Hasil untuk "Biography"

Тихонов Сергей Семенович

Автор рассматривает процесс сложения одного из позднесредневековых археологических микрорайонов (АМР), сформированного русскими первопроходцами в среднем течении р. Томь. Первыми здесь, на левобережье Томи между устьями рек Мунгат и Уньга, поселились крестьяне – выходцы из деревень, расположенных к северу от Кузнецкой крепости. В 1715 г. для их охраны был поставлен Мунгатский острог, тем самым было завершено освоение русскими первопроходцами всего течения Томи. Примерно в конце первой трети XVIII в. все земли на указанном участке были освоены и началось уплотнение сложившейся системы расселения за счет организации деревень в среднем и верхнем течении небольших левых притоков Томи, а также освоения правого берега реки. По мнению автора, каждую из этих деревень можно считать первичным археологическим микрорайоном, т.к. они занимали ограниченную территорию и отстояли от ближайших деревень на расстояние 10 и более километров, а вокруг них формируются хозяйственные территории. Одна из них – Крапивино, которая находилась в непосредственной близости от Мунгатского острога. На примере этой деревни автор рассматривает формирование АМР и усложнение его структуры. Близ каждого из этих двух населенных пунктов формируются кладбища (даже несколько), появляются храмы, возникают местные дороги, ведущие от острога к деревне, и от них на места ведения хозяйства – пашни, покосы, места заготовки древесины, рыболовные угодья и т.д. В первой трети XX в. острог и деревня слились в единый населенный пункт с несколькими кладбищами, окруженными хозяйственными и промысловыми сооружениями: мельницами, пасеками, летними станами на покосах, местами заготовки камней для изготовления точил и жерновов и т.д. Возможными границами этого комплекса были пороги на р. Томь, а острог и деревню разделяли колки (небольшие лесные массивы) и выпасы, часть из которых использовались как аэродромы в 1940–1960 гг.

Magda Karkowska, Dominika Dałkowska

In this article, we are trying to explain what the titular voice is and how it can be read in relation to both the biography of Olga Tokarczuk and the main motifs appearing in her work and certain lines of thought leading to the discovery of the narrative identity of the subjects, heroes of her books, but also our own, the readers. For this purpose, we will use Duccio Demetrio's (2000) concept of leading notions, which construct a narrative about the person whose biography and views are being analysed. An element of the research strategy is careful work with the text (interview, book, lecture) enabling indirect formulation of conclusions regarding the relationships between the writer's biographical experiences, her profound psychological and cultural education, and the literary narratives created. Demetrio's concept was developed for the purposes of constructing and analysing autobiographies, but it is also applicable to biographical analyses, providing a valuable tool for organizing and hierarchizing the collected biographical material by referring to the key concepts and experiences of the subject, which constitute the spheres of biographical experience, such as incipit, ruit, and exit. An important goal of the undertaken research is to search for such thoughts, threads and motifs in the Nobel Prize winner's work that can be an inspiration for educators, indirectly referring to the sphere of pedagogical influences. The primary goal here is to demonstrate how literature brings readers closer to the essence of biographical experience, a manifestation of unique, spiritual human activity. It also demonstrates how a reflective reading of a literary text allows for the connection between the subject's individual sphere and that which is universal and shared at the level of socialization experiences, which originate in the cultural space. The analysis demonstrates how literature becomes a source of developmental impulses, coexisting with the subject's formative potential – taking into account their active, agentive, and reflective role in the process of constructing narrative identity.

Diego Díaz, Clara Boj

Based on the notion of the Datacene, understood as the time when data directly affects the social, cultural, economic, political, and even affective structures of the present, in this article we propose how Big Data and Artificial Intelligence give rise to the Internet of Behaviour: a new technological paradigm that has incredible potential to forecast and induce human behaviour. Since ancient times, humans have wanted to predict and alter the future, but in the last ten years, this wish has begun to become a reality due to great advances in the field of social engineering, raising serious doubts regarding social control and the loss of freedom. In this context of analysis, we present two projects developed within the framework of Art, Science, Technology and Society. Data Biography shows the enormous number of digital traces that we generate daily and uses them to compose a person’s biography, composed of 365 printed books. Machine Biography, for its part, investigates how current artificial intelligence techniques can predict and induce future human behaviour, for which we have used various forecast and generative models trained with data from our own digital activity, in order to generate another set of books with our foreseeable activity for the year 2050. Both projects invite us to consider from a critical perspective the present and future of the social transformations produced by Big Data and AI.

Bogatyrev Arseniy Vladimirovich

The author is looking for an answer of the question how there was born an idea in a number of works by Agatha Christie. The article provides examples that were not mentioned earlier, showing the connection of the novelist’s work with episodes from her biography. Literary influences are indicated, it is proved that the appearance and development of Hercule Poirot’s image, complex and contradictory, occurred under the influence of a range of factors. Portraying foreigners, Christie draws attention to their difference from the British and, in the case of exotic peoples, from Europeans in general. The traveling theme takes different forms from the novelist, the geographical element is manifested in the surnames of the heroes. People are compared by Christie to animals and inanimate objects, their names reflect the general ideological concept of the work. The writer’s creativity is quite metaphorical which gives much of Christie’s works an almost philosophical sound.

Malin Lidström Brock

The first two decades of the twenty-first century have seen a plethora of writers, who have challenged and expanded previous notions of feminist life writing. In Contemporary Feminist Life-Writing: The New Audacity, Jennifer Cooke identifies works by thirteen contemporary writers as examples of what she refers to as a new audacity in life writing. Several of these writers are young, early in their careers, and already connected with each other through reviewers or publishers. Defining audacity as a ‘public challenge to conventions, characterized by a disregard for decorum, protocol, or moral restraints,’ Cooke refers to the thirteen writers as feminists, even when they do not directly engage with politics. Unlike their predecessors, she clarifies further, these writers are writing in the wake of queer, gender and trauma theory, and post-structural critiques of binary thinking. They view identity as social constructions manifested both materially and bodily. Through the perspectives that these writers offer on their lives and the experimental form their writing takes, Cooke argues, they are reshaping feminism and its concerns.

John Matteson

Drawing upon the theoretical writings of Tzvetan Todorov and Georg Lukács on the subject of the novel, this essay argues for more widespread recognition of the biography as a literary genre. It frames the genre of biography as a genre of radical incompleteness, discussing the search for verisimilitude and the tendency toward fragmentation in the biographer’s pursuit — a quality that describes not only the biographer’s sources, but also the contingent, broken nature of the intellectual and emotional space that both the biographical subject and the biographer herself inhabit.

Alexander N. Taganov

The book here reviewed is particularly important in the field of comparative studies dedicated to Dostoevsky and Malraux, since it is the first attempt to generalize and systematize the connections that unite the creative heritage of the two writers. The interest of Howlett’s book lies in the fact that the author considers Malraux from three different points of view: as a reader, literary theorist, and writer; thus, he creates an original biography of the French writer through the prism of the impact of Dostoevsky’s ideas on him and at the same time a study that allows us to understand Dostoevsky’s role in the development of French literature in the 19th and 20th centuries. Trying to define the role of Dostoevsky in Malraux’s creative development, Howlett speaks of a demonic influence of the Russian writer: Dostoevsky predetermined Malraux’s place as a novelist and literary critic and predicted his fate, being at the same time a “guardian demon” and a tempter, constantly encouraging him to ask the cursed questions of existence. Extracting from Malraux’s texts statements about the Russian author and combining them with his own reflections and observations, Howlett seems to continue and realize Malraux’s unfinished plan to write a book about Dostoevsky.

Andrew R Millard, Richard G Annis, Anwen C Caffell et al.

After the Battle Dunbar between English and Scottish forces in 1650, captured Scottish soldiers were imprisoned in Durham and many hundreds died there within a few weeks. The partial skeletal remains of 28 of these men were discovered in 2013. Building on previous osteological work, here we report wide-ranging scientific studies of the remains to address the following questions: Did they have comparable diet, health and disease throughout their lives? Did they have common histories of movement (or lack of movement) during their childhoods? Can we create a collective biography of these men? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of tooth enamel investigated childhood movement. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of incrementally sampled dentine addressed childhood diet and nutrition. Metaproteomic analysis of dental calculus investigated oral microbiomes and food residues; this was complemented by microscopic analysis of debris in calculus from ingested materials. Selected individuals were examined for dental microwear. The extent of hydroxylation of proline in collagen was examined as a potential biomarker for scurvy. An osteobiography for each man was created using the full range of data generated about him, and these were synthesised using an approach based on the historical method for a collective biography or prosopography. The childhood residences of the men were primarily within the Midland Valley of Scotland, though some spent parts of their childhood outside the British Isles. This is concordant with the known recruitment areas of the Scottish army in 1650. Their diets included oats, brassicas and milk but little seafood, as expected for lowland rather than highland diets of the period. Childhood periods of starvation or illness were almost ubiquitous, but not simultaneous, suggesting regionally variable food shortages in the 1620s and 1630s. It is likely there was widespread low-level scurvy, ameliorating in later years of life, which suggests historically unrecorded shortages of fruit and vegetables in the early 1640s. Almost all men were exposed to burnt plant matter, probably as inhaled soot, and this may relate to the high proportion of them with of sinusitis. Interpersonal violence causing skeletal trauma was rare. Based on commonalities in their osteobiographies, we argue that these men were drawn from the same stratum of society. This study is perhaps the most extensive to date of individuals from 17th century Scotland. Combined with a precise historical context it allows the lives of these men to be investigated and compared to the historical record with unprecedented precision. It illustrates the power of archaeological science methods to confirm, challenge and complement historical evidence.

Souhir Zekri

The history of Scots-Italian “male” encounters has an air of violence and brutality, one epitomized from ancient times by relentless “Picts” defending their lands from Roman invasions and by fearless mercenaries of the middle Ages protecting Italian cities. Such a peculiar waltz of animosity and loyalty created a deeply ingrained bond between the two cultures, until the first waves of rather “harmless” Italians started coming to Scotland, particularly to Glasgow, since the nineteenth century. These immigrants have irreversibly influenced the spatial and social infrastructure of the city, mainly through their connection with the catering business and the consequent establishment of ice-cream cafés and fish and chip shops. Now, they have to defend and “mark” their territory again. This essay is concerned with the autobiographical stories and memoirs of Joe Pieri, a Glasgow Italian fish and chip café owner, whose main events take place in the 1920s and 1930s. The main argument of this essay is that spatial narration in Pieri’s accounts influences the construction of his and other masculinities. By examining four of his autobiographical works, I consider how these narratives spatially construct a wide variety of masculinities through their various defence and adaptation strategies in the poverty- and delinquency-stricken Glasgow of the period.

Otis N. Crandell

The following is a bibliography of the works of Errett H. Callahan and works about him. This is has been written to accompany the biography written by Hugo Nami (this issue).

Darko Breitenfeld, Davor Kust, Tomislav Breitenfeld et al.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted, systemic disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Th e most common mechanism of transmission is sexual intercourse. Although there are several hypotheses, the exact origin of the disease remains unknown. Newly published evidence suggests that the hypothesis supporting the theory of the American origin of the disease is the valid one. Among 1500 analyzed pathographies of composers and musicians, data on ten Anglo-American composers and jazz musicians having suff ered from neurosyphilis (tertiary stage of the disease) were extracted for this report. In this group of Anglo-American composers and musicians, most of them died from progressive paralysis while still in the creative phase of life. Additionally, diagnoses of eleven other famous neurosyphilitic composers, as well as basic biographic data on ten less known composers that died from neurosyphilis-progressive paralysis are also briefl y mentioned. In conclusion, neurosyphilis can cause serious neurological damage, as well as permanent disability or death, preventing further work and skill improvement.

Eleonora Jedlińska

The history of Europe of 1933–1945 was very important and had a significant influence on painting of American artists of American abstractionism. This term – American abstractionism or New York abstractionism, although inexact and somewhat confused, currently is a constant term in the terminology of history of art. Taking this kind of art into consideration from the time between 1933 and 1945, recalling the special titles of art works and the context when they were created: Mark Rhotko’s numbered, gray, brown and black murals which he painted for Manhattans Seagram Building in the fifties or his black and brown pictures for Huston Chapel in Texas form the seventies as well as Barnet Newmen’s fourteen canvas titles The Stations of the Cross: Lema Sabachthani and Frank Stella’s minimalist canvas titles Arbeit macht frei (1958), The Polish Village Series and the cycle of twenty four paintings which he created in his adolescence time, considering their comments and biography we have to understand this art as the historical art. These three artists of American expressionism – Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman and Frank Stella, whom this article is devoted to – refer in some pictures to the catastrophe of Shoah. They give evidence of this cruel time by the image, ostensibly without formal coincidence, they attempt to express unimaginable. They want, to some extent, to force us to imagine what the hell of Shoah was like.

I. A. Starodubtseva, I. L. Soroka

Valeriyan (Valerian) Alexandrovich Kipriyanov (1818-1889) is one of the first national paleontologists. He published articles with descriptions and illustrations of the examined by him the remains of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes from the Upper Crelaceous of Kurskaya and Orlovskaya provinces. He became an author of four monographies about Jurassic and Cretaceous reptiles. His scientific biography has not been published up to the present moment despite his considerable scientific achievements. His biographic data was restricted by two issues [5, 9], the texts of which in many ways repeated each other. This article represents new facts of V.A. Kipriyanov biography, information about his collections. The full bibliography of his paleontological works is given in References.

hasan aminifar, mansour moatamedi

The phenomenon of writing refutation against the two religions of Islam and Christianity has a history as long as the time when they first fought against each other. In recent years, the companionship of Christian missioners with colonialism and their increasing preaching activities, have caused the Muslim scholars to reflect strongly against them. This phenomenon has had a special manifest in Iran since Qajar dynasty (150 years ago) and led to the creation of many works written by Muslim theologians against missionary activities of Christianity. From among different Iranian regions where such works were emerged, Azarbayjan can be specifically named as an active area in which the writing of refuting works was more common than other areas in Iran. Azarbayjan in its current situation is an area including a vast region of north-western part of Iran and the countries of Azerbaijan and Armenia. In this article the biography and the works of some Muslim scholars who were active against Christianity such as Muḥammd Ṣādiq Fakhr al-Islām, Ḥāj MῙrzā Najaf'alῙ Dānish TabrῙzῙ, Yūsuf Mujtahid TabrῙzῙ, Ghulāmḥuseyn TūtūnchῙ Ṣarāf TabrῙzῙ, Ḥuseyn ḤuseinῙ famous as RūmῙ MiyānduābῙ, IsmāῙl QaribāghῙ, Sayyed Ḥuseyn 'Arab BāghῙ and 'AlῙ Isḥāq KhūῙ, have been introduced. A total of 14 works written by these 8 scholars have been introduced in this article. It should be noticed that the creation of such works in this region did not occur in a vacuum, rather various elements and factors were involved to reach such status which will be mentioned in the following: - Christian Missioners from the Safavid Dynasty extensively had an offensive approach toward Islam due to the strategy of the Safavid-West :::::::::union::::::::: against Ottoman Government. This was highlighted during the time of Qajar because of great importance of Iran in international politics at that time. This led to the activity of the Preaching Association of Church, Mission Basel and American Missionaries in Azarbayjan area. - The geographical location of this area which is located in the northwest of Iranian western border has always been the confluence of different religions and culture. From the perspective of religion, because of its closeness to European and Christian countries and due to the arrival of the first missioners at this area, the first Muslim resistance occurred here. - The presence of the prominent figure like Muḥammd Ṣādiq Fakhr al-Islām in the area has had its own influence. He as a new convert to Islam and after leaving Christianity as his previous religion wrote a book in refuting of Christianity and had several debates with Christian priests. Other Muslim scholars who had close relation with him and were familiar with his woks started writing other refuting works. Therefore, it can be said that Muḥammd Ṣādiq Fakhr al-Islām had a great function in stimulating Muslim scholars to do this movement. - The support of the Iranian government at the time for the creation of such works was another reason for the emergence of this movement. For instance, Nāṣir al-DῙn Shāh was the one who gave the title of Fakhr al-Islām (The Pride of Islam) to him and he wrote the book "AnῙs al-Islām" with his order. The Iranian city of Tabriz can be counted as a pioneer city in many issues. The publication industry was first introduced in this city which was another cause for the thriving of writing and publishing books against Christianity in this area. - The writing of the book "MῙzān al-Ḥaq" by Carl Funder (1803-1865) the Protestant Missioner and his missionary activities in this area, led to the emergence of a wave of refuting works against Christianity in Azarbayjan and other Islamic countries. Some books were directly aimed at refuting this book. As a result, the scholars of Azarbayjan, were influential in writing against Christianity and the missionary activities and a lot of works were created by them. Such activities indicate how intellectual and insightful the scholars of this origin were, and how bravely they resisted against the Christian missioners and made the Muslims of the area informed against the dangers of such activities. The peak of this movement in writing the refuting works was during the first decades of this period. As the Christian missioners increased their activities and wrote books against Islam, Muslim scholars reacted and created the verbal and written works in return. And when the activities of the Christian decreased the Muslim reaction was to limit their activities as well. This clearly indicates the offensive and defensive nature of Islam.

Nejm Benessaiah

<p>I decided to undertake this interview with Professor Ellen, simply because I thought such a distinguished career deserved to be marked as he was retiring. Roy was happy to make time for our interviews, in the form of loosely structured conversation which, like the Arabian Nights, Roy pointed out, could have gone on forever, but I decided to draw the line at three sessions. Perhaps it could, and will go on to form part of a more in-depth biography, as I continued to discover other aspects and adventures of Roy’s interesting life in the course of other contexts, much as one does in the field. Much is known about what ethnobiologists and anthropologists say about another people’s lives; less is known about their own, apart from rare reflections, diaries and memoires. I found Roy’s reflections a source of comfort as I embarked on my own PhD fieldwork, reassuring me as I fumbled around, making my own unique but comparable mistakes among the insights I gleaned. The following is an edited version of the original interview. I hope it will be as enjoyable to the reader as it was to me working on it.</p>

M. V. D. Camp, Antal van den Bosch

Bruna Melo dos Santos

This paper proposes to present, although not unanimously recognised, the kind of masonic sociability designedby Hipólito José da Costa, editor of theCorreio Braziliense(1808-1822), pioneer of the Brazilian press. Thus,inorder to analyse the Masonic sociability defended and transmitted by Hipólito da Costa, I will studynot only theeditor’s discourse in the Correio, but also in theDiário da minha viagempara Filadélfia, the Diary of myjourney to Philadelphia, the Narrative of a PersecutionNarrativa da Perseguiçãoand in Letter aboutFreemasonryCartas sobre a Framaçonariaall works that reveal Hipolito’s concept of Freemasonry as asociety of virtuous men, whose purpose is to do good for families in need.

Andreas Vrahimis

In contrast to many of his contemporaries, A. J. Ayer was an analytic philosopher who had sustained throughout his career some interest in developments in the work of his ‘continental’ peers. Ayer, who spoke French, held friendships with some important Parisian intellectuals, such as Camus, Bataille, Wahl and Merleau-Ponty. This paper examines the circumstances of a meeting between Ayer, Merleau-Ponty, Wahl, Ambrosino and Bataille, which took place in 1951 at some Parisian bar. The question under discussion during this meeting was whether the sun existed before humans did, over which the various philosophers disagreed. This disagreement is tangled with a variety of issues, such as Ayer’s critique of Heidegger and Sartre (inherited from Carnap), Ayer’s response to Merleau-Ponty’s critique of empiricism, and Bataille’s response to Sartre’s critique of his notion of ‘unknowing’, which uncannily resembles Ayer’s critique of Sartre. 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