Hasil untuk "Political theory"

Michael J. Sandel

Dmitriy A. Belyaev

This article is a review of David H. Fleming's book The Cinematic Embodiment of Confucius: Chinese Philosophy of Film and Effective Screenwriting (2025). The monograph focuses on an interdisciplinary analysis of two biopics about Confucius from 1940 and 2010, showing within a broad sociocultural context how the image of the Teacher is mobilized by the authorities in times of crisis and becomes an instrument of “soft power”. The author combines a careful reading of the cinematic poetics of both films with professional analysis within the framework of media theory, philosophy, and cultural/memory studies. The work introduces and explains the author's categories of xiang-thought, shi-nema, and screen-play, which are used to construct the concept of the political and aesthetic impact of cinema. Finally, the reviewed work fits into the broader decolonial turn that Fleming's media studies are undergoing.

Carlos Vera Hoyos, William Orlando Cárdenas Marín

The use of artificial intelligence for political decision-making is in an early stage of development; however, there are several questions that arise about its current and hypothetical uses. These questions often come from areas of philosophy, such as ethics, political philosophy, and logic. In this article, first, the theoretical approaches from which the current and hypothetical uses of artificial intelligence for political decision-making can be interpreted will be presented. These approaches include realistic politics, bureaucracy theory, and conflict theory. Then, the possible uses that artificial intelligence could have in politics, as well as the attempts that have already been made, will be discussed. Subsequently, the logical, ethical, and political problems that the use of artificial intelligence for political decision-making could cause will be outlined. Next, a basic experiment will be presented on what kind of political decisions artificial intelligence could suggest. Finally, the points previously discussed will be analyzed from the mentioned theories. The conclusion reached was that, at the present time, the use of artificial intelligence for political decision-making could align more with the approaches of Machiavelli, focusing primarily on achieving goals such as maintaining power, while downplaying moral dilemmas.

P. Sabatier

Sammy McKinney

Interest in how Artificial Intelligence (AI) could be used within citizens’ assemblies (CAs) is emerging amongst scholars and practitioners alike. In this paper, I make four contributions at the intersection of these burgeoning fields. First, I propose an analytical framework to guide evaluations of the benefits and limitations of AI applications in CAs. Second, I map out eleven ways that AI, especially large language models (LLMs), could be used across a CAs full lifecycle. This introduces novel ideas for AI integration into the literature and synthesises existing proposals to provide the most detailed analytical breakdown of AI applications in CAs to date. Third, drawing on relevant literature, four key informant interviews, and the Global Assembly on the Ecological and Climate crisis as a case study, I apply my analytical framework to assess the desirability of each application. This provides insight into how AI could be deployed to address existing  challenges facing CAs today as well as the concerns that arise with AI integration. Fourth, bringing my analyses together, I argue that AI integration into CAs brings the potential to enhance their democratic quality and institutional capacity, but realising this requires the deliberative community to proceed cautiously, effectively navigate challenging trade-offs, and mitigate important concerns that arise with AI integration. Ultimately, this paper provides a foundation that can guide future research concerning AI integration into CAs and other forms of democratic innovation.

Al Muala Zaid A., Bany Issa Mohammad A., Fernández Rodríguez José Julio et al.

The residential sector is a substantial consumer of energy in Spain. A new electricity tariff was applied in Spain to make home consumers manage their energy consumption based on the variation of electricity price during the day, which contributes to energy security, increases the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the grid, maintains grid stability, and reduce CO2 emissions. To ensure the successful implementation of the new Demand Response (DR) program, it is necessary to investigate the factors that might affect home energy consumers to use the Home Energy Management System (HEMS). This work aims to examine the factors that affect the Spanish home energy consumers' acceptance to participate in DR, which have not been studied yet after the new electricity tariff. In addition, highlighting the role of economic benefits and environmental awareness factors in the acceptance of participating in DR using HEMS. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used in this work with four independent factors, attitude toward use as a mediating effect, and one dependent variable of intention to use, then hypotheses were set for each. The selected research method was a diagnostic survey technique through a standardized survey questionnaire distributed in person and online, that Galicia, Northwest Spain was taken as a case study. In terms of the statistical results of Probability value (P-value) and Critical Ratio (C.R.), it was found that the family's economic benefits and environmental awareness affect the attitude toward using HEMS after the new electricity tariff in Spain and attitude toward using HEMS has a significant impact on the intention to use HEMS. However, the usefulness and ease of using HEMS for managing energy consumption do not influence the consumers' attitudes toward adopting HEMS. The direct effect of usefulness on the intention of using HEMS is higher than the indirect effect through attitude. Thus, the mediating effect of the attitude to the relationships between usefulness and intention to use is not significant. The results help the Spanish policymakers to draw up policies to effectively disseminate strategies to encourage home consumers to contribute to energy security and assist energy management researchers in incorporating key factors that impact energy consumers into their proposed models. By doing so, these models can clarify the financial and environmental advantages of effective energy consumption management, thereby encouraging energy consumers to adopt more sustainable practices.

Jean Japhet EMMANUEL

Having dominated the world during antiquity by his power, Africa has known several difficult times in his history such as slavery, colonization and socio-political crises… It has become a hotbed of conflicts in this third millennium caused earlier by the Western bloc whose interventionism is motivated by the control and the plunder of African resources. The geopolitical and geostrategic weight of sociopolitical crises of Africa fueled by ethnicity is felt. This prompts a reflection on the endogenous and exogenous dynamics of socio-political crises in Africa. It is urgent to question crisis management in Africa as a way out for development. Thus, we have undertaken the present study entitled: ‘‘The endo-exogenous dynamics of African socio-political crises’’. Based on a variety of documentation consisting of books, academic works, etc. in a synthetic approach with historical, political science aspects we have formulated the following hypothesis: Scientific research development in Africa is possible only by the resolution of the crises in the continent. To analyze this work, we have mobilized the theory of social conflict and a theory of international relations namely realism. Thus, we propose an african federal state as the issue of crises exit on the one hand and on the other hand we call on the African States to the valorization of traditional rites as a way of achieving peace in Africa.

Vita Elisa Fitriana, Salwa Sabila Soleha, Supeni Anggraeni Mapuasari

This study examines the effect of board director expertise, political connection, and joint audit on tax avoidance. Specifically, a joint audit is the moderating variable in that relationship. This study uses a purposive sampling method where the sample was generated from the Islamic banking industry from 2012 to 2021 with 11 companies. Further, the data was analyzed using the multiple regression method. The results showed that board director expertise could boost the company's tax avoidance practice. The high understanding of directors on accounting, particularly tax regulations, enhances their possibility of using the regulations’ loopholes to decrease the company’s payable tax. This result is highly supported by upper echelon theory, which postulates that the ability of the top management level (i.e., board of director) is created by their experience, value, and personality. Hence, their expertise is sufficient to influence tax avoidance. On the other hand, the remaining variables tested did not show a significant effect. This result highlighted the importance of the company’s consideration in choosing their expertise. Again, the board director's expertise is the most prominent factor instead of political connection and joint audit on tax avoidance.

N. N. Protsenko

This article sketches out a multifactorial approach to the analysis of social conflict, based primarily on studies by Max Weber and prominent contemporary historical macrosociologists such as Michael Mann, Richard Lachman, and Ivan Szelenyi. The approach offers opportunities to bridge the gap between two key strands of the sociological tradition of conflict — Marxist and Weberian. It is argued that they do not exclude each other but work on the principle of complementarity, operating on a similar set of terms (primarily class and capital) and reducing the diversity of social phenomena to a common ground — conflict. Michael Mann’s theory of sources of social power, to which the first part of the article is devoted, warns against the fundamental one-sidedness of interpreting any conflict related to power (any conflict falling within the perimeter of macrosociology can be classified as such) exclusively as political, economic, ideological, or military. A complete description of such a conflict requires engaging all four of these aspects of social power, even if some of them do not manifest themselves sufficiently in a particular conflict. The approaches outlined in the second part of the article to the analysis of its direct participants — social classes with their resources (capital in its various forms), which ultimately determine the specific configuration of inequality — the driving force of any conflict— are based on this initial marking of the conflict field. Such a comprehensive approach allows us to overcome the dogmatism of Marxist schemes without abandoning the theoretical legacy of Marxism: the reinterpretation of its key terms in the Weberian paradigm thus enriches the sociological tradition of conflict, forming the necessary kaleidoscopic view of this social phenomenon.

Monica L Kasting, Jonathan T Macy, Shaun J Grannis et al.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented public health crisis, and vaccines are the most effective means of preventing severe consequences of this disease. Hesitancy regarding vaccines persists among adults in the United States, despite overwhelming scientific evidence of safety and efficacy. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to use the Health Belief Model (HBM) and reasoned action approach (RAA) to examine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy by comparing those who had already received 1 vaccine to those who had received none. MethodsThis study examined demographic and theory-based factors associated with vaccine uptake and intention among 1643 adults in the United States who completed an online survey during February and March 2021. Survey items included demographic variables (eg, age, sex, political ideology), attitudes, and health belief variables (eg, perceived self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used for vaccine uptake/intent. The first model included demographic variables. The second model added theory-based factors to examine the association of health beliefs and vaccine uptake above and beyond the associations explained by demographic characteristics alone. ResultsThe majority of participants were male (n=974, 59.3%), White (n=1347, 82.0%), and non-Hispanic (n=1518, 92.4%) and reported they had already received a COVID-19 vaccine or definitely would when it was available to them (n=1306, 79.5%). Demographic variables significantly associated with vaccine uptake/intent included age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06), other race (AOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.27-0.83 vs White), and political ideology (AOR 15.77, 95% CI 7.03-35.35 very liberal vs very conservative). The theory-based factors most strongly associated with uptake/intention were attitudes (AOR 3.72, 95% CI 2.42-5.73), self-efficacy (AOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.34-2.29), and concerns about side effects (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46-0.76). Although race and political ideology were significant in the model of demographic characteristics, they were not significant when controlling for attitudes and beliefs. ConclusionsVaccination represents one of the best tools to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other possible pandemics in the future. This study showed that older age, attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy are positively associated with vaccine uptake and intent, whereas perceived side effects and lack of trust in the vaccine are associated with lower uptake and intent. Race and political ideology were not significant predictors when attitudes and beliefs were considered. Before vaccine hesitancy can be addressed, researchers and clinicians must understand the basis of vaccine hesitancy and which populations may show higher hesitancy to the vaccination so that interventions can be adequately targeted.

Hafizah Hajimia, Nur Rasyidah Mohd Nordin, Manvender Kaur Sarjit Singh et al.

The pandemic has intensified issues faced by the journalism community in Malaysia. This study is an attempt to help the media industries upskill themselves in terms of the written discourse. This study describes the rhetorical structures in Malaysian newspaper reports, namely The Star, in terms of the rhetorical moves and steps by using the genre theory, corpus-based discourse analysis and corpus analysis. MyCORONAS (Malaysian Corpus of Online Newspaper Articles) corpus of 90 selected news reports consisting of crime news (TSC), environmental news (TSE) and political news (TSP) was compiled and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to identify the frequency, functions, and patterns of rhetorical moves. The findings identified a nine-move structure for the newspaper reports. The nine-move structure consists of five optional moves and four obligatory moves. Variations in the use of the steps were observed within the sub-genres. Additionally, based on the functions of the moves, it was found that the newspaper report is a hybrid genre with various communicative functions. Based on the patterns of move distribution, the dispersion value shows that the moves are tightly clustered. To conclude, the findings of this study will heighten the awareness of ESP learners on the importance of using appropriate rhetorical moves to write a newspaper report which will help the journalism industries reform themselves during the pandemic.

P. Oliver, H. Johnston

M. Arthur, D. Hall, B. Lawrence

C. Boix, S. Stokes

Tom O’Shea

Socialist republicans advocate public ownership and control of the means of production in order to achieve the republican goal of a society without endemic domination. While civic republicanism is often attacked for its conservatism, the relatively neglected radical history of the tradition shows how a republican form of socialism provides powerful conceptual resources to critique capitalism for leaving workers and citizens dominated. This analysis supports a programme of public ownership and economic democracy intended to reduce domination in the workplace and wider society. I defend this socialist republicanism from both the Marxist objection that it overlooks the impersonal nature of domination under capitalism and the left-liberal objections that property-owning democracy or worker codetermination are sufficient to suppress dominating relationships. The resulting position identifies the need for more ambitious institutional grounds for republican liberty than is often supposed, while offering us a distinctive emancipatory justification for socialism.

Muhammad Saud, Rachmah Ida, Musta’in Mashud

Youth in democratic activities has changed the political scenario of Pakistan. The current study was aimed to identify the youngsters towards their participation in democratic paractices and political activities. The novelity of presnt study is to introduce a new theory of ‘Youth-Inn’ which indicated the continuous youth participation and involvement in community problem solving, peers motivation, influence public to do vote, and other political matters. The phenomena of this study are based on the present political scenario of Pakistan and youth participation in building the political structure. The study was quantitative in nature and data were collected through random sampling techniques, hundreds of respondents participated from two provinces of Pakistan, which are Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The objective of the study is to highlight the performance of youth activities, contribution to the political participation, their role in political parties and interests in political and social matters. The findings of the study suggest that youth in Pakistan are increasingly participating in democratic, social and political activities, which are their basic and core responsibility to take apart and do sufficient steps for the country.

Yan Li, Enfu Cheng

<p class="first" id="d371572e86">Since Lukashenko came to power, Belarus has embarked on the road of market socialism, in which privatization has been halted, and the dominant position of state-owned economic components in the national economy has been established; a vertically managed and efficient model of state governance has been implemented, the presidential leadership has been strengthened, and social fairness and justice have been prioritized. In addition, Belarus has kept good diplomatic relations with the CIS (Commonwealth of Independence States) countries, China, and other countries through pluralistic and multi-directional diplomacy. Market socialism has helped the economy of Belarus recover from the decline immediately following the breakup of the USSR and develop rapidly. The country's economic foundation has been getting increasingly stable. A strong social security system has been established, and social welfare covers the largest social groups, which ensures employment and civil rights to the greatest extent, continuously improves the living standards of the population, and thus avoids social division and ensures social stability. Market socialism in Belarus is a special system of socialist market economy, its theory and practice can teach important lessons to the current practice of socialism and the reform of capitalist system </p>

I. Budge

Enes Eryılmaz

In this study, Hume’s theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume’s account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between morality and justice is investigated. Although Hume takes sympathy seriously in his early works, he does not take sympathy to be a sure foundation in his later works. Then, circumstances of justice are explained to find exact place and necessity of the virtue of justice. With the way of deconstruction, Hume shows the cases that the virtue of justice is needed. Justice is largely concerned with the environment and dispositions of persons. Next, the artificial character of justice will be explained. Then, Hume’s laws of justice will be given and assessed: stability of property, exchange of property by agreement, and performance of promises. It is argued that Hume’s laws of justice mostly relate to economic justice. The chief drive that causes individuals to act justly is disciplined self-interest. Self-interest should be organized for public utility. Laws of justice are created by human conventions. The primary sources of the investigation are: Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, [1739] 1978; An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, [1751] 1998 and Political Essays, 1994.

Jianxin Rong, Ning Sun, Dazhong Wang

In this paper, we propose an equality measure for allocation mechanisms with budget constraints to describe the difference in object obtaining opportunities among buyers with different budget ranks. We evaluate allocation mechanisms not only from the perspective of efficiency and revenue, but also with the criterion of equality. As an application of this new evaluation criterion -- the equality measure, we study the vehicle license allocation problem in China, introduce a class of hybrid auction-lottery mechanisms, and evaluate China's vehicle license allocation in a unified framework from the criteria of efficiency, equality, and revenue.