطلة والتسويف واستخدام كافة الوسائل القانونية المتاحة لهم للحيلولة دون التنفيذ وهو ما يدفع بالمحكوم لصالحه إلى الّلجوء للسلطة القضائية لتنفيذ الحكم التحكيمي تنفيذا جبريا من خلال طلب الاعتراف والتنفيذ ومع ذلك فإنّ تدخل القضاء هنا لا يعد أن يكون تدخلا سطحيا وشكليا فقط ولا يعني التدخل في مهمة المحكم أو مراجعة مضمون الحكم التحكيمي.

Guillermo Alfonso Giraldo Martinez, Jimmy Anderson Flórez Zuluaga, Diego Fernando Morante Granobles et al.

This work is based on the hypothesis that a country’s technological development and innovation in the security and defense sector is a critical factor for developing high-tech industries and thus promoting the country’s competitiveness. This research seeks to establish a correlation between defense economics (DE), security investments in research and development (R & R&D), and the generation of value-added products in high-tech industries from 2009 to 2018, based on models used in the United States, China, and Japan. Quantitative, descriptive, and non-experimental research was implemented to conduct a statistical verification. This contributed to determining the connection between value-added productivity (VAP) indicators related to investments in R&D, the Competitiveness Index, value-added industries, and high-technology exports creating a correlation between the DE indicator and investments in research discovering positive relationships among these variables.

A. Wonkam, N. S. Munung, C. Dandara et al.

To embrace the prospects of accurately diagnosing thousands of monogenic conditions, predicting disease risks for complex traits or diseases, tailoring treatment to individuals' pharmacogenetic profiles, and potentially curing some diseases, research into African genomic variation is a scientific imperative. African genomes harbor millions of uncaptured variants accumulated over 300,000 years of modern humans' evolutionary history, with successive waves of admixture, migration, and natural selection combining with extensive ecological diversity to create a broad and exceptional genomic complexity. Harnessing African genomic complexity, therefore, will require sustained commitment and equitable collaboration from the scientific community and funding agencies. African governments must support academic public research and industrial partnerships that build the necessary genetic medicine workforce, utilize the emerging genomic big data to develop expertise in computer science and bioinformatics, and evolve national and global governance frameworks that recognize the ethical implications of data-driven genomic research and empower its application in African social, cultural, economic, and religious contexts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Lara Kim Brackmann, Lara Kim Brackmann, Ronja Foraita et al.

BackgroundImproved treatments for childhood cancer result in a growing number of long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The diagnosis and the prevalence of comorbidities may, however, influence their lifestyle later in life. Nonetheless, little is known about differences in late effects between CCS of a first primary neoplasm (FPN) in childhood and subsequent second primary neoplasms (SPN) and their impact on lifestyle. Therefore, we aim to investigate associations between the occurrence of FPN or SPN and various diseases and lifestyle in the later life of CCS.MethodsCCS of SPN (n=101) or FPN (n=340) and cancer-free controls (n=150) were matched by age and sex, and CCS additionally by year and entity of FPN. All participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on anthropometric and socio-economic factors, medical history, health status, and lifestyle. Mean time between FPN diagnosis and interview was 27.3 years for SPN and 26.2 years for FPN CCS. To confirm results from others and to generate new hypotheses on late effects of childhood cancer as well as CCS´ lifestyles, generalized linear mixed models were applied.ResultsCCS were found to suffer more likely from diseases compared to cancer-free controls. In detail, associations with cancer status were observed for hypercholesterinemia and thyroid diseases. Moreover, CCS were more likely to take regular medication compared to controls. A similar association was observed for CCS of SPN compared to CCS of FPN. In contrast to controls, CCS rarely exercise more than 5 hours per week, consumed fewer soft and alcoholic drinks, and were less likely to be current, former, or passive smokers. Additionally, they were less likely overweight or obese. All other exploratory analyses performed on cardiovascular, chronic lung, inflammatory bone, allergic, and infectious diseases, as well as on a calculated health-score revealed no association with tumor status.ConclusionCCS were more affected by pathologic conditions and may consequently take more medication, particularly among CCS of SPN. The observed higher disease burden is likely related to the received cancer therapy. To reduce the burden of long-term adverse health effects in CCS, improving cancer therapies should therefore be in focus of research in this area.

A. Stafford, L. Wood

Background: Homelessness is associated with enormous health inequalities, including shorter life expectancy, higher morbidity and greater usage of acute hospital services. Viewed through the lens of social determinants, homelessness is a key driver of poor health, but homelessness itself results from accumulated adverse social and economic conditions. Indeed, in people who are homeless, the social determinants of homelessness and health inequities are often intertwined, and long term homelessness further exacerbates poor health. Aggregated health service data can mask this, and case histories thus provide important insights. Methods: This paper presents three case histories of homeless patients seen at an inner city public hospital in Perth, Western Australia. The case histories draw on several data sources: hospital data, information collected from rough sleepers and clinical observations. Estimates of the cost to the health system of the observed hospital usage by the three patients are included. Findings: The case histories illustrate the interplay of social determinants of health in homelessness that help explain the high level of hospital usage by rough sleepers. The cumulative healthcare costs for the three individuals over a 33 months period were substantial. Hospital attendance plummeted even in the short term when housing needs were addressed. Conclusions: Treating homelessness as a combined health and social issue is critical to improving the abysmal health outcomes of people experiencing homelessness. In addition, the enormous economic costs of hospital care for people who are homeless can be reduced when housing and other social determinants are taken into account.

Mala Htun, S. L. Weldon

When and why do governments promote women's rights? Through comparative analysis of state action in seventy countries from 1975 to 2005, this book shows how different women's rights issues involve different histories, trigger different conflicts, and activate different sets of protagonists. Change on violence against women and workplace equality involves a logic of status politics: feminist movements leverage international norms to contest women's subordination. Family law, abortion, and contraception, which challenge the historical claim of religious groups to regulate kinship and reproduction, conform to a logic of doctrinal politics, which turns on relations between religious groups and the state. Publicly-paid parental leave and child care follow a logic of class politics, in which the strength of Left parties and overall economic conditions are more salient. The book reveals the multiple and complex pathways to gender justice, illuminating the opportunities and obstacles to social change for policymakers, advocates, and others seeking to advance women's rights.

Freddy Carrasco Choque

El sector agrícola juega un papel importante en la economía de todos los países. La actividad agrícola en la región de Piura, es una actividad fundamental para su desarrollo. El primer objetivo del estudio fue identificar, estimar y validar el modelo ajustado para pronosticar la producción de Limón y plátano. El segundo fue realizar el pronóstico de la producción del limón y plátano para el periodo 2020M10 hasta 2022M09. Para concretizar los objetivos se utilizó la metodología de Box y Jenkins. La base de datos proviene del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú sede Piura y se consideraron datos mensuales entre los años 1999M01 y 2020M09. En los pronósticos se evidenciaron la presencia de quiebre estructural para la producción del plátano, en los pronósticos de la producción del limón se detectó presencia de estacionalidad en la serie. Luego del cumplimiento de supuestos el mejor modelo ajustado de promedio móvil integrado autorregresivo de Box-Jenkins para la producción del limón es un SARIMA y para la producción del plátano es un ARIMA. Los resultados pueden ser utilizados para tomar decisiones a investigadores, productores y empresarios del sector agrícola de la Región de Piura.

Mirela PĂUNESCU

The main purpose of internal control is to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of the entity’s general objectives (regardless of whether the entity is a trading company or not). A core prerequisite of an effective internal control is to have clear objectives set by the company’s management. Two internal control models have gained international recognition: the COSO Model and the CoCo Model. This article discusses the former.

Ranjit Dighe

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Jason Corburn

Urban places and health equity are two of the most challenging concepts for 21st century environmental health. More people live in cities than at any other time in human history and health inequities are increasing. Health inequities are avoidable differences in the social, environmental and political conditions that shape morbidity and mortality, and disproportionately burden the poor, racial, ethnic and religious minorities and migrants. By linking urban place and health inequities, research and action brings into sharp relief the challenges of achieving urban environmental justice. This article briefly reviews the complex definitions of urban places and how they can shape health equity in cities. I suggest that a more relational or integrated approach to defining urban places and acting on health equity can complement other approaches and improve the ability of public health to meet 21st century challenges. I close with suggestions for research and practice that might focus environmental public health on healthy urban place making. The practices include community driven map making, Health in All Policies (HiAP), promoting urban ecosystem services for health, and participatory and integrated approaches to urban slum upgrading. I conclude that if the global community is serious about the sustainable development goals (SDGs), greater attention must be paid to understanding and acting to improve urban places, living conditions and the social and economic conditions that can promote health equity.

Wei-Bin Zhang

This paper constructs an economic growth model of a small open economy with tourism and imported goods in a perfectly competitive economy. The study focuses on the effects of changes in terms of trade, with a preference for imported goods, on the dynamic paths of trade balance and economic growth. The basic framework for modelling a national economy is based on the Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth model with Zhang’s alternative approach to household behaviour. We build a nonlinear dynamic model with interdependence between economic growth, economic structure, tourism, prices, wealth and income. We provide a computational process to follow the motion of the economic system. Simulation is used to carry out a comparative dynamic analysis of the terms of trade, the propensity to consume imported goods, the rate of interest, the price elasticity of tourism, and the total productivity of the service sector. The comparative dynamic analysis provides some insights into the complexity of the tourism economy.