This study describes the developed special prototype of a wearable measuring device based on a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor. It contains also a humidity sensor and a thermometer to measure skin moisture and temperature, and a force-sensitive (FSR) element to sense a contact pressure between the measuring probe and the skin surface. All parts of the multi-sensor are shielded, to be applicable in a weak magnetic field environment. After the basic sensor’s functionality verification inside the magnetic resonance imaging tomograph, a set of experiments was performed. Comparative measurements by an oximeter confirm good correspondence with heart rate values determined from PPG (<i>HR</i><sub>PPG</sub>) and FSR (<i>HR</i><sub>FSR</sub>) signals—the mean absolute error lies below 0.5 min<sup>−1</sup> for both types. The sensing of PPG signals on wrists was realized for Normal, Dry, and Wet skin. In comparison with normal skin conditions, drying decreases the PPG signal range by 7% and the systolic pulse width by 8%, while moistening increases the signal ripple by 3% and decreases the correlation between <i>HR</i><sub>PPG</sub> and <i>HR</i><sub>FSR</sub> values by 5%. The detailed analysis per hand and gender types yields differences between male and female subjects, while the results for left and right hands differ less.
<p><strong>Context and relevance.</strong> Statistical learning is ability to extract and learn regularities from the sensory environment. If these regularities concern with the spatial arrangement of objects in relation to each other we say about visual spatial statistical learning. When we have some hierarchical structure as a pattern, information about the whole set or about some of its subsets can be learned. For example, only pairwise connections between elements can be learned. In a row of experiments on statistical learning it has been demonstrated that when global information about a set of elements is learned, information about subsets is blocked, and vice versa - learning of embedded structure is accompanied by blocking of information about the whole set. <strong>Objective.</strong> We were interested in the situation where attention is directed to some elements of a complex stimuli more often than to others. The experiment examined whether, in this case, global information about the set of elements would be retained, or only about the subset to which attention was more frequently directed. <strong>Methods and materials.</strong> Subjects (N=104) performed a search task for the target element of complex stimuli. All the stimuli were composed by the same rule. The frequency of directing attention to one or another element of the stimuli was varied by special instructions. Just after the learning phase subjects completed a series of two-alternative forced choice tests with new correct and incorrect complete and incomplete stimuli. <strong>Results.</strong> We found that correct complete stimuli and correct subsets of more attended elements were appeared more familiar than stimuli with disrupted patterns. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>We demonstrate in our experiment the possibility of learning spatial information about both the global pattern and its substructure. The results are discussed in terms of two types of statistical learning, attention-dependent (explicit) and attention-independent (implicit).</p>
This article is devoted to the study of multimodal syntactic constructions that are characteristic of
modern English-language advertising, and more specifically, by certain insurance companies.
The purpose of the study is to classify the various types of multimodal syntactic constructions
by conducting a thorough analysis of the verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal means of which they are
composed; to distinguish multiple groups based on their dominant constituents; to outline their semantic
load and pragmatic potential; to formulate a definition that delineates the concept of ‘multimodal syntactic
construction’; and to test the method of multimodal syntactic analysis as an innovative tool for studying
the illustrative material.
The use of the continuous sampling method made it possible to identify verbal, non-verbal and
paraverbal components to be analysed. Structural and semantic analysis were used to identify the
semantic and structural features of verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal units, their functional load and their
functioning at the syntactic level. A distributional analysis made it possible to trace the environment of the
components of multimodal syntactic constructions and to formulate possible methods of combining the
means being analysed. The socio-semiotic approach was utilized to identify the implicit and implicit load
to identify the true meanings.
The social semiotic approach was aimed at identifying the implicit and explicit load to identify
the true meanings. The comparative method was useful for distinguishing types of multimodal syntactic
constructions based on common features. The method of multimodal syntactic analysis made it possible to
identify possible ways of combining verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal means into semantically capacious
and communicatively complete constructions, and, on this basis, to distinguish several groups and
subgroups.
We have chosen to classify all syntactic constructions either as monomodal or multimodal, the
latter being structured into two groups: homogeneous (17%) and heterogeneous (83%). Those in
the heterogeneous category may be further subdivided into four groups on the basis of the dominant
component: multimodal syntactic constructions based on the verbal mode; multimodal syntactic
constructions based on the non-verbal mode; multimodal syntactic constructions based on the verbal
mode with the use of special effects that can influence the semantics; multimodal syntactic constructions
based on several non-verbal modes (without verbal components but with the use of signs belonging to at
least two semiotic systems).
Within the first group, which makes up 29% of the whole corpus of heterogeneous constructions,
ten types of constructions have been distinguished, which include from two to six types of components
of different semiotic systems. The second group of multimodal syntactic constructions (26%) mentioned
above includes four subtypes, the construction of which is ranked from three to five components. The third
group (17%) consists of ten types produced by two or four components. The fourth is the least frequent
(11%). These structures are formed by one or two types of components.
Based on the corpus of illustrative material, it has been established that multimodal syntactic
constructions should be understood as symbiotic enclaves formed by combining units of different structure
and content, shape and size, which belong to at least two different semiotic systems.
With the emergence of electronic money and the spread of credit cards, new legal aspects emerged. Among the different types of credit cards, debit cards have become more important due to their prevalence. The three elements of the issuing bank, the credit card holder and the service provider have made it difficult to analyze the nature of the relationships between the surroundings and recognize the works. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze this difficult nature, which is organized based on descriptive and analytical methods. In the legal system of Iraq, Iran and Algeria, due to the absence of the legislator to clarify the said nature, at least five theories of transfer of rights, transfer of debt, commitment to the benefit of a third party, proxy in performance and indefinite contract can be recognized, which are worth studying in this article. The comparison of the above cases has been the focus of attention and analysis. Right transfer and debt transfer cannot be accepted in any of the mentioned systems. On the other hand, the obligation for the benefit of the third party and representation in the performance has been met with relative acceptance in the laws of Iraq and Algeria. In Iranian law, according to the specific nature of these relationships and also the existence of Article 10 of the Civil Code, which expresses the principle of the sovereignty of the will, the aforementioned nature can be considered an indefinite contract to include all of the aforementioned nature.1. Introduction
With the transformation of societies and the emergence of the phenomenon of urbanization, new requirements emerged in the field of interpersonal relationships. The volume of liquidity increased due to the establishment of private and public banks and economic growth, and the conventional needs of individuals also increased. Carrying cash to buy and meet life's needs was difficult and associated with risks such as theft, loss, etc. In the meantime, with the emergence of electronic money, credit cards were welcomed by the public. Therefore, the banks created cards based on which the holder used the said card to go to the service provider and purchase their needs. This action faced challenges due to its non-exclusivity between the two parties of a contract. Explanation that in most traditional contracts, the parties are exclusive to both sides of the contract. For example, the sale between the seller and the customer, the lease between the lessor and the lessee, the loan between the borrower and the lender, and the loan between the lender and the borrower are terminated, and this makes the analysis of the legal nature easy. But in the case of credit cards, which have various types, the parties to the contract are not exclusive. Rather, it is a tripartite relationship that makes it difficult to analyze. Among the types of credit cards, the focus of this article is on debit cards, which have an important position due to their popularity in Iran and are about to be popular in Iraq and Algeria. Therefore, the main question of this research is based on the legal nature of the relationships surrounding debit cards in the countries of Iran, Iraq and Algeria, and it is possible to find a single nature to explain this relationship based on the legal systems of these three countries? The answer to this question and other similar questions in the article can solve many ambiguities in this regard. Regarding the history of the research, it should be mentioned that although useful research has been done regarding credit cards, regarding cash payment cards or debit cards, the only independent research that the authors have achieved is a book entitled "Debit Cards" written by Dr. Maryam Jalali. It is dedicated to the rights of Iran and America. Therefore, the current research is completely unprecedented in order to compare the aforementioned nature in the legal systems of Iran, Iraq and Algeria. In this regard, firstly, the concept of credit cards and their types are discussed, then the characteristics of this category of cards are discussed, and then, focusing on debit cards, the nature of the relationship between the holders of these cards with the bank and the service provider in three systems. The rights of Iran, Algeria and Iraq are covered.
The nature of this contract is one of indefinite contracts and it falls under Article 10 of the Civil Code.
One of the effects of accepting this theory in Iranian law is that it is necessary to clearly agree on the rights and obligations of the parties. In other words, if a nature is included under indefinite contracts, due to the lack of detailed legal texts, it is necessary to define its limits and loopholes carefully and clearly by the parties. Second, these contracts are proprietary, necessary, and among objective contracts. Therefore, the holder gives a certain amount to the bank and the bank opens an account for him that has a special identity. This contract is temporary; insanity and stupidity are not grounds for its dissolution. But the death of a natural persons causes the account to be closed. Therefore, as soon as the bank informs the customer of the death of the customer, the banking operations in the deceased's account will be stopped, and for this reason, legal actions against the debit card by others after the death of the deceased will not be valid. Also, the concept of agency does not have a place in this contract, because ownership rejects agency.
Also, based on the commitment to Article and the principle of freedom of contract, banks can add restrictions for their commitment to fulfill their financial obligations regarding the debit card. As is the case today, in bank contracts, it is stipulated that banks and other institutions will not be allowed to act on the provisions of the customer's will, unless the certificate of the estate office stating that the said will has been submitted to the estate office by the executor or heir is presented. to be On the other hand, it is easy to imagine the intrusion into the ownership of the debit cards due to the agreement between the bank and the former owner.
In Iraqi law, the nature of this contract can be considered as a special nature that does not conform to any of the defined legal formats. In Algerian law, the nature of this contract is considered to be a new essence that none of the known formats can interpret. Therefore, before the transaction and use of credit cards, the card acceptor does not have the right to make any demands from the cardholder regarding the price. Also, the bank's obligation to pay in front of the acceptor is closely related to the performance of all the actions included in the valid contract between him and the bank, and thirdly, the bank's obligation is a personal obligation that the bank has to pay in front of the acceptor; Therefore, the bank cannot invoke against the acceptor the defenses it has against the holder, just as the holder cannot invoke against the bank the defenses it has against the acceptor.
2. Methodology
In this study, using the library research method and data collection, I first categorized the theories regarding the nature of this contract. Initially, four noteworthy theories were examined. Then, by analyzing and evaluating each theory, their strengths and weaknesses were identified. Subsequently, by assessing the position of each of these theories in the mentioned legal systems, I demonstrated that although some scholars have advocated certain theories, none of them can sufficiently explain the nature in question. Finally, by presenting my selected viewpoint, I proposed my own perspective, suggesting a new and independent nature.
3. Results and Discussion
Cash payment cards, which are used as one of the most important means of payment today, are becoming popular worldwide. One of the characteristics of debit cards is being a means of payment, being personal, three-way communication, the bank's dominance and not being exclusive to one country. These cards have been accepted in Iran's legal system for years. The countries of Iraq and Algeria have also taken steps in this regard. Due to the importance of regulating the relations between cardholders and banks and service providers, several theories have been presented in this regard. The theory of transfer of right, which can be translated as transferee in Iran's legal system, the theory of Haval al-Din, the condition in favor of a third party, and representation in payment are among these theories. The analysis and analysis of the aforementioned theories showed that the theory of the transferee cannot be accepted due to the personal obligation of the cardholder in front of the bank and the failure to listen to his objections in front of the bank. The theory of debt remittance is also considering that on the one hand, in the legal system of Iran, Iraq and Algeria, it is necessary to have debt in the realization of the remittance, and the bank issuing the remittance is not indebted to the holder, and on the other hand, in the remittance, with the realization of the remittance, there is a liability. The debtor is liable and the liability is impossible, while in the case of debit cards, by providing services, the holder and the issuing bank are simultaneously liable to the service provider, and on the other hand, the holder can simultaneously receive the same amount from the Store, ends cannot be responsible. The two theories of obligation for the benefit of a third party and proxy in payment, although in the laws of Iraq and Algeria, they are immune from the above defects, however, it seems that in the laws of Iran, the obligation for the benefit of a third party is also due to the lack of serious intention of the parties and the absence of any third party. One of the parties in this regard is not acceptable. Nebayt in payment also expresses a part of the reality in the form of a power of attorney contract, however, due to the numerous obligations of the bank and the holder, as well as some legal regulations of the Central Bank, it cannot express the entire nature of the aforementioned. Therefore, the nature of the relationship between the bank, the customer, and the service provider is an emerging issue that can only be analyzed based on Article 10 of the Civil Code.
4. Conclusions and Future Research
In the modern era, bank cards have become one of the most widely used methods of financial exchange worldwide. These payment instruments—particularly debit cards—possess unique characteristics, including personalized usage, tripartite transaction processes, bank-controlled operations, and cross-border functionality. From a legal perspective, the nature of this contractual arrangement cannot be defined within traditional frameworks due to its distinctive features: Bank’s Ownership Role: The bank acts as the direct owner of the deposit, not merely as the cardholder’s agent. Proprietary Deposit: such deposits constitute a transfer of ownership. Binding Agreement: Unlike voidable contracts, this agreement is mandatory and cannot be unilaterally terminated. Real Contract: Its validity depends on either physical card delivery or digital authentication. Given these unique attributes, this contract represents a novel legal concept that can only be interpreted under Iran’s legal principle of autonomy of will. Key implications include: Merchant Restrictions: Card-accepting entities (e.g., retailers) cannot claim payment from the cardholder prior to transaction completion. Conditional Bank Liability: The bank’s payment obligation is contingent on full compliance with its merchant agreement. Independent Legal Relationships: Defenses available to the bank against the cardholder cannot be invoked against the merchant, and vice versa. Due to the complexity of this legal mechanism, legislators must establish a dedicated regulatory framework. Clarifying its nature will not only prevent future disputes but also foster a more secure environment for digital banking expansion.
Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law, Islamic law
Abstract The Luoyang area of the Yellow River Basin, as a typical resource-based city, its special industrial structure and complex geological structure make the ecological and geological environment of the area extremely fragile. In order to realize the sustainable development of the region in this fragile ecological-geological environment, it is necessary to study its Ecological Geological Environmental Carrying Capacity (EGECC) to better serve the regional ecological-geological environment restoration and management work. This study constructs an indicator system encompassing three subsystems: Geological Environment (GE), Social Environment (SE), and Ecological Environment (EE). Based on game theory combination weighting (G1-IEW-GT) and the Normal Cloud model, the EGECC of Luoyang City from 2000 to 2022 was evaluated on a grid scale. Concurrently, a coupled model of geographic detectors and geographically weighted regression was established to recognize the spatial heterogeneity and driving mechanisms of the ecological geological environment system. The findings demonstrate that: (1) The overall EGECC in the Luoyang region of the YRB fluctuates upward, with the eastern area displaying more favorable conditions compared to the western region. (2) Over these twenty-two years, the geological environment system experienced initial deterioration followed by improvement, the ecological environment system remained relatively stable, and social and economic development continuously strengthened. (3) Landform types, elevation, human activity impact index, population density, and geological disaster susceptibility are the main driving elements for the assessment of the ecological geological environment system. Any pair of the 18 variables show varying degrees of enhancement effects on the EGECC. (4) The regression coefficients of the five major driving factors exhibit significant agglomeration characteristics in spatial distribution. Among them, geological disaster susceptibility has a negative driving effect on the EGECC, while landform, human activity impact index, and population density all display bidirectional effects. Overall, this study provides essential guidance for formulating ecological protection and restoration plans for the national territorial space in the Luoyang area of the YRB. Additionally, the evaluation methods established in this study have promotional value and can serve as a reference for the ecological geological spatial management of other resource-based cities.
We study the speed of growth of iterates of outer automorphisms of virtually special groups, in the Haglund-Wise sense. We show that each automorphism grows either polynomially or exponentially, and that its stretch factor is an algebraic integer. For coarse-median preserving automorphisms, we show that there are only finitely many growth rates and we construct an analogue of the Nielsen-Thurston decomposition of surface homeomorphisms. These results are new already for right-angled Artin groups. However, even in this particular case, the proof requires studying automorphisms of arbitrary special groups in an essential way. As results of independent interest, we show that special groups are accessible over centralisers, and we construct a canonical JSJ decomposition over centralisers. We also prove that, for any virtually special group $G$, the outer automorphism group ${\rm Out}(G)$ is boundary amenable, satisfies the Tits alternative, and has finite virtual cohomological dimension.
In this paper we generalize a theorem of Kudla-Rapoport-Yang which gives a formula for the arithmetic degree of the moduli space of CM elliptic curves together with a special endomorphism of a specified degree. Our extension is to the moduli space of QM abelian surfaces with CM together with a special endomorphism of a specified QM degree.
In modern manufacturing environments, vast amounts of data are collected in database management systems and data warehouses from all involved areas, including product and process design, assembly, materials planning, quality control, scheduling, maintenance, fault detection etc. Data mining has emerged as an important tool for knowledge acquisition from the manufacturing databases. This paper reviews the literature dealing with knowledge discovery and data mining applications in the broad domain of manufacturing with a special emphasis on the type of functions to be performed on the data. The major data mining functions to be performed include characterization and description, association, classification, prediction, clustering and evolution analysis. The papers reviewed have therefore been categorized in these five categories. It has been shown that there is a rapid growth in the application of data mining in the context of manufacturing processes and enterprises in the last 3 years. This review reveals the progressive applications and existing gaps identified in the context of data mining in manufacturing. A novel text mining approach has also been used on the abstracts and keywords of 150 papers to identify the research gaps and find the linkages between knowledge area, knowledge type and the applied data mining tools and techniques.
Md Nahid Ferdous, Mohammad Ismail Hossain, Mohammed Manik
Plastic waste poses a significant threat to the environment, public health, and aquatic life. Several methods are now under development in many studies to monitor plastic waste through earth observation satellites. These methods were successfully applied to monitor plastic litter and debris. Due to the special optical signature of plastic, it is easy to identify it in aquatic environments. But in the case of identifying plastic waste on land or in a terrestrial environment, it is very difficult as different types of land cover have their own special optical signature. Conducting field surveys could be a possible solution for monitoring plastic waste on land, but it’s costly and time-consuming. To tackle this problem, remote sensing-based observation can make a sustainable contribution. This study aims to identify plastic waste on land by the combination of Sentinel-2 imagery and two supervised classification algorithms: (1) maximum likelihood and (2) support vector classification. Two locations where plastic waste was recycled were considered for conducting this study by field observations. A total of 60 samples have been taken in this study, out of which 80% (48) have been taken as training samples and the remaining 20% (12) have been taken as testing samples, and the entire process was done using ArcGIS 10.8. This analysis revealed that algorithms used in this study successfully identify plastic waste on land, and between two algorithms, support vector classification achieves the highest accuracy (93%). Bands 6, 7, and 8 show higher spectral reflectance for plastic. The finding suggests that supervised algorithms can be used to identify plastic waste on land. Other algorithms, high-resolution satellite imagery, and a larger dataset are necessary to identify smaller plastic waste on land. This study will help policymakers and decision-makers at national and local levels to identify and management of plastic waste in a sustainable way.
Environmental sciences, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Civil engineering projects, including the construction of oil platforms, are inherently associated with various types of risks from different perspectives. Risk management in large-scale water and marine structure projects, such as the construction of oil platforms, is essential due to the multiple uncertainties and extensive environmental and human factors involved. Identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks are critical steps in managing these projects effectively. This study aims to identify and rank key risks in the construction of an oil platform using fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making models. In this research, risks in the areas of engineering, execution, passive defense, and the environment were identified through a literature review and expert consultation using brainstorming techniques. Subsequently, a risk management team identified 21 key risks and established 8 evaluation criteria through focused group discussions. To achieve the research objectives, two questionnaires were developed. The first questionnaire was used to form a pairwise comparison matrix and determine the weights of the criteria using the Fuzzy Buckley method, while the second questionnaire assessed the importance of the risks. The collected data were analyzed using the Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) methods. The results indicated that the primary risks were related to the execution phase, highlighting the need for special attention to these risks to improve project outcomes. Unlike many traditional methods, the fuzzy OWA method effectively incorporates the subjective characteristics, risk appetite, and risk aversion of decision-makers, proving to be efficient in risk evaluation.
Introduction The article analyzes the views of foreign researchers on the problem of teaching lexis, and also identifies the tasks of learning words, analyses interpretations of the concept “vocabulary”, considers the relationship between vocabulary and grammar. Particular attention is drawn to the discrepancy between the views of national and foreign researchers on the issue under discussion, which is due to the difference in the contexts of teaching languages, namely – the lack of the language environment and the formalized nature of learning. Meanwhile, the experience of foreign theorists and language teaching practitioners is of great interest and deserves close attention.Goal. The goal of the article is to identify problems and prospects for the study of words.Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the views of foreign researchers on the problem of teaching the lexis.Results and discussion. During the research work, a number of important points of the communicative approach were discovered as a whole and the special significance of vocabulary in the formation of communicative competence as the ability to communicate. The methodological consequences of the modern lexical approach were noted.Conclusion. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the biggest problem is the imbalance of language, pseudo-speech and speech types of exercises and communicative tasks with the obvious dominance of outdated activities that do not develop oral speech skills.
We show that if one of various cycle types occurs in the permutation action of a finite group on the cosets of a given subgroup, then every almost conjugate subgroup is conjugate. As a number theoretic application, corresponding decomposition types of primes effect that a number field is determined by the Dedekind zeta function. As a geometric application, coverings of Riemannian manifolds with certain geodesic lifting behaviors must be isometric.
In our paper, we introduce special-generic-like maps or SGL maps as smooth maps and study their several algebraic topological and differential topological properties. The new class generalize the class of so-called special generic maps. Special generic maps are smooth maps which are locally projections or the product maps of Morse functions and the identity maps on disks. Morse functions with exactly two singular points on spheres or Morse functions in Reeb's theorem are simplest examples. Special generic maps and the manifolds of their domains have been studied well. Their structures are simple and this help us to study explicitly. As important properties, they have been shown to restrict the topologies and the differentiable structures of the manifolds strongly by Saeki and Sakuma, followed by Nishioka, Wrazidlo and the author. To cover wider classes of manifolds as the domains, the author previously introduced a class generalizing the class of special generic maps and smaller than our class: simply generalized special generic maps.
Dariusz Buraczewski, Congzao Dong, Alexander Iksanov
et al.
We introduce a branching process in a sparse random environment as an intermediate model between a Galton--Watson process and a branching process in a random environment. In the critical case we investigate the survival probability and prove Yaglom-type limit theorems, that is, limit theorems for the size of population conditioned on the survival event.
The number of studies providing empirical evidence on e‐learning in the field of special education is limited. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to examine whether the factors influencing the e‐learning adoption of university students with disability differ according to the type of disability and gender. The participants of the study consist of 809 university students with a single disability (orthopaedic, visual or hearing). Confirmatory factor analysis and two‐way ANOVA were used in the analysis of the study. The factor analysis showed that validity and reliability of the measurement tool was established and the model fit was good. The results revealed that for all dependent variables (social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility and facilitating conditions), students with orthopaedic disability and visual impairment had higher scores than students with hearing impairment. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, there was no difference between students with orthopaedic disability and students with visual impairment in any of the factors according to the type of disability. In addition, none of the factors differed by gender. The findings provide empirical evidence that can contribute to the planning of online education processes of students with disability by revealing the similarities and differences in the use of e‐learning systems according to the type of disability. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic The field of special education deals with the special needs of individuals and frequently uses technology to provide the support they need. It is observed that educational processes have been moved to online environments due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has affected the field of education nowadays and e‐learning systems in online environments have become indispensable for students with special needs. With their flexible structure, e‐learning systems create universal and inclusive learning environments for all students. Accessibility and special education adaptations are needed for individuals with special needs to use e‐learning systems effectively. For this, first of all, the effects of the disabilities of these individuals in using e‐learning systems should be determined. What this paper adds The results showed that social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility, and facilitating conditions all differed significantly by type of disability. The research findings revealed that all factors differed significantly in terms of orthopaedic and visual impairment versus hearing impairment. The main contribution of the study can be summarized as investigating the relationships between technology adoption and types of disability with empirical evidence and the fact that the implications and inferences made for theory and practice have the potential to make critical contributions to technology acceptance and use of individuals with special needs. It can be stated that the tool adapted in this study offers a valid and reliable tool for future studies with university students with special needs. Implications for practice and/or policy There is a need for considering the individual differences of participants and adaptations for hearing in the adoption of e‐learning systems. Individual differences should be taken into account in the designs of e‐learning systems, and user‐oriented designs should be given priority. It can be mentioned that providing subtitle support for live lessons and recorded videos for the hearing impairment and adding sign and text support to the audio stimuli, providing screen readers for the visual impairment in the e‐learning system can make valuable contributions to improving the quality of education. What is already known about this topic The field of special education deals with the special needs of individuals and frequently uses technology to provide the support they need. It is observed that educational processes have been moved to online environments due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has affected the fiel of education nowadays and e‐learning systems in online environments have become indispensable for students with special needs. With their flexible structure, e‐learning systems create universal and inclusive learning environments for all students. Accessibility and special education adaptations are needed for individuals with special needs to use e‐learning systems effectively. For this, first of all, the effects of the disabilities of these individuals in using e‐learning systems should be determined. What this paper adds The results showed that social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility, and facilitating conditions all differed significantly by type of disability. The research findings revealed that all factors differed significantly in terms of orthopaedic and visual impairment versus hearing impairment. The main contribution of the study can be summarized as investigating the relationships between technology adoption and types of disability with empirical evidence and the fact that the implications and inferences made for theory and practice have the potential to make critical contributions to technology acceptance and use of individuals with special needs. It can be stated that the tool adapted in this study offers a valid and reliable tool for future studies with university students with special needs. Implications for practice and/or policy There is a need for considering the individual differences of participants and adaptations for hearing in the adoption of e‐learning systems. Individual differences should be taken into account in the designs of e‐learning systems, and user‐oriented designs should be given priority. It can be mentioned that providing subtitle support for live lessons and recorded videos for the hearing impairment and adding sign and text support to the audio stimuli, providing screen readers for the visual impairment in the e‐learning system can make valuable contributions to improving the quality of education. 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In this study, by using the ERA5 data of the atmospheric circulation field that was re-analyzed by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), we revealed the features of the Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV) from 1950 to 2020 (including active days, occurrence time of NCCV processes, and process durations). This study focused on a comparative analysis of the differences in the NCCV’s climate characteristics in the cold and warm periods to help future predictions. The results revealed the following: From 1950 to 2020, the NCCV occurred 2961 times on 9782 days. The average annual occurrence time of NCCV processes, annual average of cold vortex days, and average process duration of the NCCVs were 41.7 times, 137.8 days, and 3.6 days, respectively. These indicators of the NCCVs showed an increasing trend, but the trend was not significant. The NCCVs occurred most frequently in May, followed by June, and were located at the southernmost point in June. Therefore, it had the most active days and a relatively long process duration in May and June, significantly impacting Northeast China. During the cold period (1950–1980), the annual occurrence time of NCCV processes, number of cold vortex days, and the process duration of the NCCVs all showed an increasing trend, while in the warm period, these showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the durations of the NCCVs decreased significantly in the warm period, which indicated that the NCCV processes continued to weaken after climate warming. During the warm period (1981–2020), the frequency and active days of the NCCVs throughout the year and most months increased, and its general location was more southerly than in the cold period. Moreover, the annual average occurrence time of NCCV processes, number of active days, and average duration of the NCCV in the warm period were more than those in the cold period. Finally, the NCCVs continued for longer in autumn and winter than in spring and summer, and the durations of the NCCVs increased in warm periods.
There are great differences in the disintegration of red sandstone strata encountered in different sites during the excavation of Lanzhou Metro, and the researches on the support methods for deep foundation pits in different types of red sandstone are urgently needed. Taking the deep foundation pit of a station in disintegrated red sandstone as an example, through the analysis of the special engineering geological and hydrological conditions of the site, it is proposed that the support structures of interlocking piles and internal supports are suitable. The monitoring data of the support structures and the deformation of the surrounding environment during the construction of foundation pit are analyzed. The numerical model Midas GTS is established for the excavation process, and the monitoring and simulated values are compared and analyzed. The results show that the deformation of each item is within the scope of safety control, indicating that the scheme of support structures for the foundation pit of the station is reasonable and effective. The research results may guide the support design of deep foundation pits in similar red sandstone in Lanzhou Metro.
Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction
We prove phase transitions for continuum percolation in a Boolean model based on a Cox point process with nonstabilizing directing measure. The directing measure, which can be seen as a stationary random environment for the classical Poisson--Boolean model, is given by a planar rectangular Poisson line process. This Manhattan grid type construction features long-range dependencies in the environment, leading to absence of a sharp phase transition for the associated Cox--Boolean model. The phase transitions are established under individually as well as jointly varying parameters. Our proofs rest on discretization arguments and a comparison to percolation on randomly stretched lattices established in Hoffman 2005.