Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Kristina Čižiūnienė, Augustė Šiugždinytė, Jonas Matijošius

<i>Background:</i> The research presented here looks into ongoing problems with the package delivery services of a State parcel company, especially concerning damaged, wrongly delivered, late, and missing packages. These problems greatly affect customer satisfaction, so it is important to understand how they are connected. <i>Methods:</i> Three hundred and seventy-five customer complaints made between 2021 and 2023 were analyzed. Paniotto’s method was used to ensure that the study data accurately represented the situation. Pearson’s correlation coefficients helped find statistical links between different delivery problems. <i>Results:</i> The analysis revealed significant linkages among the core delivery issues. A strong positive correlation was found between damaged shipments and misdelivered shipments (r = 0.93835) and between prolonged delivery delays and lost goods (r = 0.9188). These findings suggest that addressing one issue may reduce the prevalence of others, given their tendency to coexist. <i>Conclusions:</i> The study emphasizes the necessity for the State parcel firm to execute a comprehensive strategy to improve the overall quality of parcel delivery services. Addressing concerns such as poor delivery and delays is critical since they are closely related to package damage and loss, which affects customer satisfaction.

Jonas Fahlbusch, Felix Fischer, Martin Gegner et al.

<i>Background:</i> This paper proposes a conceptual framework for a multifunctional mobility hub (MMH) that co-locates shared e-mobility services, urban logistics, and charging/storage infrastructure within a single site. Aimed at high-density European cities, the MMH model addresses current gaps in both research and practice, where multimodal mobility services, logistics, and energy are rarely planned in an integrated manner. <i>Methods:</i> A mixed-methods approach was applied, including a systematic literature review (PRISMA), expert interviews, case studies, and a stakeholder workshop, to identify synergies across fleet types and operational domains. <i>Results:</i> The analysis reveals key design principles for MMHs, such as interoperable charging, the functional separation of passenger and freight flows, and modular, scalable infrastructure adapted to urban constraints. <i>Conclusions:</i> The MMH serves as a preliminary concept for planning next-generation mobility stations. It offers qualitative insights for urban planners, operators, and policymakers into how multifunctional hubs may support lower emissions, more efficient operations, and shared infrastructure use.

Jorge Antonio Orozco Torres, Alejandro Medina Santiago, José R. García-Martínez et al.

<i>Background</i>: In the current context of increasing competitiveness and complexity in markets, accurate demand forecasting has become a key element for efficient production planning. <i>Methods</i>: This study implements recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to predict raw material demand using historical sales data, leveraging their ability to identify complex temporal patterns by analyzing 156 historical records. <i>Results</i>: The findings reveal that the RNN-based model significantly outperforms traditional methods in predictive accuracy when sufficient data is available. <i>Conclusions</i>: Although integration with MRP systems is not explored, the results demonstrate the potential of this deep learning approach to improve decision-making in production management, offering an innovative solution for increasingly dynamic and demanding industrial environments.

parviz farshasaid, Mahmoud Jalali

In the discussion of resorting to Self defenseSelf-defense against cyber attackscyber-attacks by non-State actors, at first it must be determined that for what type of cyber attackcyber-attack the right to Self defenseSelf-defense is allowed. The most appropriate and relevant definition in relation to the subject under discussion is the definition provided in Article 30 of the Tallinn Manual, because it considers a cyber attackcyber-attack as an attack that causes injury or death to persons and damage and destruction to objects. The main question of the current research is that according to the rules of international law, is it possible to resort to Self defenseSelf-defense against cyber attackscyber-attacks by non-state actors? This question has been answered by using the descriptive-analytical method, that although traditionally the procedure was based on the acceptability of Self defenseSelf-defense against States, but after the September 11 terrorist attacks, Self defenseSelf-defense against non-state actors was also recognized. Therefore, against cyber attackscyber-attacks by non-Statenon-state actors, if international law regulations are followed, Self defenseSelf-defense can be resorted to, either with cyber or non-cyber tools.1. Introduction The rise of innovative payment methods represents a transformative shift in the retail payments landscape, In international law, the term non-state actors encompass a wide range of actors at the international level, from non-governmental organizations to multinational corporations. However, in recent decades, new actors have emerged in the international community in the form of non-state actors who have pursued terrorist goals. With attacks taking place every day in cyberspace, it seems that the era of cyber warfare has arrived. Now, given the use of this new technology by states and non-state actors and attacks on states and individuals, the question arises as to whether existing international law applies in this area. It is a clear fact that the new style of warfare is not similar to the type of warfare we have had before and that the laws that currently exist belong to the type of warfare and the means of warfare of the twentieth century. When the authors of the Charter were drafting and writing it, what they had in mind when they considered the prohibition of the use of force was more in relation to the military force that had been used in World War II. For example, tanks, aircraft, and weapons such as nuclear weapons, which was the impetus for drafting and writing the. Article 51 of the Charter is an exception to the principle of non-use of force. Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations states: Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense of Members if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Members shall immediately report to the Security Council any measures taken in the exercise of this right of self-defense. Such measures shall in no way impair the powers and responsibilities of the Security Council under the present Charter for the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security, and the Council may take such measures as it may deem necessary. Even in this article, the word force is not specified. The ability of cyber technologies to carry out attacks makes them unlike any other weapon in history. Cyber-attacks depend on information networks around the world, networks that states depend on for everything from entertainment to banking to space travel. As the world’s dependence on information systems increases, so too does the impact and capability of cyber-attacks. Currently, due to the increase in cyber-attacks and the risk of these attacks, states are improving their information infrastructures. The ease of conducting cyber-attacks and their stealthy nature make them more attractive for certain types of warfare. In cyberspace, attacks are also carried out by non-state actors, sometimes not affiliated with any state. This research analyzes whether states can resort to self-defense against cyberattacks by non-state actors.. 2. Methodology To regularly assess and update regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges. The interplay between In this research, we tried to collect and gather information from the primary sources (including laws, regulations, directives, bylaws, judicial decisions, etc.) and secondary sources (such as books and articles, theses, research reports, etc.) in scientific research data centers, official and reputable websites, libraries, and similar resources. According to the title of the article, which refers to Self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-state actors in international law, the concepts of cyber-attacks, armed attacks, and the inherent right of Self-defense have been discussed, and then the attribution of cyber-attacks has been discussed. In the following, the conditions of Self-defense are discussed, and the principles of necessity, proportionality, and Immediacy are discussed and analyzed. Then the nature of Self-defense against cyber-attacks is discussed in detail, and finally, Self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-State actors is analyzed. 3. Results and Discussion In the discussion of Self-defense against cyber-attacks, it should be said that cyber-attacks are an emerging phenomenon that treaties or international customs has not yet been formed for them; Therefore, the matter should be analyzed within the framework of the existing rules of international law. So, those types of cyber-attacks, which reach the threshold of an armed attack, i.e., cause damage and destruction to objects and kill and injure people, the right of Self-defense rises for states. A related international obligation, which is breached by a cyber-attack and amounts to an armed attack, is the prohibition of the use of force and thus constitutes a violation of the UN Charter. In this research, the issue of Self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-State actors has been discussed in detail, and it has been concluded that it is possible to resort to Self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-State actors, if Self-defense is based on the rules of international law and the principles of Self-defense such as proportionality, necessity, and immediacy are observed. 4. Conclusions and Future Research The complexity and variety of cyber-attacks make it difficult to put them in the current legal framework. Cyber-attacks have destructive results such as killing and injuring people, destroying assets and property. Both states and non-state actors can launch cyber-attacks, targeting anything and anyone, including people, objects, and even entire societies. Currently, the best definition of cyber-attack, which is related to the topic of discussion of this article, i.e., self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-state actors, lies in Article 30 of the Tallinn Manual. This definition includes all cyber operations that cause injury and death to persons and damage and destruction to objects. A related international obligation that is violated by a cyber-attack and amounts to an armed attack is the prohibition of the use of force; Therefore, it is a violation of the United Nations Charter. In the discussion of self-defense against non-state actors, there are two narrow and broad views, and even the International Court of Justice has dealt with this issue with ambiguity, and the court's procedure has only been on identifying self-defense against states. However, for the first time after the terrorist attacks of Al-Qaeda in the United States on September 11, 2001 and the approval of resolutions 1373 and 1368, the right of self-defense against non-state actors was established, and the group of international experts of the Tallinn Manual also accepted the right of self-defense against non-state actors; Therefore, it can be concluded that currently, according to the issues raised, it is possible to resort to self-defense against cyber-attacks by non-state actors, if self-defense is based on the rules of international law and the principles of self-defense such as proportionality, necessity and immediacy must be observed.

Khadidja Yachba, Amina Feghoul Imane, Eddine Belalia Sif

The objective of this article is to provide an in-depth exploration of the complex task of container storage at seaports, a problem characterized as one of the challenging NP (Non-Deterministic Polynomial time) problems. Seaports are faced with the dilemma of accommodating a finite number of containers due to the constrained surface area available, making the management of container storage operations a formidable task.

Abdulaziz Aljoghaiman, Ahmed M. Hasanein, Ibrahim A. Elshaer et al.

<i>Background:</i> This research examines the direct influence of green supply chain management (GSCM) on hotel competitiveness and the indirect impact through environmental performance (EP). The competition between enterprises in today’s changing marketplace has significantly heightened. Therefore, identifying the factors that contribute to an enterprises’ competitiveness has become more essential than it was previously. <i>Methods:</i> We adopted a pre-tested scale drawn from previous related studies and we were able to collect 430 forms from managers and department heads in Saudi Arabian hotels. <i>Results</i>: The study findings of the structural model by PLS-SEM revealed that environmental and economic GSCM had a considerable beneficial influence on hotel competitiveness. However, the social aspect of GSCM failed to have an extensive effect on hotel competitiveness. All three dimensions of GSCM have a substantial indirect influence on hotel competitiveness via EP. <i>Conclusion</i>: The study developed a complete model that integrates the elements of GSCM with EP and hotel competitiveness. The study presents numerous implications for hoteliers and academics.

Miasse Herman Olivier, Kombe Timothee, Bossou Olivier Videme et al.

The densification of the vehicle fleet leads to numerous challenges in road safety management. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) helps to manage vehicle-vehicle-infrastructure interactivity, in particular to predict dangers and avoid accidents, detect and penalize traffic violations. This requires a massive deployment of communicating nodes embedded in vehicles and in road infrastructure. The reliability of the systems built on these nodes lies in the accuracy of the ranging. In order to improve the factors that impact accuracy, various ranging protocols have been developed, but their implementations most often involve the use of expensive and specialized transceivers, which incorporate a dedicated IEEE 802.15.4a ranging layer. Our approach implements the basic and advanced functions integrated into low-cost transceivers and microcontrollers. As result, in two or three links according to the case, our protocol performs simultaneously the ranging and the data exchange, against a specific ranging session with a minimum of three exchanges for the other protocols. Moreover, each node knows the ranging data and has its clock frequency adapted to the controlled process. So, we meet the challenges of large-scale low-cost node deployment, while ensuring high reliability and performance of ranging.

Paula Ferreira da Cruz Correia, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis, Pedro Sanches Amorim et al.

<i>Background:</i> The coffee industry is one of the most important world supply chains, with an estimated consumption of two billion cups daily, making it the most consumed beverage worldwide. Coffee beans are primarily grown in tropical countries, with Brazil accounting for almost 50% of the production. The objective of this study is to examine the Brazilian trade between 2018 and 2022, focusing on state producers, logistical corridors, and importer countries. <i>Methods:</i> The methodology approach revolves around a quantitative method using Social Network Analysis measures. <i>Results:</i> The results reveal a massive concentration in local production (99.5%—Minas Gerais), port movements (99.9%—Santos, Itaguai, and Rio de Janeiro), and country buyers (80.9%—the United States, United Kingdon, and Japan). <i>Conclusions</i>: The study concludes that the Brazilian green coffee supply chain relies on a fragile and overloaded logistical network. Due to that, this study indicates that the stakeholders and decision-makers involved must consider this high concentration of production in some areas and companies. They must also address the bottlenecks in logistical corridors and the fierce competition involved in acquiring and processing Brazilian coffee production because these factors can drastically affect the revenue of the companies operating in this sector.

Bárbara Ferreira, João Reis

<i>Background</i>: in recent years, automation has emerged as a hot topic, showcasing its capacity to perform tasks independently, without constant supervision. While automation has witnessed substantial growth in various sectors like engineering and medicine, the logistics industry has yet to witness an equivalent surge in research and implementation. Therefore, it becomes imperative to explore the application of automation in logistics. <i>Methods</i>: this article aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific literature concerning artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in logistics, laying the groundwork for robust and relevant advancements in the field. <i>Results:</i> the foundation of automation lies in cutting-edge technologies such as AI, machine learning, and deep learning, enabling self-problem resolution and autonomous task execution, reducing the reliance on human labor. Consequently, the implementation of smart logistics through automation has the potential to enhance competitiveness and minimize the margin of error. The impact of AI and robot-driven logistics on automation in logistics is profound. Through collaborative efforts in human–robot integration (HRI), there emerges an opportunity to develop social service robots that coexist harmoniously with humans. This integration can lead to a revolutionary transformation in logistics operations. By exploring the scientific literature on AI and automation in logistics, this article seeks to unravel critical insights into the practical application of automation, thus bridging the existing research gap in the logistics industry. <i>Conclusions</i>: the findings underscore the impact of artificial intelligence and robot-driven logistics on improving operational efficiency, reducing errors, and enhancing competitiveness. The research also provided valuable insights into the applications of various automation techniques, including machine learning and deep learning, in the logistics domain. Hence, the study’s insights can guide practitioners and decision makers in implementing effective automation strategies, thereby improving overall performance and adaptability in the dynamic logistics landscape. Understanding these foundations can pave the way for a future where automation and human expertise work hand in hand to drive logistics toward unparalleled efficiency and success.

Turno Francesco Maria, Jackiva Irina Yatskiv

In the evolving domain of urban mobility systems, the integration of technology with user-centric strategies is pivotal. This research stands on the foundational concept of Mobility-as-a-Service, a user-centric intelligent mobility management distribution system that seeks to prioritize human needs over mere technological infrastructure. The study delves deep into the wealth of data available through mobile sensing technologies, highlighting the unprecedented understanding it offers into human mobility patterns, thus facilitating personalized route recommendations.

Huy Tung Pham, Luong Hai Nguyen

<i>Background</i>: Cargo-handling equipment (CHE) plays a vital role in maintaining the efficiency of a highly-worked container terminal. <i>Methods</i>: This study is aimed to analyze the CHEs’ performance, which is conducted based on a contextual application of the overall equipment-effectiveness (OEE) technique and data collected from a field survey in 14 container terminals in Vietnam. <i>Results</i>: The findings reveal that the CHEs are operated incompatibly with their actual capacity due to low performance. Also, the findings clarified the unproductive exploitation of container terminals and low actual terminal throughput since the capacity-designed terminals are currently operating above their actual capacity. <i>Conclusions</i>: The application of the OEE index for groups of CHE equipment is an origin for the impact assessment of the overall performance between the groups of CHEs’ equipment, thereby proposing management tools for supporting the improvement of the CHEs and container terminals’ performance in Vietnam.

Juliana Alice Fernandes Gonçalves

As novas tecnologias têm se desenvolvido de forma cada vez mais acelerada e expansiva na vida das pessoas, entre instituições e até mesmo pelos Estados. No Brasil, há a exclusão digital. Nem todos os cidadãos e cidadãs tem acesso às novas ferramentas tecnológicas, portanto, o acesso à Administração Pública fica comprometido. O objetivo da pesquisa é o de vislumbrar se, assim como o neoliberalismo formatou uma nova subjetividade, é possível pôr em questionamento se a realidade digital não formata um novo tipo de cidadania e quais são as eventuais consequências em termos de democracia. Com o método de abordagem dedutivo, pelo viés qualitativo, pautado em técnicas de procedimento eminentemente bibliográfica e documental, a primeira parte do artigo trata sobre os reflexos para a democracia diante da mutação subjetiva promovida pelo neoliberalismo, em seguida reflete os impactos para a cidadania da relação entre Administração Pública e Inteligência Artificial, e, por fim, com amparo na construção teórica de Donna Haraway, tecerá algumas considerações acerca das possíveis consequências para a cidadania brasileira. As conclusões de pesquisa sugerem que assim como no sistema neoliberal, na realidade digital há a ilusão de liberdade de escolha que, neste caso e muitas vezes, é gerada pelos algoritmos.

Zuhal Cilingir Uk, Cigdem Basfirinci, Amit Mitra

<i>Background</i>: The aim of this paper is to introduce weighted interpretive structural modeling approach to supply chain risk management efforts by presenting an application to identify micro risks of logistics service providers at the industry level in Turkey. <i>Methods</i>: In this research, eighteen risk factors in the logistics sector have been identified through both literature review and recommendations from a group of academicians and experts in the sector. A survey was conducted to rank these risks. They were further analyzed through a weighted interpretive structural modeling (WISM) approach in order to demonstrate mutual relationships among these risks. <i>Results</i>: Finally, using a WISM approach, an analysis was conducted to identify the driving and dependence power of the risk factors. This study covers a variety of micro-risk factors of logistics service providers and demonstrates the relationships among them and clusters them based on their driving and dependence power. <i>Conclusions</i>: Such a clustering of the risk factors helps us identify those that affect the others and are of paramount importance in risk management and mitigation.

Anastasia D. Mitropoulou, Giannis T. Tsoulfas

<i>Background:</i> The purpose of this paper is to study customer satisfaction concerning orders from online supermarkets, which have recently boomed to fulfil the increased needs of customers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service quality, as well as aspects of the logistics efficiency, are being examined, and the gaps between the expectations of people using these services and their perceptions about the received services are being evaluated. <i>Methods:</i> A modified approach of the well-known model SERVQUAL is suggested and used in the case of Greek online supermarkets. Thus, an initial contribution of this paper is the formulation of a framework which can be used to assess the quality of B2C logistics services. <i>Results:</i> The results show that customers’ expectations are exceeding their experiential perceptions in all the examined fields, and therefore there is room for substantial improvement. The study identified areas in which supermarkets’ online shops are close to meeting customer expectations and areas in which they fall far short. <i>Conclusions:</i> Competition is expected to become more intense and efficient supply chains that provide services of high quality will have a determinant role to play. Moreover, online supermarkets will have to rethink of their omni-channel structures to maintain and increase their market share. This is of particular importance during turbulent times such as the ones we are experiencing now.

Renata Carvalho Kobus, Giovani Ribeiro Rodrigues Alves, Dunia Hammoud Fawaz

O artigo possui como escopo demonstrar a importância da aplicabilidade da tecnologia Blockchain e dos Smart Contracts no âmbito do Direito Societário. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizado o método dedutivo. A Blockchain é um livro-razão compartilhado e descentralizado que funciona como um banco de dados distribuído e que possui o potencial de garantir maior eficácia, segurança e transparência das informações que são nela armazenadas, isso em razão de possuir como principal característica a imutabilidade das transações. Essa tecnologia tem impactado diretamente nas relações humanas, e por isso, o artigo apresenta uma análise da importância da aplicabilidade dessas tecnologias no âmbito do Direito Societário, especialmente para demonstrar que as mesmas geram uma maior eficiência das transações empresariais, além de serem condizentes com a rapidez que deve ser assegurada no processo de registro de empresas. Ademais, essas tecnologias têm se mostrado importantes para garantir maior efetividade das assembleias gerais, podendo ser utilizadas, também, como meio alternativo de resolução de conflitos contratuais.

Andrés Muñoz-Villamizar, Elyn L. Solano-Charris, Lorena Reyes-Rubiano et al.

The rapid growth of urbanisation and e-commerce has increased the number of home deliveries that need to be made in retail operations. Consequently, there is also an increase in unexpected incidents, such as adverse traffic, unavailability of parking space, and vehicle breakdowns. These disruptions result in delays, higher costs, and lower service levels in the last-mile delivery operation. Motivated by free, innovative, and efficient tools, such as the Google application programming interface (API) and Google OR, we built a model to measure the impact of disruptions in the last-mile delivery operation. Our model considers customers’ geographic information, speed estimation between nodes, routing optimisation, and disruption evaluation. Disruptions are considered here as external factors such as accidents and road works that imply the closure of or slow access to certain roads. Computational experiments, based on a set of real data from three different cities around the world, which contrast in size and characteristics (i.e., Boston, US; Bogotá, Colombia; and Pamplona, Spain), were conducted to validate our approach. The tests consider 50 different instances of up to 100 customers per city and analyse the impact of disruptions in terms of travelled time and distance. Our results provide managerial insights for key stakeholders (i.e., carriers, consumers, and government) to define policies and development plans that improve the resilience and capabilities of cities’ transportation systems.

Grzegorz Dobrowolski

This study summarizes the results of research conducted during the implementation of the research project "Sustainable development as a factor determining the legal basis for management of geological resources of the environment" which was based on the agreement No. DEC-2012/05 / B / HS5 / 00632 concluded with the National Science Centre with seat in Krakow. The full results of the research were included in two monographs. The first one is "Sustainable development as a factor determining the legal basis of management of geological resources of the environment", edited by G. Dobrowolski, Katowice 2016. The second one is "Management of geological resources of the environment in the light of the principle of sustainable development. Legal issues, Publisher of the University of Silesia, Katowice 2018, edited by G. Dobrowolski

Kelly Fortes Violada

O artigo se propõe a analisar a proporcionalidade jurídica da restrição de acesso a documentos e informações sigiloso de um processo administrativo perante o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) por um legitimado à propositura de ação de reparação de danos concorrenciais, em especial a documentos provenientes de acordos de leniência.  Para isso, serão estudados o princípio da publicidade, o direito de acesso à informação, e o princípio de defesa da concorrência, para então verificar a colisão entre eles e a possibilidade de restrição da publicidade no caso concreto, objetivando resolvê-la através da utilização do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus elementos: adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito.

Turkay Yildiz

The literature indicates that a 20% reduction in the weight of empty 40-foot shipping containers would result in $28 billion of fuel savings, along with a 3.6 exajoule reduction in the energy demand over containers&#8217; 15-year lifetime. Decreasing the energy demand and thereby greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing lightweight shipping containers has been an unexplored strategy. In this regard, this study investigates the possibility of further reducing the weight of an empty container without compromising the structural integrity, strength, and function of a traditional steel container. This research finds that up to an 80% reduction in weight is possible by producing shipping containers with composite materials. This research presents the new design of a 40-foot container made of carbon fiber laminates. The tare weight of a traditional 40-foot shipping container is around 3750 kg. On the contrary, in this research, the weight of a composite design of the same container is calculated to be around 822 kg. Additional tests with various loads, such as lifting the container and stacking loads onto the composite container, are performed to explore the strength and buckling issues of the design presented in this study. The analyses reveal that the composite shipping container is a highly promising candidate for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing fuel savings and thus reducing the operational costs of transportation.

Lukinskiy Valery, Lukinskiy Vladislav

For efficiently increasing the logistic systems, the core specialists’ attention has to be directed to reducing costs and increasing supply chains reliability. A decent attention to costs reduction has already been paid, so it can be stated that in this way there is a significant progress. But the problem of reliability evaluation is still insufficiently explored, particularly, in such an important sphere as inventory management at the dependent demand.