Integrating multisource Earth observation data and reconstructing subsurface thermohaline structures from remote sensing at global and basin scales will provide a better understanding of oceans. However, previous methods relied on layer-by-layer modeling, which required separate reconstruction of subsurface temperature and salinity fields at different depths, resulting in many models, inefficiency, and weak vertical connections between thermohaline data at different depths. A fast deep neural network-based reconstruction can reduce models and enhance the overall consistency of thermohaline data, which is significant for the reconstruction of ocean environmental variables. This study proposes an improved Swin Transformer approach, i.e. SwinOcean3D, to perform one-shot reconstruction of three-dimensional (3-D) thermohaline structures (upper 1000 m) in different scales of Global (1° × 1°) and Indian Oceans (0.25° × 0.25°) by integrating multisource remote sensing and observation-based ocean products. SwinOcean3D combines the Swin Transformer, U-net, and dual-residual blocks to enhance the representation capability of the global scale, local detailed, and vertical features of ocean thermohaline structures. The significant advantages of SwinOcean3D in the reconstruction of multiscale 3-D thermohaline structures outperform other classical approaches. Furthermore, interpretability experiments suggest that SwinOcean3D can effectively capture the evolution of 3-D thermohaline structures from multisource observations.
У статті проведено комплексне дослідження, метою якого є теоретичне обґрунтування та оцінка еколого-економічних детермінант формування вартості земель сільськогосподарського призначення на деокупованих територіях (на прикладі Броварського району Київської області). Актуальність роботи зумовлена потребою в об’єктивній оцінці земельних активів, що зазнали безпосереднього впливу військових дій. Для досягнення мети реалізовано порівняльний аналіз ринкових цін довоєнного (2021-2022 рр.) та післяокупаційного (2024-2025 рр.) періодів на основі даних вторинного ринку.
Результати аналізу виявили суттєве зниження середньої вартості земель сільськогосподарського призначення. Отримані дані свідчать, що землі різних видів цільового призначення зазнали неоднакового зниження вартості. Зафіксовано та обґрунтовано ключові еколого-економічні фактори, що впливають на зміну вартості земель, зокрема, техногенне забруднення внаслідок бойових дій та зміна структури ринку пропозицій. Також під час проведеня дослідження враховано фактор високої вартості розмінування та проведення при необхідності рекультивації земель сільськогосподарського призначення.
Результати дослідження підкреслюють неоднорідність впливу війни на різні типи земель сільськогосподарського призначення та вказують на необхідність розробки комплексних програм відновлення, рекультивації та економічного стимулювання для підвищення інвестиційної привабливості цих територій.
Отримано: 09.12.2025;
Прийнято: 18.03.2026
María Isabel De La Cruz Luis, Sandra Martínez Cuevas, María del Carmen Morillo Balsera
Durante la última década, el municipio de Guadalajara, Jalisco (México) enfrenta los retos de una urbanización acelerada y dispersa en la que resalta la fuerte demanda de viviendas asequibles que garanticen el bienestar de la población que en la urbe habita. No obstante, el municipio carece de un criterio de valoración objetivo. Razón por la que la investigación se centra en realizar el análisis estadístico clásico y geoestadístico para evaluar el mercado inmobiliario local. La aplicación de la estadística en el ámbito de la valoración inmobiliaria pretende el análisis de datos provenientes de una muestra representativa de viviendas del municipio que permita explicar las correlaciones y dependencias de las mismas con la finalidad de estimar su valor. Por tanto, el análisis valorativo de las viviendas particulares del municipio de Guadalajara parte de la recopilación y homogenización de la información espacial disponible del Catastro y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) categorizando variables, a nivel de manzana, que influyen en el precio de las viviendas. Tras obtener estas variables, se utilizaron dos técnicas estadísticas para su análisis. El modelo de Regresión Lineal Múltiple de los datos que identifica las variables que influyen en el valor del inmueble permitiendo comprender la relación entre distintas variables y el valor inmobiliario, así como predecir o estimar los precios de las viviendas. La segunda técnica aplicada fue el análisis estadístico espacial mediante el Kriging Ordinario, que permitió estimar valores desconocidos o no muestreados considerando no solo la proximidad de los puntos conocidos, sino también la relación espacial entre ellos, generando un mapa de las estimaciones de los valores inmobiliarios en toda la zona de estudio. La combinación de estos métodos nos permite abordar de manera integral la complejidad de las relaciones espaciales y multivariadas del mercado inmobiliario en la zona de estudio.
Alpine land cover (ALC) is facing many challenges with climatic change, biodiversity reduction and other cascading ecosystem damage triggered by natural and anthropogenic interference. Although several global land cover products and thematic maps are already available, their mapping accuracy of alpine and montane regions remains unsatisfactory due to the data acquisition, methodology, and workflow design constraints. Therefore, in this paper, a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) in Google Earth Engine (GEE) was developed to map the ALC types of the Yarlung Zangbo river basin (YZRB) in the Tibetan plateau using multi-source remote sensing data. The DCNN algorithm was offline trained using automatically generating samples and online deployed in the GEE for a large-scale ALC mapping. Moreover, a set of fine land cover classification system (containing 14 ALC types) was also established in accordance with the natural situation of the YZRB. The overall accuracy and kappa were 86.24% and 0.8156, which were higher than traditional classification algorithms. The spatial distribution of ALC types was analyzed in different gradient zones, and a clear altitudinal characteristic was noticed. The terrain of the YZRB from upper-stream to down-stream with an elevation dramatically decreases, and corresponding to vertical zonal changes from glacier and permanent snow/ice, barren gravel land, alpine desert steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow, shrubs, to tree cover. The product can provide valuable land cover information to support alpine ecosystem conservation.
Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is a major anthropogenic alteration of Earth’s surface and can influence the local thermal environment by altering the surface energy flux balances. Researchers have paid much attention to SUHI studies in the last decades; still, its geospatial variability over a larger area is poorly understood. Detailed research is required to understand the mechanism and dynamics of SUHI along with its different driving variables. Hence in this study, we quantified the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variation of SUHI intensity (SUHII) over 150 major Indian cities situated over different climatic zones using MODIS data from 2003 to 2018. The results reveal urban cool islands occurrence over the hot desert, hot steppe, and tropical monsoon climatic zone during daytime in both summer (−0.25 to −0.17°C) and winter (−0.33 to 0.17°C) season. In contrast, nighttime SUHII shows clear evidence of positive urban heat island irrespective of climatic region and seasonal variation of 0.48–1°C in summer and 0.46–1.32°C in winter is seen. The Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator tests are used to detect the trend of the SUHII during the study period, which suggests a higher percentage of cities showing an increasing trend of SUHII for urban heat islands than the cities of the urban cool island. Pearson’s correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression model determine the possible SUHII controlling variable over different climatic zones. During the daytime, the SUHII’s distribution is controlled by vegetation, evapotranspiration, and thermal inertia in the summer/winter season. Whereas, it is linked tightly to built-up intensity, white sky albedo, and thermal inertia in both seasons during nighttime. Overall, we found that the stepwise multiple linear regression model can explain the SUHII variance more in the daytime (>0.8) than in nighttime (>0.7, except for tropical cities) and more in understanding the SUHII behaviors for cool cities as compared to hot cities. Moreover, this study also quantifies the significant control of thermal inertia and soil moisture in understating urban heat and cool island behavior over different climatic zones.
Most lakes have undergone significant changes on the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades, affecting water resources on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. In this paper, we investigated the variations of 25 lakes in five sub-regions on the Tibetan Plateau from 1972 to 2019 based on SRTM DEM data and Landsat imagery. We used a method to derive lake-levels based on DEM and lake boundaries delineated from Landsat imagery, and then calculated the changes in lake area, level, and volume in 1972 to 2019. We also analyzed the potential impacts of temperature, precipitation, glacial and permafrost melting in lake changes during this period. The results show that the lakes tended to shrink until 2010 in southern and western plateau, after which they began to expand gradually but the overall trend is still shrinking. Limited meltwater from glaciers and permafrost and low precipitation are the main reasons for their shrinkage. The lakes in the central plateau, northwest plateau and northeast plateau tend to expand overall. The reason for the expansion of the lakes is not only precipitation but also the melting of glaciers and permafrost. Overall, the lake changes have gone through 3 phases, namely a slight decrease during 1972–2000, a rapid increase during 2000–2010, and a slowdown in the last decade (2010–2019). Multiple factors such as temperature, precipitation, the state of glaciers and permafrost have contributed to the changes in the lake.
Various countries have rapidly implemented strict actions to slow the blowout of COVID-19. Many events were dis-regarded, and anthropogenic activities such as industrial and transport systems were at a stoppage. Many countries were on lockdown, including the largest emitters of carbon dioxide. Due to these lockdowns, anthropogenic activities have been reduced and reported that air quality improves at a regional scale in many countries, including India. Therefore, the current study using Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT/IBUKI) datasets to monitor the fluctuation of the average global concentration of dry mole fractions of atmospheric Methane (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) during these pandemic lockdowns from January to June 2020. Outputs emphasize no significant reduction in the average concentration of dry mole fractions of atmospheric CH4 over the globe, but a minor reduction was observed in global CO2 engagement. The average concentration of both gases compares at each ten-degree latitude. The study reveals that, against the regional breakdowns, these short time lockdowns are not enough to control the concentration of these greenhouse gases at a larger scale, such as 10˚ latitude and globally, except for a minor reduction in CO2 concentration.
<p class="western"><span style="color: #00000a;"><span lang="en-GB">Reconstruction of historical spatial relationships is still a topical issue in historical geography. In this respect, the Church history has not been well explored. The parish administration in the Czech lands is evolving since the advent of Christianity in 863, and a number of reforms have passed over the centuries. Significant changes in the administration also underwent during recatholisation of the Czech lands in the 17th</span></span><span style="color: #00000a;"><span lang="en-GB"> and 18th</span></span><span style="color: #00000a;"><span lang="en-GB">century. From this Baroque era, there are written sources which have been preserved, so they can be utilized to reconstruct historical Church administration in the form of web mapping application. The paper briefly introduces methods which were used to build a spatial database filled with historical data. However, the main outcome of this paper is to describe the creation of the web mapping application that provides visualisation of this data. Discussed are topics like cartographic project, choice of map symbols, data generalization for different levels of detail and placement of annotations. Display of cartographic data were performed using the ArcGIS platform, through a combination of map tiles and feature services that are bundled into the application template created in Web AppBuilder.</span></span></p>
The recent emergence of deep learning for characterizing complex patterns in remote sensing imagery reveals its high potential to address some classic challenges in this domain, e.g. scene classification. Typical deep learning models require extremely large datasets with rich contents to train a multilayer structure in order to capture the essential features of scenes. Compared with the benchmark datasets used in popular deep learning frameworks, however, the volumes of available remote sensing datasets are particularly limited, which have restricted deep learning methods from achieving full performance gains. In order to address this fundamental problem, this article introduces a methodology to not only enhance the volume and completeness of training data for any remote sensing datasets, but also exploit the enhanced datasets to train a deep convolutional neural network that achieves state-of-the-art scene classification performance. Specifically, we propose to enhance any original dataset by applying three operations – flip, translation, and rotation to generate augmented data – and use the augmented dataset to train and obtain a more descriptive deep model. The proposed methodology is validated in three recently released remote sensing datasets, and confirmed as an effective technique that significantly contributes to potentially revolutionary changes in remote sensing scene classification, empowered by deep learning.
Jarocińska Anna M., Kacprzyk Monika, Marcinkowska-Ochtyra Adriana
et al.
Information about vegetation condition is needed for the effective management of natural resources and the estimation of the effectiveness of nature conservation. The aim of the study was to analyse the condition of non-forest mountain communities: synanthropic communities and natural grasslands. UNESCO’s M&B Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve was selected as the research area. The analysis was based on 40 field test polygons and APEX hyperspectral images. The field measurements allowed the collection of biophysical parameters - Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and chlorophyll content - which were correlated with vegetation indices calculated using the APEX images. Correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (general condition, plant structure) and total area of leaves (LAI), as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR). The outcomes show that the non-forest communities in the Karkonosze are in good condition, with the synanthropic communities characterised by better condition compared to the natural communities.
L. A. Abramova, Y. A. Anisimov, M. Y. Grishchenko
et al.
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9px; color: #000000;">Thermal infrared imagery contains considerable amount of qualitative information about ground objects and landscapes. In spite of it, this type of data is often used to derive quantitative information such as land or sea surface temperatures. This paper describes the examination of Altacheysky wildlife area situated in the southern part of Buryatia Republic, Mukhorshibirsky district based on Landsat imagery and ground observations. Ground observations were led to study the vegetation cover of the area. Landsat imagery were used to make multitemporal thermal infrared image combined of 7 ETM+ scenes and to make multispectral image combined of different zones of a OLI scene. Both images were classified. The multitemporal thermal infrared classification result was used to compose thermal structure map of the wildlife area. Comparison of the map, multispectral image classification result and ground observations data reveals that thermal structure map describes better the particularities of Altacheysky wildlife area vegetation cover. </span></p>
Francesco Mancini, Marco Dubbini, Francesco Stecchi
Come noto anche dalle più recenti cronache dei quotidiani l’attività solare si trova in un periodo di rapida crescita, all’interno di un ciclo periodico della durata di 11 anni. Questo si traduce nella presenza di macchie solari (Sunspot), eruzioni solari ed emissione di massa coronarica che producono campi magnetici che dalla superficie, attraverso il cosiddetto vento solare, arrivano ad alterare l’equilibrio del campo magnetico terrestre. Lo strato più periferico dell’atmosfera terrestre, la ionosfera, è il primo a subire gli effetti prodotti dall’attività solare in quanto gli ioni e le molecole ionizzate che esso continente tendono ad aumentare come numero in seguito all’attività ionizzante prodotta dal “vento solare”. La ionizzazione dello strato ionosferico, a sua volta, incide sulla propagazione dei segnali GNSS, essendo la ionosfera un mezzo dispersivo (che influenza in modo selettivo i segnali in funzione delle loro caratteristiche). Questo studio cerca di verificare quali possono essere gli effetti dell’attività solare sulle prestazioni dei servizi NRTK (Network Real Time Kinematic) attraverso l’analisi delle prestazioni raggiunte dagli utenti di un servizio di posizionamento nell’anno 2011, periodo caratterizzato da una rapida ascesa dell’attività solare verso i massimi previsti per il primo semestre del 2013.
As recognized by hundreds of years of sun observation by the researcher in eliophysics, the Sun is now entering in a period of increased activity. The producing of sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass ejection from the Sun’s surface is able to create anomalies in the magnetic field that could stream towards the Earth. The terrestrial magnetic field may be influenced by the “solar wind” and the ionized upper layer of the atmosphere, called ionosphere, could be affected by scintillation and induced delays of the travelling signals. Several critical infrastructures would be influenced by such a disturbance. The 11-years long cycle of solar activity is expected to reach the peak by the middle of the year 2013 and possible effects on the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) services have to be accounted for. This is because of the properties by the ionospheric layers to delay the GNSS signals depending on the electron density within the ionospheric strata. This study focuses on the effects of the ionospheric disturbance on the NRTK (Network Real Time Kinematic) services through the analysis of the performances achieved by the users during the year 2011, when a fast rising in ionospheric activity was recorded by the end of the year. A relationship between the reliability of positioning and the ionospheric activity was found.
Vagner Gonçalves Ferreira, Silvio Rogério Correia de Freitas, Bernhard Heck
Neste trabalho são apresentadas a determinação e análise da diferença de geopotencial do Datum Vertical Brasileiro em relação ao geoide associado ao Earth Gravity Model 2008 (EGM2008). Empregou-se o EGM2008 devido à alta resolução do mesmo, para a área de estudos, 8,06 km. Para a região no entorno do Datum Vertical Brasileiro o Earth Gravity Model 96 (EGM96) não apresenta resolução suficiente para refletir as componentes de alta frequência do campo da gravidade. Neste caso, seria necessária uma área suficientemente grande com informações GNSS/Nivelamento para suavizar a alta frequência das componentes da gravidade. O afastamento vertical da origem do sistema de altitudes brasileiras em relação à superfície equipotencial do EGM2008 foi determinado com um método estruturado com base na análise nos resíduos do geopotencial sobre uma rede primária regional de 20 pontos GNSS/Nivelamento associados à gravimetria e um conjunto de estações derivadas. O afastamento vertical das superfícies correspondentes e, consequentemente, a diferença de potencial entre as duas superfícies foram determinados respectivamente como de
-0,310,01m e 3,04-+0,08 m2s-2. Como destaque do método desenvolvido evidencia-se a possibilidade da determinação do afastamento vertical com vistas à unificação de data altimétricos sem o cálculo de modelos geoidais, e como consequência, sem a propagação dos erros envolvidos no cálculo destes modelos.
Gracieli Trentin, Maria Isabel Castreghini de Freitas
O acelerado crescimento de áreas urbanas demanda novas metodologias de análise que possam contribuir e antecipar ações de planejamento urbano. Neste contexto, foi objetivo deste trabalho utilizar um modelo de autômato celular na modelagem da dinâmica espacial urbana de Americana-SP ao longo de 43 anos (1962-2005) e, posteriormente, simular as tendências de ocupação urbana para o curto e médio prazo. O trabalho foi elaborado com auxílio de sistemas de informação geográfica e do software de simulação DINAMICA EGO, compreendendo basicamente três fases. A primeira envolveu a preparação dos dados para o modelo, especificamente representações de uso da terra para cinco datas (1962, 1977, 1996, 2000 e 2005) que compreenderam os quatro períodos de simulação, além da seleção de variáveis espaciais que pudessem explicar as transições de uso identificadas em cada período. A segunda fase correspondeu à calibração e à validação do modelo, ou seja, foram definidos os parâmetros para a simulação dos cenários para cada um dos períodos definidos. A terceira fase constituiu-se da obtenção dos cenários de prognósticos. Americana apresentou intensa dinâmica espacial no período entre os anos de 1962 e 1996, correspondente aos dois primeiros períodos de simulação. A dinâmica urbana tendeu a desacelerar no período recente, no entanto o município apresenta-se quase totalmente urbanizado. Os cenários de curto e médio prazo indicam tendência de continuidade na dinâmica observada, porém em menor intensidade, conforme se verifica em outras áreas urbanas do país e do mundo.
La cartografía jesuítica constituye una fuente privilegiada para acceder a las formas de producción y uso del conocimiento geográfico y cartográfico referido a las fronteras australes del imperio español. Considerando que los mapas elaborados por los misioneros de la Compañía de Jesús son los primeros en integrar explícitamente el conocimiento espacial de los habitantes del territorio, indagamos sobre las condiciones de obtención de la información, las estrategias de apropiación y organización de los saberes indígenas y la compatibilización de distintas concepciones y representaciones del espacio en la elaboración del mapa. Atendiendo al uso de la producción de los jesuitas, identificamos los principales beneficiarios de este saber calificado. En este estudio examinamos los mapas generales de Patagonia de Alonso de Ovalle (1646), José Cardiel (1746-1747, 1749 y 1751) y Thomas Falkner (1772).<br>Jesuit cartography serves as an exceptional sourcefor gaining access to the ways of production and use of the geographical and cartographic knowledge related to the southern borders of the Spanish empire. Taking into account that the maps produced by the missionaries from the Society ofJesus were the first to explicitly incorporate the spatial knowledge of the local inhabitants, we examined the conditions for collecting information, the strategiesfor appropriation and organization ofindigenous lore and the reconciliation ofdifferent spatial conceptions and representations upon producing the map. Considering the use made of the Jesuit production, we have identified the main beneficiaries from this intimate knowledge. At the present study we examine the general maps ofPatagonia produced by Alonso de Ovalle (1646), José Cardiel (1746-1747, 1749y 1751) and Thomas Falkner (1772).
The territorial vulnerability analysis aims to identify, characterize and prioritize areas from which vulnerability is generated and disseminated in a territory. Risk prevention should give priority to these areas because they can disrupt, jeopardize or interrupt the functioning and development of the territory. The approach was developed under the research program entitled "Information System and Risks in the Metropolitan District of Quito”. The article aims to explain this approach, based on the identification of strategic areas of the territory and the analysis of their vulnerability, and the methodology leading to the cartography of Quito’s territorial vulnerability.
ITN EXPO 2009
From the 15th to the 16th of October the first edition of ITN EXPO: INFRASTRUCTURES, TELEMATICS AND NAVIGATION was held in Turin (Lingotto). ITN 2009 was developed from the combination of two existing events: Infrastructura, an international biennial show dedicated to infrastructural facilities and the conference&expo Telemobility Forum. ITN 2009 offered visitors two days of conferences, informative workshops and seminars of high-level content around the main topics: Infomobility, Infrastructures, Navigation. Workshop conference meetings have been organized with industry managers and public administrators, while thousands of visitors were visiting stands and meeting professionals of the main sectors.
A finales del siglo XVIII, tras la emancipación de la Geografía de las Ciencias Matemáticas y la elevación de la Cartografía a la categoría de disciplina, comienzan a elaborarse mapas en España trazados con precisión y rigor, aunque todavía condicionados por la complementariedad de las fuentes informativas. Tomás López, geógrafo real, remitió un formulario al arzobispado de Burgos para la elaboración del mapa de la diócesis, que fue contestado por don Manuel Francisco de Paula, vicario de la Cuadrilla de Gamonal, quien señala como singularidad más destacable la Cueva Mayor de la Sierra de Atapuerca, a cuya descripción dedica casi la mitad de su exposición, y donde se mezclan al unísono, junto a la admiración y el asombro pertinentes, una gran precisión en la información, aunque todavía aderezada con las más peregrinas fabulaciones y quimeras.
At the end of the XVIIIth century, after the emancipation of Geography from the Mathematical Sciences and the rise of Cartography to the category of a discipline, maps started to be drawn up in Spain with precision and accuracy, although still conditioned by complementary information sources. Tomás López, the Royal geographer, sent, to the Archbishopric of Burgos, a form for making a diocese map. This request was answered by don Manuel Francisco de Paula, vicar of the «Cuadrilla de Gamonal», who points out to «Cueva Mayor de la Sierra de Atapuerca» as the most outstanding place in the diocese. Almost one half of his statement was a detail description of it, mixing the relevant admiration and amazement with a great naivety, dressed up with the most bizarre fables and legends.
Prehistoric archaeology, Auxiliary sciences of history
L’utilizzo della cartografia nei GIS impone una riflessione sulle caratteristiche che essa deve possedere al fine di consentire le elaborazioni tipiche di questi sistemi e rende
necessario verificare quali siano le informazioni che rimangono associate agli oggetti della classe al momento del caricamento dei dati, in formato DXF, all’interno di software GIS. Negli ultimi anni a livello internazionale sono state fissate norme tendenti a individuare linee guida per la definizione della struttura del contenuto semantico della cartografia numerica, delle caratteristiche geometriche e delle relazioni topologiche dell’informazione geografica.