Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Mahdi Tavassoli, Fatemeh Mohammadi, , Fatemeh Abdolazimbeig et al.

IntroductionEconomic enterprises, by engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR), aim to contribute positively to society and demonstrate accountability toward their surroundings—from employees to the global community and the environment (Janowski, 2020). This type of CSR is often associated with monetary donations to charitable organizations (Lajevardi & Karimi, 2022); however, CSR is not limited to financial contributions to charities (Silva et al., 2023).In Iran, social issues such as poverty, educational inequality, unemployment, and environmental pollution require the active participation of all institutions, including economic enterprises and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Hajibabaei & Rezaei, 2022). Global experiences indicate that NGOs can serve as intermediaries between companies and society, fostering effective social engagement. The priorities and scope of social issues in Iran differ from those in other countries, which can influence the cooperation model (Memar, 2024). In the Iranian context, philanthropic activities are deeply rooted in the nation’s culture and religion, particularly as many benefactors, in contrast to the typical CSR approach, prefer to operate anonymously (Masoodipoor & Vahidpour, 2024).Given the importance of CSR in sustainable development and the role of civil society organizations in its realization, this qualitative study seeks to explore the role of NGOs in facilitating CSR implementation in Iran. The central research question is: How can NGOs act as intermediaries between companies and society, and what strategies and outcomes are associated with this phenomenon?Research MethodThe present study is classified as fundamental research and, in terms of data collection, falls under the category of non-experimental studies. Since addressing the research problem requires process analysis and examination of interactions among factors influencing the central phenomenon, a qualitative research method was adopted. Specifically, the paradigm model of grounded theory was employed for theory construction. This approach is a precise and systematic method designed to investigate individuals and their experiences in relation to a particular issue (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). In the paradigm model, concepts are categorized into five components: prerequisites, phenomenon, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, and outcomes (Seyedi, 2023).The statistical population of this study comprised experts in the fields of charities, NGOs, and corporate social responsibility. In this research, experts are defined as individuals with practical experience in cooperation between NGOs and commercial enterprises, based on their professional background.A purposive sampling method was used to select participants, with no specific geographical limitations. For data analysis, theoretical sampling was applied, as it is considered the most effective approach for theory development (Butler et al., 2018). Interviews were coded sequentially as they were conducted, and the extracted codes were used to plan the focus areas for subsequent interviews. This process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In total, 12 interviews were conducted, followed by 2 additional interviews to confirm theoretical sufficiency, resulting in 14 interviews overall.FindingsThis study examines the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including charities, in the realization of corporate social responsibility (CSR). These institutions, through their understanding of local social issues and the potential impacts of business activities, can facilitate advocacy and the enforcement of companies’ legal and social obligations. Effective cooperation between NGOs and companies requires adherence to two key principles: government oversight and the preservation of NGO independence from commercial enterprises. The establishment of such collaboration necessitates planning, goal-setting, and trust-building, founded on financial and operational transparency as well as accountability. The enactment of appropriate legislation can provide a foundation for the growth of such cooperation, while networking among NGOs, based on thematic or geographical commonalities, enhances their bargaining power.Fostering a spirit of altruism, increasing awareness of citizens’ rights, and cultivating public sensitivity toward societal well-being are among the most important factors in developing NGOs and enhancing advocacy efforts. The collaborative capacities of the parties include the volunteer and specialized human resources of NGOs, alongside the financial resources, equipment, and technical expertise of companies. One particularly effective area of cooperation is the empowerment of beneficiaries to serve as social workers in relevant fields.Awareness-raising and training are considered two essential pillars for the success of such collaborations. Awareness alone is insufficient; stakeholders must also possess a proper understanding and the necessary skills related to CSR. Proper implementation of these strategies can lead to outcomes such as the quantitative and qualitative development of NGO services, improved efficiency and effectiveness of CSR initiatives, increased public satisfaction, and the promotion of a culture of philanthropy within society.Discussion and ConclusionThe findings indicate that charities can play three roles: advocacy, joint collaboration, and service provision to companies. This classification aligns with the studies of Faroque et al. (2022) and Winston (2002). Perhaps the most important foundation for the emergence of this phenomenon is the goodwill and altruism present within society. Another key context is the establishment of appropriate, mandatory, and incentivizing regulations for the development of CSR, a factor highlighted by Skouloudis et al. (2015), Winston (2002), and Doh & Guay (2006). An additional contextual element is the growth of NGOs and the creation of cooperative relationships between the two sectors of the economy, as noted by Brakhasy et al. (2025).Awareness-raising and education - through joint meetings, exhibitions, and conferences - are among the most significant strategies for fostering a shared commitment to CSR, similar to the approaches proposed by Skouloudis et al. (2015). As Jamali and Keshishian (2009) emphasize, such interactions should lead to joint projects aimed at achieving shared goals.Alongside collaboration, maintaining the independence of NGOs from commercial enterprises and avoiding intellectual dependence resulting from financial reliance on companies is of critical importance. Finally, experts believe that public trust is primarily rooted in trust toward individual philanthropists rather than institutional trust, whereas Faroque et al. (2022) argue that trust is more often built upon organizational transparency and accountability. Therefore, the active presence and agency of social actors play a crucial role in advancing corporate social responsibility.

Anette Storgaard

Catharina Fernandez

O presente artigo tem por objetivo vislumbrar os efeitos causados pelo estado de pandemia imposto pela COVID-19, culminando na decretação de longos períodos de isolamento social, e a intensificação dos casos de violência de gênero no âmbito doméstico e familiar, utilizando, para tanto, conceitos ligados à criminologia feminista e à vitimologia, com vistas a identificar novos processos de vitimização e sobrevitimização, quando do acionamento do sistema de justiça criminal.

Marthine Thøgersen

Hvordan NAV jobber med den unge brukergruppen sin, er av stor interesse for både politikere og forskere. NAV har fått klare meldinger om at unge skal prioriteres, men hvordan dette skal gjøres, er et tema som fremdeles diskuteres. Denne artikkelen belyser ulike tilnærminger NAV-kontor har til det lokale arbeidet med ungdom. Datagrunnlaget er semistrukturerte intervjuer med NAV-ledere i 18 NAV-kontor. Intervjuene ble analysert og kodet i NVivo og deretter kvalitativt fortolket. Analysene viser variasjoner langs fire sentrale dimensjoner: 1) målgruppe, 2) hvordan NAV kommer i kontakt med ungdommer, 3) ansvarsområde og samarbeid med andre tjenester og 4) forebyggende arbeid. Studien viser at det er forskjeller i hvordan NAV-ledere vurderer sin rolle og sitt handlingsrom i arbeidet med ungdom. Analysene identifiserer to hovedtilnærminger i NAVs lokale arbeid med ungdom: en proaktiv tilnærming og en reaktiv tilnærming. Studien bidrar til en økt forståelse av hvordan NAV-kontor danner egne lokale tilnærminger til arbeidet med ungdom. Den viser et behov for å tydeliggjøre hva NAVs rolle i dette arbeidet skal være for å sikre at NAV-kontor har lik forståelse av sitt mandat, og at ungdommer kan få tilbud om tilnærmet like tjenester på tvers av kommunegrenser og NAV-kontor.

Shannon Gwin Mitchell, Julia Jester, Jan Gryczynski et al.

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations in the USA for methadone treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) were temporarily revised to reduce clinic crowding and promote access to treatment. Methods As part of a study seeking to implement interim methadone without routine counseling to hasten treatment access in Opioid Treatment Programs with admission delays, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted via Zoom with participating staff (N = 11) in six OTPs and their State Opioid Treatment Authorities (SOTAs; N = 5) responsible for overseeing the OTPs’ federal regulatory compliance. Participants discussed their views on the response of OTPs in their states to the pandemic and the impact of the COVID-related regulatory flexibilities on staff, established patients, and new program applicants. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and a content analysis was conducted using ATLAS.ti. Results All SOTAs requested the blanket take-home exemption and supported the use of telehealth for counseling. Participants noted that these changes were more beneficial for established patients than program applicants. Established patients were able to obtain a greater number of take-homes and attend individual counseling remotely. Patients with limited resources had greater difficulty or were unable to access remote counseling. The convenience of intake through telehealth did not extend to new program applicants because the admission physical exam requirement was not waived. Conclusions The experienced reflections of SOTAs and OTP providers on methadone practice changes during the COVID-19 pandemic offer insights on SAMHSA’s proposed revisions to its OTP regulations. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT04188977.

Richard W. Tresch

Zahra Shaahmadi, Touraj Ahmadi Jouybari, Bahare Lotfi et al.

Abstract Background Smartphone addiction is one of the most important forms of technology addiction that has attracted the attention of all countries around the world. Many studies have been conducted in Iran on cellphone addiction among different groups. There is a necessity to have a native scale for measuring smartphone addiction in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to localize the smartphone addiction questionnaire in Iran (in the Persian language). Methods To assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS), the questionnaire was first provided based on the standard back-translation method. Next, content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and face validity was evaluated for translated questionnaire. After making the necessary changes, the questionnaire was given to the community samples and was then reviewed using confirmatory factor analysis of questions grouping. Finally, the reliability of the questionnaire was investigated by the test-retest method. Results The CVR and CVI values of all questions were within the acceptable range. Only some of the questions in the original SAS version titled Twitter and Facebook were changed to Instagram and telegram according to experts. Internal consistency and concurrent validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha of 0.951. The mean correlation coefficient between the responses of the subjects, who received the questionnaire twice, was 0.946 (0.938–0.954). The grouping of questions in the subscales was changed from the original SAS version because the fitting indexes, obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis test (for example CMIN/DF greater than 5 units and RMSEA of approximately 0.07), were not acceptable. Conclusion The results showed that the Iranian version of the cellphone addiction questionnaire can be used as a valid, with minimal modification, tool for determining the level of smartphone addiction among Persian speakers.

Sidel Mark, Hu Ming

In China, the story of Covid-19 and the relationship between government and civil society is not a sharp break from the past. China has long guided and controlled the development of civil society organizations, and that has not changed in the Covid era. Instead, the Covid era is a story of a continuation in restrictive policy, and responses to Covid have utilized those existing policies and regulatory framework rather than developing new policies for the Covid era. The Chinese story may thus somewhat different from others in this special issue. China is certainly not a story of, in the words of our issue editors, when “pluralist and social democratic visions fade.” The Chinese Party-state’s permission for the reemergence of some kinds of civil society organizations in China since the early 1980s has never been marked by pluralist and social democratic visions. Instead, it has been marked by Party and state control, and clear choices on what kinds of organizations to facilitate and which kinds to repress. That control-based framework has accelerated since the current administration came into office in 2012. Covid has neither upset that restrictive framework nor substantially altered it. Instead, the framework of differentiation and constraint employed by the Chinese state has adapted, in some ways, to the need to control Covid and to control public mobilization on it and against the Party-state. In this brief article we outline the framework of differentiation and constraint that the Chinese Party-state uses to control the Chinese nonprofit sector, and mention a few ways in which that framework has been used in the Covid era.

E. V. Vaske, F. S. Safuanov, T. N. Sekerazh

The article analyses errors when appointing and conducting a forensic examination of disputes related to children’s upbringing. When summarizing expert practice in this category of civil cases (based on the study of 97 expert opinions on forensic psychological examination), the most significant errors were identified: incorrect determination of the type of expertise (including the appointment of psychological and pedagogical expertise which does not have a methodological basis as forensic examination), non-compliance with the qualification requirements to a forensic expert and, as a result, the introduction of an improper subject of forensic expert activity into the judicial process, an expert’s going beyond the limits of specialized knowledge and procedural powers, the incompleteness of research, the use of invalid research methods and techniques, and other methodological violations, associated with the incorrect assessment of the results of psychological diagnostics, inaccurate phenomenological analysis of essential phenomena of child-parent relations.Considering that due to the facts to be proved are essential for deciding on a case, the expert’s opinion is of particular importance and can significantly affect the formation of the court’s inner conviction, which means that expert errors significantly increase the risk of judicial errors. The article substantiates the urgent necessity of the early enactment of a legal act regulating experts’ responsibility for the level of their qualifications and setting professional requirements to experts.

Ostaszewski Paweł

How can the courts ensure someone pays maintenance? What is a sufficient and just reaction to avoiding these obligations? Non-payment of maintenance is an offence in most, but not all, European countries. Due to an amendment in the Polish Penal Code of 23 March 2017, the scope of the criminalisation of this offence in Poland expanded significantly. This paper presents a statistical analysis on this specific type of crime 30 years before and 30 years after the socio-political transformation in Poland and discusses the methods and purpose of criminal justice responses to this issue.

Gregory Powers, Lisa Berger

Objective: Energy drinks are a popular mixer with alcohol among college-aged young adults. Few studies to date have examined the relationships between expectancies of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use, AmED use and AmED-related negative consequences. Methods: Eighty college-aged young adults were surveyed regarding their alcohol and AmED use, related negative consequences and AmED expectancies. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and Cramér's V. A simple mediational model also was used to explore the potential relationships between AmED expectancies, AmED use and AmED-related negative consequences. Results: AmED use was associated with more types of related negative consequences than heavy alcohol use alone, and where AmED use and heavy alcohol use were mutually associated with a related negative consequence, the strength of association was stronger for AmED use. While several AmED-related negative consequences were associated with AmED expectancies, unwanted sexual contact and getting into a verbal argument were associated with the greatest number of expectancies. The mediational model identified a statistically significant indirect effect of AmED expectancies on AmED-related negative consequences mediated by AmED use. Conclusions: The study results contribute to the evidence that AmED use may confer additional risk for related negative consequences beyond heavy alcohol use and suggest that AmED expectancies may have a role in AmED use, which, in turn, is associated with AmED-related negative consequences. AmED expectancies may be targets for intervention to reduce AmED use considering the possible subsequent related negative consequences, especially those involving negative interpersonal experiences.

Tuan Anh Le, Mai Quynh Thi Le, Anh Duc Dang et al.

Abstract Background Methadone, a long-acting opioid agonist maintenance treatment (MMT) is used to treat opioid addiction by preventing opioid withdrawal and reducing cravings. However, it is important to note that mental conditions may persist, or even remain undetected while methadone maintenance treatment is ongoing. This study aimed to examine the level of psychological problems among MMT patients at public and private health facilities and identify associated factors. Method From January to September 2018, a cross-sectional study was performed in Nam Dinh province, one of the largest epicenters providing HIV/AIDS surveillance and treatment services in the North of Vietnam. 395 male respondents currently receiving MMT agreed to participate in a face-to-face interview. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were used to assess psychological problems among patients. Results The percentage of patients suffering from mild to extremely severe anxiety was the highest among psychological problems (18%). 2.8% of participants had mild depressive symptoms and the percentage of those having mild or moderate stress was approximately 4%. In addition, the longer treatment duration, the lower mental health scores regarding three types of psychological problems. Respondents who received MMT services in public health facilities were more likely to have a higher score of all psychological problems. Participants who lived with partners or spouse, having higher monthly family income had a lower likelihood of having severe depression and stress status. Freelancers or blue-collars/farmers had lower score of depression and anxiety compared to people being unemployed. Conclusion This study suggests that among our sample, MMT patients receiving treatment in public health facilities might have higher rate of psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress than that of those in the private health facility. These results highlight the necessity of taking psychological counseling adequately for MMT patients and psychological assessment should be prioritized in the early stage of treatment.

K. S. Kylie Lee, James H. Conigrave, Scott Wilson et al.

Abstract Background Alcohol consumption among Indigenous Australians can involve a stop-start pattern of drinking, with consumption well above recommended guidelines on each occasion. Such intermittent drinking patterns can make screening for risky drinking difficult. This study evaluates the ability of several short alcohol screening tools, contained in the Grog Survey Application, to detect short- or long-term risky drinking as defined by Australian guidelines. Tested tools include a modification of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-Cm). Methods Alcohol consumption was assessed in current drinkers in the past year (n = 184) using AUDIT-Cm and using the last four drinking occasions (Finnish method). Sensitivity and specificity were assessed relative to the Finnish method, for how AUDIT-Cm score (3 + for women, 4 + for men), and how subsets of AUDIT-Cm questions (AUDIT-1m and AUDIT-2m; and AUDIT-3mV alone) were able to determine short- or long-term risk from drinking. Responses to AUDIT-Cm were used to calculate the average standard drinks consumed per day, and the frequency at which more than four standard drinks were consumed on single occasions. Finally, shorter versions of the Finnish method (1, 2, or 3 occasions of drinking) were compared to the full Finnish method, by examining the percentage of variance retained by shorter versions. Results AUDIT-Cm has a high sensitivity in detecting at-risk drinking compared with the Finnish method (sensitivity = 99%, specificity = 67%). The combination of AUDIT-1m and AUDIT-2m was able to classify the drinking risk status for all but four individuals in the same way as the Finnish method did. For the Finnish method, two drinking sessions to calculate drinks per drinking occasion, and four to calculate frequency resulted in nearly identical estimates to data on all four of the most recent drinking occasions (r2 = 0.997). Conclusions The combination of AUDIT-1m and AUDIT-2m may offer advantages as a short screening tool, over AUDIT-3mV, in groups where intermittent and high per occasion drinking is common. As an alternative to the full Finnish method, the quantity consumed on the last two occasions and timing of the last four occasions may provide a practical short screening tool.

Linda Ann McCall

During the past three decades, growing attention has been paid to the idea of mind/brain-based teaching and learning—an exciting approach, rooted in neuroscience research, that proves the interrelatedness of the mind, brain, and body. The purpose of this report is multifold: (a) to explain why mind/brain-based teaching and learning is relevant to children growing up in poverty; (b) to offer a review of the findings in cognitive neuroscience; (c) to offer a review of the findings regarding the effects of poverty on the developing mind/brain; (d) to identify themes emerging from these findings (i.e., research and understanding, communication, multiple intelligences, emotions and climate, patterning); (e) to describe my urban classroom settings and my struggles therein; (f) to share cross-curricular practical strategies that I have applied successfully with children living in poverty that reflect the research and emergent themes; and (g) to offer a summary/conclusion with implications for practice.

Kenny McGhee

The article is based on a qualitative study of residential child care practitioners’ views and perspectives of the blocks and enablers to the implementation of staying put and continuing care practice with three Scottish local authorities. This small-scale qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with nine residential practitioners, working in five children’s homes across three Scottish local authorities. Key findings highlight issues around learning and development opportunities for practitioners; the importance of managers and leaders in creating enabling contexts for practice; the challenges of resource pressures and limited capacity in the sector; and key issues around established culture and practice. What emerged was a consistent narrative of a complex, contradictory, nuanced context within which residential child care practitioners operate. The paper discusses these findings within the current context of challenges to implementing child care policy and the need to establish ‘a new norm’ for looked after young people transitioning from residential care settings.

Raquel Raichelis, Raquel Santos Sant'Ana

Jarosław Berent

Richard W. Tresch

WESLEY T. CHURCH II, Xiao Li, Julie Taylor et al.

Juvenile offender data were examined in 1 county of 1 southern U.S. state, to explore whether racial and gender disparities in youth involved in the justice system were a factor in detention decisions for violations of probation. Probation officers were able to makerelatively consistent decisions about detention for violation of probation, despite disproportionate demographic representationin the overall population that they work with. There remains,however, a substantial potential for subjective bias, suggesting that measures to assist probation officers in making such decisions would appear to have potential value in the field.

William Rentzmann

In memory of Jon Palle Buhl