Hasil untuk "Cement industries"

M. Smol, J. Kulczycka, A. Henclik et al.

A. Aly, M. El-Feky, M. Kohail et al.

Abstract For the past few years, the construction field industry is responding to the challenge of incorporating sustainability in the production processes, this was done through the utilization of solid waste materials as aggregates in concrete or via searching for more environmentally friendly raw materials. Producing binders free of Portland cement is one of the most innovative ways to substitutes the Portland cement. Using a cementitious material (steel slag or blast furnace slag) or pozzolanic materials (fly ash or silica fume) activated with alkali activators. These alkali-activated binder systems are called geopolymer concrete. One of the possible solutions for the use of waste tire rubber is to incorporate into geopolymer concrete as a substitution of natural aggregate. This study designed to investigate the effect of different percentages of crumb rubber as a partial substitution of both; fine, and coarse aggregates by volume percentage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on the hardened properties (compressive, tensile and flexural strength) and impact resistance of slag based geopolymer concrete (replacing the cement by; ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide). Finally, the work provides the mix with high compressive strength, ductility and impact resistance to be used in structural elements subjected to impact and dynamic load such as (bridge approach slabs, railway buffers, and airport runways).

N. Shehata, E. Sayed, M. Abdelkareem

The manufacturing of cement demand burning of huge quantities of fuel as well as significant emissions of CO2 resulting from the decomposition of limestone that consequently resulted in severe environmental impact that is estimated by one ton of CO2 per ton of cement. Geopolymerization technology is an effective method for converting wastes (containing alumina and silica) into useful products. It can reduce CO2 emissions significantly from the cement industry. The geopolymerization process usually starts with source materials based on alumina/silicate in addition to alkaline liquids. The compressive strength, setting time, and workability of the final product depends mainly on the type and proportions of the precursors, the type and strength of the activator, the mixing and curing conditions. The structural performance of a geopolymer is similar to that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Therefore, geopolymer can replace OPC, and thus decreasing the energy consumption, reducing the cost of the building materials, and minimizing the environmental impacts of the cement industry. This review summaries the mechanism of geopolymerization, including the controlling parameters and different raw materials (fly ash, kaolinite and metakaolin, slag, red mud, silica waste, heavy metals waste, and others) with particular focus on recent studies and challenges in this area.

Nicholas Benjamin Petersen, Ashish Bastola, Pavan Akula et al.

Rapid stabilization of weak soil offers a promising option for quick infrastructure development and soil repair. The interaction between the rapid stabilizer and the soil is critical in defining its strength and durability. This study investigates the physicochemical effects of using Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based stabilizers for rapid stabilization of weak clays, focusing on early age (<1 day) reaction kinetics and its effect on the short-term and long-term engineering characteristics. Geochemical modeling is proposed to model the chemical kinetics and predict the formation of strength-enhancing products in the stabilized soil mixtures. The study investigates the unconfined compression strength and durability (cyclic wetting and drying) of stabilized soil. Results showed stabilizers with a higher proportion (50 wt. percentage or more) of CSA (CSA-rich) achieved up to 80 % of the 28–day strength in 60 min after stabilization. Mineralogical characterization using X-Ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy, identified Ettringite in CSA-rich stabilizers and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates (C-S-H) in stabilizers with a higher (50 wt. percentage or more) proportion of Portland Cement (PC-rich) stabilizers as key strength-enhancing products. Integrating the modeling results with the engineering and mineralogical characterization provided valuable insights into the rapid stabilization mechanisms of CSA cement.

Tu-Nam Nguyen, Michael Lowry, Thien Q. Tran et al.

Quarry by-products (QB), including screenings, pond fines, and baghouse fines, present a significant surplus, since they are not significantly utilized in other markets and industries. This study explores the use of seven different QB as direct replacements of limestone powder in a portland limestone cement for paste and mortar applications. Cement replacements ranging from 5 % to 20 % by volume were explored, and testing included compressive and flexural strengths, isothermal calorimetry, pore solution analysis, alkali-silica reaction, and reactivity analysis. Expectedly, the results demonstrated that not all QB yielded equivalent performance. All mortars with 5 % and 15 % QB substitution had lower compressive strengths than the control, with the 15 % QB substitution performing worse. However, the mortars with QB had higher flexural strengths than the control. The 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % QB substitution samples decreased the cumulative heat at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, with a higher substitution having a stronger decreasing effect. QB 2 and QB 7 were found to only slightly decrease the cumulative heat at 5 % substitution. Furthermore, QB 2 was found to significantly accelerate the silicate and aluminate heat evolution peaks, while QB 1, QB 3, QB 4, QB 5, and QB 7 only slightly accelerated the silicate and/or aluminate peaks. The pore solution of mortars with 5 % and 15 % QB substitution were found to have a lower pH and, in general, increased calcium and silicon contents. QB 2 was found to be moderately ASR reactive, while QB 7 was found to be ASR reactive. All QB were found to be non-pozzolanic; however, they may still be of use in other portland cement applications.

Y. Cui, Y. Cui, Q. Wu et al.

<p>Mercury emissions from human activities persist in the environment, posing risks to humans and ecosystem, and are regulated by the Minamata Convention. Understanding historical mercury emissions is critical for explaining their presence in the environment, and a long-term gridded emission inventory is essential for simulation and evaluation. While previous studies have improved the spatial resolution of emission inventories for recent years, few have combined long timescales with high spatial resolutions. Here, we compile a new comprehensive point source database by fusing multiple data sources and integrate it with the previous China Atmospheric Mercury Emission model to develop a long-term gridded emission inventory for China, covering 1978–2021, named P-CAME. By integrating point sources, P-CAME improves the accuracy of gridded emissions, reducing the normalized mean error by 108 % compared to an inventory without point sources for the most recent year of 2021. P-CAME highlights potential pollution hotspots, revealing that 20 % of cumulative emissions originate from just 0.3 % of the grids, primarily in the provinces of Gansu, Yunnan, and Hunan. These areas are dominated by non-ferrous metal smelting or mixed emissions from coal-fired industries and cement production. P-CAME also demonstrates consistency with observed Hg<span class="inline-formula">⁰</span> (gaseous elemental mercury) concentration trends over the past decade and shows potential to enhance the simulation of atmospheric mercury concentrations in urban areas, though its capacity is still limited by overall model performance. With improvements in terms of spatial distribution accuracy and reliable long-term trends, this updated inventory will provide valuable data support for global emissions modeling, facilitate assessments of mercury cycling and legacy impacts, and aid in the evaluation of the Minamata Convention. The dataset can be found at <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26076907">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26076907</a> (Cui et al., 2024).</p>

Kannosuke Shiraishi, Kazuo Yamada, Takashi Kawakami et al.

Concrete expansion due to an alkali-silica reaction (ASR) occurs when alkali ions (OH⁻) in the pore water react with silica minerals in reactive aggregates. To mitigate ASR expansion, the concentration of alkali ions determined primarily by the amount of alkali metals derived from cement has to be controlled. In addition to silica minerals, minerals in the aggregates containing alkali metals may also undergo reactions, resulting in the dissolution of alkali metals. It is considered that this release increases the OH⁻ concentration. This alkali metal dissolution reaction is referred to as alkali release. This phenomenon was investigated through the concrete prism test using a reactive chert aggregate and nepheline syenite (NS) powder, an alkali-rich rock. The results indicated that the addition of NS contributed to increased expansion over the storage period. At an NS addition of 5 % by mass of fine aggregate (NS5 %), the alkali dissolution from NS, estimated from the expansion, was 9.2 kg/m³, which closely matched the measured water-soluble alkali content of the concrete, 8.2 kg/m³. However, when the NS addition was increased to 10 % (NS10 %), the water-soluble alkali content increased to 11.2 kg/m³, yet the expansion rate remained unchanged compared to NS5 %. Thus, alkali dissolution beyond a certain threshold did not contribute further to expansion. Additionally, the alkali dissolution from NS, as evaluated using RILEM AAR-8, was considerably underestimated, with values of 0.13 kg/m³ for NS5 % and 0.25 kg/m³ for NS10 %.

Bahareh Kamyab Moghadas, Hamed Fallah Fard, Mansoure Ghasemi

Industrial wastes require special attention due to the chemical substances and compounds generated at various production stages, which can have significant environmental impacts. In the petrochemical industries' wastewater treatment units, a wide range of environmental pollutants with different compounds such as olefin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other pollutants are formed based on the type of their products. These contaminants can cause severe problems for the environment. Recovering and reusing as many of these compounds as possible can eliminate their polluting effects and provide economic benefits. Since the wastewater treatment system in many petrochemical complex utility units are based on the biological treatment by activated sludge method, most of these materials and contaminants accumulate in the form of sludge from the wastewater treatment system. Therefore, to analyze the chemical and biological constituents of sludge and sludge ash, at first, the X-ray fluorescence and X-ray emission methods were applied. Then, appropriate solutions were proposed to investigate the industrial use of biological sludge from the industrial effluent treatment unit of a petrochemical company in production of sludge ash cement samples were studied. This study showed that the average compressive strength of concrete tested in three days reached 246 kg / cm2, 361 kg / cm2, and 495 kg / cm2 within curing durations of 3, 7 &amp; 28 days accordingly.

Reza Homayoonmehr, A. Ramezanianpour, Mohammadamin Mirdarsoltany

R. Snellings

The partial replacement of Portland clinker by supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is one of the most popular and effective measures to reduce both costs and CO2 emissions related to cement production. An estimated 800 Mt/y of blast furnace slags, fly ashes and other materials are currently being used as SCM, but still the cement industry accounts for 5-8% of global CO2 emissions. If no further actions are taken, by the year 2050 this share might even rise beyond 25%. There is thus a clear challenge as to how emissions will be kept at bay and sustainability targets set by international commitments and policy documents will be met.Part of the solution will be a further roll-out of blended cements in which SCMs constitute the main part of the binder to which activators such as Portland cement are added. Since supply concerns are being raised for conventional high-quality SCMs it is clear that new materials and beneficiation technologies will need to step in to achieve further progress. This paper presents opportunities and challenges for new SCMs and demonstrates how advances towards more powerful and reliable characterisation techniques help to better understand and exploit SCM reactivity.

D. Sadek, M. M. El-Attar, H. A. Ali

K. E. Alyamaç, E. Ghafari, R. Ince

Omar F. Najm, Hilal El-Hassan, Amr El-Dieb

Abstract Ladle slag is a by-product of secondary steel treatment. A typical management option for ladle slag is stockpiling in open yards. Given the massive production quantities of such material, this disposal mechanism has posed major environmental concerns over the years. The construction industry is a potential area that may recycle ladle slag as a sustainable replacement to cement binder, thereby reducing the consumption of cement, conserving natural resources, and alleviating greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, this paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the generation, characteristics, and reaction mechanisms of ladle slag. The effect of utilizing ladle slag on the fresh and hardened properties and microstructure of alkali-activated mortar and cement-based conventional and self-compacting concrete is also reviewed. Findings highlighted that utilizing ladle slag by the concrete industry is possible with favorable properties when certain preprocessing measurements, such as milling, sieving, and gypsum addition, are implemented. Furthermore, it is concluded that the degree of reaction and performance of alkali-activated mortar and concrete are dependent on the curing temperature and the type and components of the alkaline activator solution. Also, the replacement of 20% cement with ladle slag does not compromise the strength and durability aspects of cement-based concrete. From an environmental perspective, ladle slag is considered a non-hazardous material suitable for use in construction applications. The research gaps in the existing knowledge and future research directions are also identified.

Hussein M. Hamada, B. Thomas, F. Yahaya et al.

Abstract Cement concrete has been popularly used as a construction material with an approximate annual consumption of 10 billion tons. Increase in urbanization and industrialization increased the demand of concrete materials at recent days. It has been estimated that the cement industry alone generates approximately 6–7% of the total CO 2 emissions. These environmental concerns demand the use of alternative renewable and sustainable materials to produce green concrete. Meanwhile, a large amount of agricultural waste, especially palm oil waste is disposed into the open area and landfills, causing serious environmental problems. An estimated 12 million tons of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is generated in the world per annum. To minimize the passive effects of concrete production using traditional Portland cement , it was recommended by many researchers to adopt the palm oil waste fall-outs as a supplementary cementitious material . It may be considered a suitable and reliable source for better solutions to magnify the sustainability of the construction industry. This paper reviews the potential utilization of POFA as an alternative cementitious material in concrete. The impact of POFA on the fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete are deliberated, providing a brief of the current knowing about a suitable utilization of POFA as SCM to promote a sustainable environment in the construction industry. The grinding treatment of raw POFA particles significantly enhances the quality of POFA in terms of compressive strength , resistance against aggressive environments and assist in reducing the drying shrinkage of concrete, although there is a tendency to increase the water absorption and delay the hydration heat of cement mortar . The high quantity of SiO 2 in POFA enables pozzolanic reaction and delays the setting times with the addition of CaO to produce further C–S–H gels. The utilization of POFA (20%), ultrafine POFA and nano POFA (30%) can produce high strength and durable concrete, proving to be a promising contribution towards the sustainability of the construction industry.

Maria Pliaka, G. Gaidajis

Abstract Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that is produced during the phosphoric acid production process. Annual global PG production ranges between 100 to 300 Mt, with only 15% of that utilized while the rest is usually placed on large dumps with potential serious human and environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to give an overview and to evaluate the existing and potential uses of PG that extend from soil stabilization to cement and chemical industry and for agricultural to geotechnical, human impacts, and environmental applications. More specifically, PG can be used as a substitute in the cement industry, in building materials and in road construction, as a fertilizer for soil improvement, as a raw material for the production of some chemicals, and as a backfilling material for the rehabilitation of abandoned mines and quarries, while the recovery of gypsum and the extraction of rare earth elements signifies the potential importance of PG to cyclic economy. The paper offers an extensive overview of existing and potential uses of PG, discusses their adequacy, and reveals that PG can be widely used under certain conditions, rather than disposed as waste in stockpiles.

N. B. Singh

Clay is a naturally occurring material that can be converted to different clay minerals through thermal treatments, and can be used for the development of different products. Clays and clay minerals have been used for different applications in different sectors. Detailed information regarding the applications of these materials in the construction industry are described. Clay has been used as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement (OPC) mortars and concretes. These minerals decrease raw materials and CO2 emissions during the production of Portland cement clinker and, at the same time, increase the compressive strength of concrete at a later age. Therefore, they are conducive to the sustainability of construction materials. A new type of cement, Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), and a binding material geopolymer cement have also been developed using clay minerals. The properties of these binders have been discussed. Applications of clay products for making bricks have are also described in this article.

Sepideh Behnam, Reza Tehrani, Bita Tabrizian

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the time-varying effects of gold, crude oil, and currency markets on herding behavior of investors in selected industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange. This study is classified as applicable and causal-ex post-event research, and the required data were collected through library and documentary methods from the Tehran Stock Exchange and international sources. The time scope of the study includes the period from 2020 to 2025 to enable the analysis of investor behavior in different economic conditions and price fluctuations in global markets. The statistical population of the study includes companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the automotive, cement, and chemical products industries. The dependent variable, herding behavior of investors, is calculated using the cross-sectional absolute deviation index of returns. In order to analyze the effect of global markets; oil market returns, gold market returns, and exchange rates have been added to the model to assess the role of these variables in intensifying or weakening the collective behavior of investors in different industries. The findings show that the effect of global markets on the collective behavior of investors varies across industries and that investor behavior is not solely domestic in origin. Also, the intensity of collective behavior is different in bullish and bearish markets and cannot be generalized to the entire market. The results of the present study can help investors, industry managers, and policymakers better understand the effect of global markets on investment decisions and risk management. Introduction Financial and commodity markets have always been known as the main arteries of the global economy, and their developments have widespread effects on other economic and industrial sectors. Among these markets, the gold, crude oil, and foreign exchange markets have a special place; because price changes in these three markets not only affect macroeconomic policies and government decisions, but also directly and indirectly affect the behavior of investors and economic activists (Heidari et al., 2021). The gold market, as a support for maintaining the value of assets, has always been considered in times of economic uncertainty. Crude oil, as the most important source of energy and one of the key factors in economic and industrial growth, is considered one of the most sensitive strategic commodities in the world. On the other hand, the foreign exchange market plays a pivotal role in economic stability or instability, given its role in international exchanges and determining investment rates. Fluctuations in these markets can drastically change economic expectations and decisions and change the direction of various industries (Alamsyah, et al., 2023). An important phenomena that has attracted the attention of financial and economic researchers in recent years is herd behavior. This behavior refers to a situation in which investors and economic activists make their decisions not based on individual and rational analysis, but under the influence of the crowd and following others. Such a tendency becomes more intense in special conditions such as severe fluctuations in global markets or financial crises and can cause the formation of price bubbles, increase systematic risk and market instability (Adnan et al., 2023). Since the fluctuations of gold, crude oil and foreign exchange markets are dynamic and time-dependent in nature; their effects on the behavior of investors in selected industries are not constant and uniform. Rather, these effects can be intense and weak in different time periods and even strengthen or weaken herd behavior at some points. Therefore, examining the time-varying effect of these markets is of great importance; because it can provide a more accurate understanding of the interactions between global markets and domestic industries and help policymakers, investors, and industry managers to manage risk and adopt intelligent strategies. Accordingly, the present study attempts to answer this fundamental question by focusing on the temporal and dynamic nature of global markets: Can the temporal variable of gold, crude oil, and foreign exchange markets affect the herd behavior of investors in selected industries? Theoretical foundations Herd behavior One of the important topics in the field of behavioral finance is the phenomenon of herd behavior. Herd behavior refers to the tendency of investors to imitate and follow the decisions of other market actors, without considering rational and individual analyses. Shiller (2000) believes that in conditions of increasing market uncertainty, investors increasingly seek to emulate the behavior of others. This can lead to the formation of price bubbles and abnormal fluctuations in financial markets. As a result, herd behavior is recognized as one of the factors affecting financial instability and systematic risk (Wang et al., 2022). Herd behavior can be observed in fashion and following fleeting behaviors, even such simple decisions require careful research on how to make them. There is a prevailing belief among financial economists and market professionals that investors are influenced by the decisions of other investors, and this influence is called the first-mover effect. In the financial field, herd behavior can be potentially universal and general (Patwarani et al., 2023). There are several ways to define herd behavior. In general, herd behavior can be defined as the existence of correlations among investor behavior (Filip et al., 2023). Of course, the fact that a group of investors trade similar stocks in the same direction and over the same period of time does not necessarily mean that they are influenced by others (Xing et al., 2024). Even when investors are independently influenced by information or a common factor, it can lead to unrealistic and uninformed herd trading. Therefore, a more limited definition of herding behavior may only consider transactions with correlation resulting from imitation. In other words, a more limited definition of group behavior focuses only on the correlation in transactions resulting from interaction between investors (Asim et al., 2024). Herding behavior is the behavior of investors in the market that leads to ignoring their own predictions and beliefs about stock prices and making investment decisions based solely on the behavior of the entire market. Herding behavior has been defined as the explicit investors (Asadi et al., 2021). Aghaei (2025) in a study titled “Empirical Analysis of Investor Herding Behavior in the Stock Market: Evidence from Different Economic and Social Conditions in Iran” examined data from 2015 to  2022 using the ordinary least squares method and quartile regression. The results showed that herd behavior is evident in most quartiles and in different market conditions; this behavior was stronger before currency fluctuations and before the outbreak of COVID-19, but has decreased or turned into the opposite behavior since then. Chen et al. (2024) in a study titled “The Impact of Investor Sentiment on Herding and Counter-Herding Behavior in the Cryptocurrency Market” classified cryptocurrencies into clean and dirty based on energy consumption and analyzed the data based on economic news. The results indicate that positive economic news strengthens herd behavior in clean currencies and intensifies anti-herding behavior in dirty currencies. Research Findings The present study showed that the herd behavior of investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange is influenced by domestic factors and global markets such as foreign exchange, gold, and crude oil, and its intensity varies depending on the type of industry and market conditions. The chemical and petroleum industries were most affected by foreign markets, while the cement, basic metals, and automotive industries were less affected. Herding behavior varied during periods of market ups and downs and cannot be generalized to the entire market. The results also emphasize that digital transformation and the level of information disclosure can reduce the severity of herding behavior. Therefore, a detailed analysis of investor behavior requires a simultaneous examination of internal and external factors and the specific conditions of each industry. Discussion and Conclusion Achieving sustainable economic growth requires the optimal use of investment resources, and this is not possible without an efficient capital market. Understanding the decision-making process of investors and their herding behavior is of particular importance in this regard, because it shows how investors analyze information and choose their investments. The findings of the present study showed that herding behavior of investors in selected industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange is not only caused by internal factors, but also affected by global markets such as foreign exchange, gold, and crude oil. These results are consistent with previous studies; for example, Chen et al. (2024) showed that different digital currency markets influence investor behavior in a herd-like or anti-herd manner, and the intensity of this behavior varies depending on the type of asset and market conditions. Also, the role of global markets in the formation of investor herd behavior is consistent with the results of Ebrahimi et al. (2024) and Rostmai et al. (2022). These studies showed that oil market returns and liquidity can increase the intensity of herd behavior, and this effect varies during periods of market boom and recession. Similarly, the present study also showed that the foreign exchange market has the greatest impact on the chemical and petroleum products industries, while it has no effect on the cement, gypsum, lime, basic metals, and automotive industries. These differences could be due to the specific market structure of each industry and the type of investors active in it; as Li et al. (2024b) showed that digital transformation and the level of information disclosure can reduce corporate herding behavior, and the severity of this behavior varies depending on internal and external conditions. Therefore, herding behavior cannot be generalized to the entire market and there is a need for analysis at the level of different industries. Furthermore, the results of the present study confirm that herd behavior also differs in bullish and bearish markets. This finding is consistent with the evidence of Li et al. (2024a) at the global level and Chen et al. (2024) in digital currency markets; that is, external sources and market conditions can strengthen or weaken investor behavior differently during bullish and bearish periods. Overall, the present study suggests that the analysis of herd behavior should consider both internal and external factors and be conducted at the industry level to make investor and policymaker decision-making more accurate and targeted.

E. Saadaoui, Naziha Ghazel, Chokri Ben Romdhane et al.

Antonis Peppas, Doris Skenderas, Chrysa Politi et al.

Magnesite (MgCO₃) is a carbonate mineral, which is calcinated and further processed to generate magnesia (MgO) refractory materials and other products. MgCO₃ products are mainly used in the iron and steel industries, in cement manufacture as a refractory material, and as raw materials in the chemical industry, in agriculture, etc. The MgO refractory industry is linked with carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions released not only from the fuel combustion in the production process of MgCO₃, but also from its decomposition. Even though the exact amount of CO₂ eq. depends on the specific product, there is the urge to minimise the CO₂ emitted from MgO₃ processing. Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) technology has gained ground in recent years in this industry. The incorporation of CCU systems for the processing of fuel gases has been investigated as a means to contribute further to the decarbonisation of the extractive industries. The CO₂ captured through this process can be converted into a value-added chemical or liquid fuel. This study aims to overview the impact of the application of CCU technologies in MgCO₃ processing lines and the conversion of the captured CO₂ to methanol (MeOH). In this regard, the strengths (S), the weaknesses (W), the opportunities (O), and the threats (T) of the proposed concept will be discussed in a SWOT analysis coupled with the environmental and techno-economic aspects.

Mohammad Ali Asaad, Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Ruhal Pervez Memon et al.

In the construction industries worldwide, improving the materials durability and achieving sustainability are the main goal. Owing to their excellent strength performance various alkali-activated binders can be one of the alternative solutions to the polluting traditional cement. Currently, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) is the major base material used in the alkali-activated binders. High drying shrinkage and low resistance to sulfuric acid attack affect negatively the durability performance and life span of alkali-activated paste, mortars, and concretes made from GBFS. Thus, a series of alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) were designed with various contents (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25, mass%) of metakaolin (MK) as GBFS replacement to improve their strength performance. In addition, the strength and durability performance of the designed mixes were compared with the control mixture prepared using 100% of GBFS. The impact of varying MK level on the long-term performance such as compressive strength, porosity, resistance to sulfuric acid attacks, wet-dry cycles, drying shrinkage, and carbonation were evaluated. Various recommended standards were followed to cast the specimens in different shapes (cubes, cylinders, and prisms) and sizes. Mortar containing 10% of MK as GBFS replacement showed the highest compressive strength (63.4 MPa) at 28 days of curing age. Furthermore, the inclusion of MK as GBFS replacement was shown to improve the AAMs durability performance wherein the drying shrinkage was reduced and the resistance to aggressive environments was increased. The specimens containing 5% and 10% of MK revealed a lower porosity and carbonation depth compared to the control specimen. It was concluded that the proposed AAMs due to their long-term stability can be the sustainable and potential substitutes to the traditional construction materials.