Hasil untuk "Sociology"

Shirin Qiam, Lewis J. Lehe

This study introduces a novel dataset of parking lot boundaries covering fifteen US cities. We generate this dataset using a deep learning segmentation model described in Qiam et al. (2025), and a subsequent post-processing workflow. The dataset, publicly available in shapefile format, enables spatial analysis of parking land use at both inter- and intra-city levels. To estimate the share of off-street land used for off-street parking, we link these polygons with tax parcel datasets, in order to exclude streets and public sidewalks. Off-street surface parking accounts for as little as 3.4% of parcel land in Oakland and as much as 10.7% in Anaheim, with central business districts ranging from 2.3% in Boston to 31.7% in Tulsa.

Maria S. Frolova

In 2021-2023 In Yekaterinburg, 3 volumes of author's essays were published on the development of the cultural sphere of the capital of the Urals. The release of review texts was initiated by the Department of Culture of the Yekaterinburg Administration. On 864 pages, using archival materials, unique historical and contemporary photographs, the “spirit of the development of the arts” is presented - music, theater and cinema in Volume 1, sculpture, painting and architecture in Volume 2, literature, art education and the educational system in Volume 3. The chosen genre - essays - is original and productive. Texts are a form of summing up, recording successes in the development of the Yekaterinburg/Sverdlovsk sphere of culture. The tercentenary anniversary of Yekaterinburg (the city can be scientifically categorized as a regional or peripheral capital), which took place in 2023, is an occasion for reflection and further planning. Richly illustrated, gift-type books are deep and original from the point of view of analytics of the development of the cultural sphere. The authors were leading academic researchers and employees of the largest cultural institutions of Yekaterinburg - the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, UrFU named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, the Museum of the History of Yekaterinburg, the Sverdlovsk Music School named after P. I. Tchaikovsky. Using the general scientific critical method, methods of synthesis and analysis, the text of the review provides a brief overview of all three volumes of essays, characterizes the merits of the publication, and provides criticism.

Dominik Porczyński

W artykule autor podejmuje problem prowadzenia badań dawnego pogranicza Galicji i Królestwa Polskiego na przykładzie projektu zrealizowanego na przełomie 2021 i 2022 roku. Ze względu na złożoność problemu postępowanie wymaga integracji tradycji badań pogranicza z podejściami skoncentrowanymi na eksplorowaniu relacji przeszłości z teraźniejszością. Konieczne jest dotarcie do perspektyw aktorów zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych, gromadzenie danych przestrzennych, materialnych, narracyjnych i ucieleśnionych, odwołanie się do wartości, postaw, wytworów oraz praktyk. W tekście omówione zostało podejście zainspirowane koncepcją etnografii wielostanowiskowej, uwzględniającej mobilność mieszkanek i mieszkańców badanego obszaru oraz uwikłanie zewnętrznych struktur władzy. Autor wskazał, w jaki sposób perspektywa ta może integrować różnego rodzaju techniki: analizę map i dokumentów, obserwacji, wywiadów oraz spacerów badawczych w celu wytworzenia bogatych, wzajemnie wspierających się danych, umożliwiających jak najlepsze zrozumienie przedmiotu badań.

Natal'ya V. Rozenberg, Liliya V. Rozhkova

Background. The active development of information and communication technologies has led to the fact that the Internet has taken an important place in the daily life of a modern person. Today there is no such area of life of people where the capabilities of the Internet are not used. It plays a special role in the life of young people, largely replacing traditional social institutions – family, school, becoming, the main institution of socialization and the way to accumulate social capital. The use of the Internet greatly facilitates life and provides opportunities for quick acquisition of information and knowledge. It has become an educational and leisure platform, but the use of the Internet depends on individual requirements and goals. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of the Internet on the daily life of young people. Materials and methods. In order to study the role of the Internet in the era of digital technologies, to analyze the behavior of Internet users, primarily young people, we used the data of the author’s study conducted in 2022, a secondary analysis of sociological studies. Among the theoretical methods, systematic and comparative analysis were applied. Results. The main research directions in the framework of the analysis of the Internet impact on the lives of individuals are considered. On the basis of statistical data and materials of sociological research, an analysis was made of the behavior of Russians and young people on the Internet. The positive and negative factors of the influence of the Internet on the life and communication practices of modern youth are re-vealed. Conclusions. The article shows that for today’s youth, the Internet has become a new opportunity for education and job search, has changed the structure of leisure and entertainment, but at the same time has brought new problems and threats. The younger generation demonstrates a high degree of involvement in the Internet space. In this regard, young people today need to create a safe, but at the same time interesting and stimulating cyber environment, in which potential risks must be balanced with opportunities.

Matthew Wallace, Michael J. Thomas, José Manuel Aburto et al.

Arthur Kleinman, Arthur Kleinman, Hongtu Chen et al.

Population aging is a defining demographic reality of our era. It is associated with an increase in the societal burden of delivering care to older adults with chronic conditions or frailty. How to integrate global population aging and technology development to help address the growing demands for care facing many aging societies is both a challenge and an opportunity for innovation. We propose a social technology approach that promotes use of technologies to assist individuals, families, and communities to cope more effectively with the disabilities of older adults who can no longer live independently due to dementia, serious mental illness, and multiple chronic health problems. The main contributions of the social technology approach include: (1) fostering multidisciplinary collaboration among social scientists, engineers, and healthcare experts; (2) including ethical and humanistic standards in creating and evaluating innovations; (3) improving social systems through working with those who deliver, manage, and design older adult care services; (4) promoting social justice through social policy research and innovation, particularly for disadvantaged groups; (5) fostering social integration by creating age-friendly and intergenerational programs; and (6) seeking global benefit by identifying and generalizing best practices. As an emergent, experimental approach, social technology requires systematic evaluation in an iterative process to refine its relevance and uses in different local settings. By linking technological interventions to the social and cultural systems of older people, we aim to help technological advances become an organic part of the complex social world that supports and sustains care delivery to older adults in need.

Nathalie Heinich

Having proposed a 10-point summary of her book Des valeurs. Une approche sociologique ( Values: A Sociological Approach), Nathalie Heinich responds to the comments of Laurence Kaufmann and Philippe Gonzalez, Danilo Martuccelli, and Louis Quéré, as well as to Hervé Glevarec’s review published in the same issue of Questions de communication. Nine themes are successively addressed: issues of vocabulary, the relevance or irrelevance of certain problems (nature, religion), the issue of emotions, the ontological status of valuation, the epistemological status of an ‘axiological grammar’ and its explanatory or comprehensive purpose, the historicity and contextuality of values, the place of the sociology of power relations, the issue of behaviour and empirical observability, and, finally, the controversy about ‘axiological neutrality’.

Tony McGinn, Paul Best, Jason Wilson et al.

Abstract Background Capturing the scale of child maltreatment is difficult, but few would argue that it is anything less than a global problem which can affect victims’ health and well‐being throughout their life. Systems of detection, investigation and intervention for maltreated children are the subject of continued review and debate. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of the formal use of family group decision‐making (FGDM) in terms of child safety, permanence (of child's living situation), child and family well‐being, and client satisfaction with the decision‐making process. Search Methods Both published and unpublished manuscripts were considered eligible for this review. Library staff from Scholarly Information (Brownless Biomedical Library) University of Melbourne, conducted 14 systematic bibliographic searches. Reviewers also checked the reference lists of all relevant articles obtained, and reference lists from previously published reviews. Researchers also hand‐searched 10 relevant journals. Selection Criteria Study samples of children and young people, aged 0–18 years, who have been the subject of a child maltreatment investigation, were eligible for this review. Studies had to have used random assignment to create treatment and control groups; or, parallel cohorts in which groups were assessed at the same point in time. Any form of FGDM, used in the course of a child maltreatment investigation or service, was considered an eligible intervention if it involved: a concerted effort to convene family, extended family, and community members; and professionals; and involved a planned meeting with the intention of working collaboratively to develop a plan for the safety well‐being of children; with a focus on family‐centred decision‐making. Data Collection and Analysis Two review authors independently extracted the necessary data from each study report, using the software application Covidence. Covidence highlighted discrepancies between data extracted by separate reviewers, further analysis was conducted until a consensus was reached on what data were to be included in the review. Two authors also independently conducted analyses of study bias. Main Results Eighteen eligible study reports were found, providing findings from 15 studies, involving 18 study samples. Four were randomised controlled trials (RCTs; N = 941) the remainder employed quasi‐experimental designs with parallel cohorts. Three of the quasi‐experimental studies used prospective evaluations of nonrandomly assigned comparison groups (N = 4,368); the rest analysed pre‐existing survey data, child protection case files or court data (N = 91,786). The total number of children studied was 97,095. The longest postintervention follow‐up period was 3 years. Only four studies were conducted outside the United States; two in Canada and one in Sweden and one in the Netherlands. The review authors judged there to be a moderate or high risk of bias, in most of the bias categories considered. Only one study referenced a study protocol. Eleven of the fifteen studies were found to have a high likelihood of selection bias (73%). Baseline imbalance bias was deemed to be unlikely in just two studies, and highly likely in nine (60%). Confounding variables were judged to be highly likely in four studies (27%), and contamination bias was judged highly likely in five studies (33%). Researcher allegiance was rated as a high risk in three studies (20%) where the authors argued for the benefits of FGDM within the article, but without supporting references to an appropriate evidence base. Bias from differential diagnostic activity, and funding source bias, were less evident across the evidence reviewed. This review combines findings for eight FGDM outcome measures. Findings from RCTs were available for four outcomes, but none of these, combined in meta‐analysis or otherwise, were statistically significant. Combining findings from the quasi‐experimental studies provided one statistically significant finding, for the reunification of families, favouring FGDM. Ten effect sizes, from nine quasi‐experimental studies, were synthesised to examine effects on the reunification of children with their family or the effect on maintaining in‐home care; in short, the effect FGDM has on keeping families together. There was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 92%). The overall effect, based on the combination of these studies was positive, small, but statistically significant: odds ratio (OR), 1.69 (confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 2.78). Holinshead's (2017) RCT also measured the maintenance on in‐home care and reported a similar result: OR, 1.54 (CI, −0.19, 0.66) not statistically significant. The overall effect for continued maltreatment from meta‐analysis of five quasi‐experimental studies, favoured the FGDM group, but was not statistically significant: OR, 0.73 (CI, 0.48, 1.11). The overall combined effect for continued maltreatment, reported in RCTs, favoured the control group. But it was not statistically significant: OR, 1.29 (CI, 0.85, 1.98). Five effect sizes, from nonrandomised studies, were synthesised to examine the effect of FGDM on the number of kinship placements. The overall positive effect based on the combination of these studies was negligible: OR, 1.31 (CI, 0.94, 1.82). Meta‐analysis was not possible with other outcomes. FGDM's role in expediting case processing and case closures was investigated in six studies, three of which reported findings favouring FGDM, and three which favoured the comparison group. Children's placement stability was reported in two studies: an RCT's findings favoured the control, while a quasi‐experimental study's findings favoured FGDM. Three studies reported findings for service user satisfaction: one had only 30 participants, one reported a statistically significant positive effect for FGDM, the other found no difference between FGDM and a control. Engagement with support services was reported in two studies; neither reported statistically significant findings. Authors' Conclusions The current evidence base, in this field, is insufficient to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of FGDM. These models of child protection decision‐making may help bring about better outcomes for children at risk, or they may increase the risk of further maltreatment. Further research of rigour, designed to avoid the potential biases of previous evaluations, is needed.

Hiroki Hosogoshi, Kazunori Iwasa, Takaki Fukumori et al.

Abstract Background Chronic pain is a major health problem, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is its recommended treatment; however, efforts to develop CBT programs for chronic pain and assess their feasibility are remarkably delayed in Asia. Therefore, we conducted this pilot study to develop a basic individualized CBT for chronic pain (CBT-CP) and assessed its feasibility for use in Japan. Methods Our study was an open-labeled before–after trial without a control group conducted cooperatively in five Japanese tertiary care hospitals. Of 24 outpatients, 15, age 20–80, who experienced chronic pain for at least three months were eligible. They underwent an eight-session CBT-CP consisting of relaxation via a breathing method and progressive muscle relaxation, behavioral modification via activity pacing, and cognitive modification via cognitive reconstruction. The EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire five level (EQ5D-5 L) assessment as the primary outcome and quality of life (QOL), pain severity, disability, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms as secondary outcomes were measured using self-administered questionnaires at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted. Results Effect size for EQ5D-5 L score was medium from baseline to post-treatment (Hedge’s g = − 0.72, 90% confidence interval = − 1.38 to − 0.05) and up to the 3-month follow-up (g = − 0.60, CI = − 1.22 to 0.02). Effect sizes for mental and role/social QOL, disability, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms were medium to large, although those for pain severity and physical QOL were small. The dropout rate was acceptably low at 14%. No severe adverse events occurred. Conclusion The findings suggest that CBT-CP warrants a randomized controlled trial in Japan. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000020880 . Registered on 04 February 2016.

Tatiana A. Guzhavina

The concept of social capital that has become popular in the last decades has significant heuristic potential. It is developed through the broadening of the object of research. Today, the study of the externalities of social capital remains an under-investigated area. The use of social capital has a wide range of external effects. Most often, attention is paid to their occurrence in the economy. However, they are present in all spheres of social life and are significant there, too. Thus, in the sphere of political engagement, social effects may include various forms of civic engagement, which facilitate the functioning of civil society, and, in particular, the implementation of its function as a mechanism of feedback between the society and state. This article aims to demonstrate using empirical material the dependence of respondents’ civic engagement on their social capital. The empirical research base is represented by the results of public opinion polls of the population of Vologda Region, conducted in June 2016 by specialists of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Federal Publicly Funded Institution of Science. During data analysis carried out on the basis of an indicator model of social capital measurement developed in the course of the Regional Social Capital in Crisis Conditions project, groups of social capital bearers different in accumulation level were identified. Data were analyzed with the use of the SPSS package. The research discovered that the civic activity demonstrated by respondents depends on their belonging to a group with accumulated social capital. Persons with social capital of higher level were to a much greater extent involved in various forms of civic engagement.

Christina Bain

There has been much discussed and written on the benefits of entrepreneurship education, as well as the importance of early access to this type of learning. But how can entrepreneurship education train and inspire the next generation of anti-trafficking leaders? How can entrepreneurship also be a driver for prevention and a source of economic stability for those at-risk and survivors of human trafficking? At present, there are entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs-in-training at multiple age levels coming from a variety of backgrounds, incomes, and circumstances who will develop groundbreaking strategies and solutions in the fight against trafficking. These current and future entrepreneurs can also provide fresh perspectives to those in government and business while building more effective tri-sector coalitions and partnerships that address human trafficking. This article explores how and why entrepreneurship can be a key vehicle for social change and innovations in combating human trafficking, along with providing a multi-ingredient recipe of prosperity for those most vulnerable.

Tadeusz Zadykowicz

Eliane Constantinou, Letícia Bettio Machado, Adriana Luckei Rodrigues

Este trabalho apresenta a produção parcial da pesquisa Habitação de Interesse Social: interação entre escala arquitetônica e urbana, que objetiva investigar a produção de projetos de Habitação de Interesse Social Contemporânea, realizada através de concursos e/ou parcerias público privadas. A seleção dos projetos foi realizada a partir de um conjunto amostral de vinte e cinco escritórios eleitos em 2010 como a “nova geração da arquitetura brasileira”. Neste estudo analisa-se as propostas desenvolvidas pelos escritórios Arquitetos Associados, Yuri Vital - propostas independentes de habitação horizontal - e os escritórios UNA Arquitetos e Grupo SP - propostas verticalizadas para o concurso Habita Sampa. As discrepâncias do arranjo formal das unidades habitacionais, bem como suas relações com os espaços condominiais e público sugerem percepções ambientais distintas. Analisar, comparativamente, como as tipologias habitacionais respondem aos problemas de projeto impostos por distintos contextos, e inferir a respeito da potencialidade de socialização gerada a partir das diferentes configurações espaciais representam o objetivo central desta investigação. A análise se desenvolve a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e análise gráfico-textual gerada através do redesenho dos projetos e da simulação de percursos a partir dos 3D gerados. Como resultado deste estudo, foram identificados padrões de urbanidade, habitabilidade e estratégias humanizadoras de acordo com as diferentes tipologias. Finalizando, esta pesquisa tem por intuito entender, através da investigação espacial, recursos de projeto que potencializem percepções positivas no sentido de lugar para os usuários.

Stephen Darling, Clare Uytman, Richard J. Allen et al.

Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a highly prevalent feature amongst females in society, with the majority of individuals regarding themselves to be overweight compared to their personal ideal, and very few self-describing as underweight. To date, explanations of this dramatic pattern have centred on extrinsic social and media factors, or intrinsic factors connected to individuals’ knowledge and belief structures regarding eating and body shape, with little research examining links between BD and basic cognitive mechanisms. This paper reports a correlational study in which visual and executive cognitive processes that could potentially impact on BD were assessed. Visual memory span and self-rated visual imagery were found to be predictive of BD, alongside a measure of inhibition derived from the Stroop task. In contrast, spatial memory and global precedence were not related to BD. Results are interpreted with reference to the influential multi-component model of working memory.

Caterina Peroni

<p>This article describes the development of the Italian feminist political lexicon on gender-based violence within the security frame in the last years. After the description of the historical main issues developed by feminism during the Seventies about the relation between gender-based violence, women&rsquo;s self-determination and criminal law, this paper describes the new framework of feminist and queer movements against the security policies on gender-based violence adopted by the Italian government since 2007. On the one hand, feminist movements criticized the processes of criminalization and victimization produced by the security frame and denounced the underlying nexus between sexism and racism. On the other hand, they addressed the essentialism deriving from these processes. Despite the mainstream vocabulary used the term &ldquo;feminicide&rdquo; in order to focus on its victimizing and alarmist aspects, contemporary feminist and queer movements thus addressed gender-based violence as a problem related to the gender stereotypes and sexist prejudices by deconstructing concepts such as gender, sexuality, and (hetero)patriarchy. In this perspective, gender-based violence is not only a form of dominion by men of women, but it also takes the shape of differential forms of inclusion and exclusion of LGBTQI persons in the neoliberal system, as in the case of homo- and trans-phobia</p> <hr /><p>Este art&iacute;culo describe el desarrollo en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os del l&eacute;xico pol&iacute;tico feminista italiano sobre violencia de g&eacute;nero en el marco de la seguridad. Despu&eacute;s de describir los principales hitos hist&oacute;ricos desarrollados por el feminismo en los a&ntilde;os setenta, sobre la relaci&oacute;n entre la violencia de g&eacute;nero, la autodeterminaci&oacute;n de las mujeres y el derecho penal, este art&iacute;culo describe el nuevo marco de los movimientos feministas y queer contra las pol&iacute;ticas de seguridad sobre violencia de g&eacute;nero adoptadas por el gobierno italiano desde 2007. Por un lado, los movimientos feministas criticaron los procesos de criminalizaci&oacute;n y la victimizaci&oacute;n producida por el marco de seguridad y denunci&oacute; la conexi&oacute;n subyacente entre sexismo y racismo. Por otro lado, abordaron el esencialismo derivado de estos procesos. A pesar de que el vocabulario convencional utilizaba el t&eacute;rmino &ldquo;feminicidio&rdquo; para hacer hincapi&eacute; en la victimizaci&oacute;n y sus aspectos alarmistas, los movimientos feministas y queer contempor&aacute;neos abordaron as&iacute; la violencia de g&eacute;nero como un problema relacionado con los estereotipos de g&eacute;nero y los prejuicios sexistas, desmontando conceptos como g&eacute;nero, sexualidad y (hetero)patriarcado. En esta perspectiva, la violencia de g&eacute;nero no es s&oacute;lo una forma de dominio de los hombres sobre las mujeres, sino que en el sistema neoliberal tambi&eacute;n asume formas diferenciales de inclusi&oacute;n y exclusi&oacute;n de las personas LGBTQI, como en el caso de la homo- y trans-fobia.</p><p><strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2710640" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2710640 </a></p>

Thomas Bürk, Manfred Kühn, Hanna Sommer

The vulnerability of cities is often discussed in terms of physical hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, floods or terrorist attacks. In contrast, this paper opens up a social-constructivist perspective, describing the vulnerability of cities as a result of discursive based communications. The article looks at the extent to which collective identities in cities are vulnerable to stigmatisation in the media and the ways in which local actors find to cope with this. Key terms of stigma and identity research are presented and the transferability of stigma and identity concepts of social groups to cities is discussed. Taking the examples of Sangerhausen and Pirmasens, which have for several decades been affected by peripheralisation, the article describes stigma processes in the national media, how this is addressed in the city and what coping strategies the actors have developed. Finally the key findings are summarised and conclusions with regard to the vulnerability of collective identities are interpreted.

Dag Vidar Hanstad

The aim of this article is to explore the differences between investigative journalism and research within social science. The explicit use of theory and methods is emphasized, while the analysis shows that there are some similarities and, not least, some twilight zones. The article is written by a researcher with a background in journalism and using a case which has been analysed both as a journalist and a scientist.

Alan Warde

Pascale Dufour

M. C. Stant