Hasil untuk "Urban renewal. Urban redevelopment"

رحمان فراهانی, صادق صالحی, مهربان پارسامهر

فقرشهری در ایران همواره پدیده‌ای چندوجهی و متأثر از بافت‌های سیاسی، ایدئولوژیک و اقتصادی بوده است. این پژوهش با تکیه بر نظریه‌های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی با الهام از نظریات لاکلاو و موفه ، به مطالعه گفتمان‌های دولتی پیرامون فقرشهری در جمهوری اسلامی از دولت سوم تا سیزدهم می-پردازد. این مطالعه همچنین به بررسی عوامل درونی و بیرونی تأثیرگذار بر موفقیت یا ناکامی‌ گفتمان‌های فقرزدایی می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد چگونه تکنیک‌های گفتمانی و چارچوب‌های نظری خاص هر دوره، در تصمیم‌گیری‌ها و توزیع منابع اقتصادی تأثیرگذار بوده است. به‌منظور گردآوری داده‌ها، اسناد رسمی دولتی، بیانات سیاست‌گذاران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که در دوره‌های مختلف، تفسیرها و پیامدهای سیاسی-اجتماعی متفاوتی از مفهوم فقر شکل گرفته است؛ چنان‌که در برخی دوره‌ها، تأکید بر دفاع و فشارهای اقتصادی ناشی از جنگ، امکان اجرای گسترده‌ سیاست‌های رفاهی را محدود ساخت و در دوره‌های دیگر، رویکردهای عدالت توزیعی و حمایت‌های اجتماعی برجسته شدند. در مجموع، نتایج نشان می‌دهد گفتمان فقر نقشی کلیدی در ساختاردهی به سیاست‌های عمومی داشته، و طرز تلقی دولت از ریشه‌ها و راهکارهای فقر را به‌طور مستقیم تحت تأثیر قرار داده است.

Ipshita Karmakar

The 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal caused significant property and life loss, triggering a large influx of international reconstruction aid. This paper investigates the spatial implications of this international aid, particularly in Lalitpur. It examines how aid from NGOs and bilateral and multilateral agencies affects urban spaces, including rent, land values, and infrastructure distribution. The study focuses on Wards hosting aid projects and personnel and compares these to earthquake-affected Wards without aid presence as a counterfactual. Two key points emerge: 1) The clustering of aid organization headquarters (operational presence) creates negative externalities, favoring a rentier class over equitable distribution of housing and infrastructure. 2) Aid-funded reconstruction projects (project presence) shift amenities and businesses, accelerating inequity in ways distinct from operational presence. Two Wards in Lalitpur show notable negative impacts, including rising rents, changes in small businesses, and a shift towards catering to the rentier class due to the effects of aid. The research provides policy recommendations for local governments and disaster management authorities in Nepal to address these unequal impacts. Recommendations include monitoring and evaluating aid effects over time, collaboration, and the promotion of transparency in urban development and fiscal resilience.

Morteza Ahmadi, Mahmood Ziaee, Reza Vaezi et al.

One of the practical issues leading to the success or failure of tourism development plans is the type of rationality that dominates the country’s planning system in each era and the corresponding planning theory. This article has been compiled to analyze the position of rationality in planning as an epistemological framework in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. This research’s conceptual framework of rationality is based on Alexander’s Rationality Model (2000) and the new approaches to tourism planning. The philosophical paradigm of the study is based on interpretive epistemology, and its methodology is based on qualitative research. Archival Studies and Thematic Analysis methods have been used for gathering and analyzing data in this research. The study’s statistical population for the content analysis comprises the qualitative texts of Iran’s strategic tourism development plan. The findings of this research indicate that, for the first time, coordinative rationality has become dominant in Iran’s strategic tourism development plan (Approved in 2020). The components of rationality were recognized, and the share of each type of rationality was outlined by analyzing 85 themes and thematic networks in the strategic plan in this research.

Shaimaa H. Zaki, Azza G. Haggag, Ahmed M. Selim

At the beginning of the 21st century, cities suffered from high traffic density and mobility problems due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. Bridges were built to encounter these challenges. As a result, the urban voids (urban spaces under bridges) have increased tremendously. In this study, a qualitative analysis was established to understand the negative impacts of urban voids focusing on under-bridges urban spaces. Furthermore, five criteria, as well as thirty-one sub-criteria were derived from the extensive literature and previous international experiences. Additionally, a quantitative analysis was conducted through experts’ interviews. Criteria and sub-criteria were assessed using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to determine whether each criterion/sub-criteria belongs to the cause or effect group. Results indicated that the most important criterion was urban identity, as well as the most important sub-criteria belong to each criterion, were social services, investment diversity, sustainable recourses management, ICT-infrastructure, and urban integration.

Hari Prasad Paudel, Nirmal Kumar Raut

Economic growth has been a central issue of all governments and therefore numbers of studies have focused on identifying the factors affecting economic growth. This issue is more important in developing countries context that faces additional challenge of maintaining macroeconomic stability. In other words, the challenge they normally faced is attaining high and consistent production growth with low inflation. Keynesian concept of macroeconomic stability advocates maintaining external and internal balance with low inflation in order to achieve full employment and a stable economy. Particularly after the establishment of a new international monetary system that replaced gold standard and introduced the Bretton Woods system in 1970s (where U.S. dollar became the global currency), most economies experienced high inflation and low economic growth (Bhatta, 2015). This anomaly further strengthened the need of research to investigate the relationship between these two important macroeconomic variables i.e., to test the hypotheses whether there exists an inverse relationship between inflation and growth. This also therefore required answering the question at what levels should the inflation rate be constrained so that it does not start retarding the growth rate?

Bing Xia, Jindong Wu, Jiaqi Wang et al.

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) will be an important force to in reshaping urban morphology. The high operation rate and sharing degree of SAV are considered to result in a great reduction in parking area in future cities. Parking space is now a huge and widely distributed urban stock space type, which is bound to become a major challenge and opportunity for sustainable urban renewal in the digital era. Based on the SAV scenario, this paper reviews the current research on the sustainable renewal of urban public parking spaces, and proposes the four key issues involved: how much to renew (i.e., demand forecast analysis), when to renew (i.e., update time series evaluation), what to renew (i.e., function replacement decision) and how to update (i.e., design empirical research). Furthermore, it puts forward a preliminary idea on, and constructs a research framework for, the sustainable renewal methods of parking space under the SAV scenario. Finally, the theoretical, practical and policy implications of the research on sustainable renewal methods of urban public parking space are discussed. It will have great reference value for the redevelopment and reuse of the urban space types including fragmented, widely distributed and large-scale.

Roshanak Mehdipanah, G. Marra, G. Melis et al.

Xizi Xu, N. Akita

Vast populations have spread into cities and contributed to urban sprawl in China. Rural villages have not had enough time to self-renew and become directly involved in the urban fabric. As a result, rural villages have become urbanized. Throughout the shockingly speedy process of urbanization in China over the past four decades, the urban village has played an irreplaceable role in the city by accommodating a vast number of migrants, thus mitigating the problem of the increasing shortage of housing brought about by rapid urbanization. However, the long-standing, controversial question of how to renovate urban villages remains due to their unique characteristics. In recent years, instead of demolition, Shenzhen renew the urban villages by renovating the original village buildings (which are 7–8 stories tall) and converting them into rental apartments, as the planning policy of comprehensive renovation (zonghezhengzhi). Could the comprehensive renovation be applied to urban villages in the north of the country? In this study, we found that the formation mechanism and development of urban villages in the north and south are similar, and the challenges and contradictions in the process of transformation are alike. However, there are differences in spatial form and architectural style. The typical urban village in Beijing shows the form of quadrangular houses two stories tall or less in the north is relatively low in terms of building volume ratio. In addition, the spatial form is related to the commercial form of the urban village and also influences the income consisting of the villagers' collective share and rental income, which is derived from fixed assets (e.g. houses, factory buildings). In turn, spatial and commercial form affects the cost of the mode of transformation (demolition/redevelopment or integrated transformation). Therefore, we believe that regional differences in physical space should not be ignored in policy decisions and that different criteria should be considered and applied under different local policies.

M. G. Pérez, M. Laprise, E. Rey

Miaohan Tang, Jingke Hong, Xianzhu Wang et al.

Rapid urbanization exacerbates urban metabolic activities associated with irreversible environmental degradation. Evaluating urban metabolic performance is an effective method to meet targets for sustainable development in contemporary urban areas. Neighborhoods, which are regarded as the basic parts of cities, can detail the metabolic structure and interactions from a bottom-up perspective. In consequence, this study proposed an eco-efficiency model which combined emergy synthesis and slack-based measure data envelopment analysis. A case study with questionnaire and statistical data for eight communities in Chongqing, China was used to shed a light on the properties of emergy metabolic flows and eco-efficiency. The results showed that the study communities heavily depended on external resources. Intense communal activities within relatively small geographic areas caused immediate surroundings to suffer from enhanced environmental pressures. Eco-efficiency performances were mostly invalid, and a significant heterogeneity existed among communities. Enhancing the performance of renewable and non-renewable resources whilst also reducing the production of wastes was essential to improve the overall eco-efficiency of local communities. To assist with this, a neighbor-level sustainable renewal framework was proposed which took account of metabolic flows and communal renewal operations. The findings of this study can provide a paradigmatic example for urban renewal projects elsewhere that embed metabolic performance in neighborhood redevelopment.

Fulong Wu

This article will revisit Smith’s seminal argument that gentrification is a global urban strategy. The article pays attention to the role of the state and displacement during the process of redevelopment. Through an in-depth study of a dilapidated neighborhood with concentrated migrant population in Shanghai, it is revealed that state control is behind the deterioration of the neighborhood prior to its redevelopment. Inadequate services and poor housing conditions are undeniable. Informal development has been quickly realigned by state dominance. The self-building neighborhood is eventually replaced by state-sanctioned development projects. The article echoes the debate over displacement in the West and suggests that recent urban redevelopment in China has gone beyond both the sporadic middle-class return to the city and residential changes backed up by state actions, revealing hegemonic power of the state over spatial production. Through urban redevelopment, the state attempts to regularize informal areas into new production spaces for its revenue maximization.

Kaveh Hajialiakbari, Mohammad Zare, Mitra Karimi

Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.

Rachel Gallagher, T. Sigler, Yan Liu

ABSTRACT Cadastral structure exerts a significant influence on urban form. Efforts to adapt the built environment to accommodate social, environmental and economic shifts are often at odds with cadastral structure inflexibility, and urban consolidation can be particularly hampered by lot size and shapeThis research utilizes spatial analysis to examine the influence of cadastral change on infill development. Despite planning schemes encouraging urban consolidation, the results indicate that cadastral change is characterized by ad hoc redevelopment, favoring lots that are easily transformed, rather than guidance from regulatory bodies. This contradicts consolidation policies, as redevelopment occurs only where financially and statutorily viable, while further cadastral fragmentation portends that future consolidation will be made more difficult. We argue that policy mechanisms must address cadastral structure more directly, and that the difficulty of cadastral change may incentivize urban sprawl on greenfield sites.

Joaquim Rius-Ulldemolins, R. Klein

ABSTRACT The city of Barcelona in general and its historic center in particular have undergone a sea change from an industrial city to a global tourism and service center. Some authors argue that urban renewal schemes are ruining the heritage of cities. However, Barcelona showcases a kind of urban renewal which is culture-led yet conserves the city’s unique identity. This paper shows that in Barcelona’s case, the relationship between urban branding and urban renewal is dialectical and disputed rather than top-down and by dictate. Thus, in the case of the Raval district, the urban and cultural planning led by local government and cultural institutions is part of a concerted effort to turn a blighted area plagued by social problems into a new global cultural district. The renewal scheme brings the district’s activists and artists into the picture to come up with an inclusive, bottom-up approach to planning.

L. Lees, P. Hubbard

Removing people from their homes in the name of regeneration is something that potentially affects their mental and physical well-being, but this is rarely explored via an experiential perspective that focuses on people’s own understanding of how their lifeworld has been disrupted. This paper considers the emotional and psychological impacts of recent council estate renewal on those displaced, or being displaced, from six London council estates. The paper reveals what it feels like to be displaced, and how these feelings — of losing one’s home and community — affect individuals’ psychological and indeed physical health. The paper concludes that displacement is often experienced as a form of slow violence which entails periods of waiting and uncertainty that cause multiple conflicts and anxiety, and that suggest that the benefits of renewal may never outweigh the costs for those who are displaced.

Wei Zheng, G. Shen, Hao Wang et al.

E. Ramsden

Seyed Tajedin Mansoori, Ismaeil Zarghami

How to navigate the premises of residential complexes is an important issue for the architectural design of such spaces. The path that creates the axis of vision and readability for human beings can be the optimal path. The purpose of this study is to investigate the formal structure of routing in the space of residential complexes based on the theory of space syntax. In this research, a structural description of human environmental behavior based on the theoretical foundations of space syntax is presented. Also, using Depthmap X 0.50 software and by extracting graph-based methods, people's perception and interpretation of routing in the residential complex area is explained. Findings show that three types of network-based circulation, curved and linear in the design of residential complexes that human behavior according to individual and collective goals and interests, can choose one of these routes to cross. Also, according to the results, routing in a linear rotation path is the easiest way to perceive space. Network routing is also the most difficult route for people to navigate due to its lower readability. Curved routing also has good readability due to its shorter spatial depth. In general, the findings in this study showed that routing has a significant relationship with the depth of space and the visual axis of people.

Tatiana Porto de Souza, Liciane Oliveira da Rosa, Carolina da Silva Gonçalves et al.

A pesquisa propõe-se a analisar a contribuição do turismo na realização de práticas ambientais pelos empreendimentos turísticos da Rota de Turismo Rural denominada Pelotas Colonial, situada no município de Pelotas, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de caráter quali-quantitativo, na qual a entrevista estruturada e a observação foram os instrumentos de coleta dos dados. As entrevistas foram realizadas com dez responsáveis, dos quatorze empreendimentos pertencentes à Rota Pelotas Colonial, abordando a gestão dos resíduos sólidos nesses estabelecimentos. Por fim percebe-se que, apesar dos entrevistados considerarem que a educação ambiental é a mais relevante contribuição do turismo, notou-se a falta de conhecimento quanto às ações ambientais e como desenvolvê-las, além de conhecimentos teóricos e normativos a respeito do meio ambiente.