Hasil untuk "Political Science"

Antoine Vendeville, Jimena Royo-Letelier, Duncan Cassells et al.

Studying political activity on social media often requires defining and measuring political stances of users or content. Relevant examples include the study of opinion polarization, or the study of political diversity in online content diets. While many research designs rely on operationalizations best suited for the US setting, few allow addressing more general political systems, in which users and media outlets might exhibit stances on multiple ideology and issue dimensions, going beyond traditional Liberal-Conservative or Left-Right scales. To advance the study of more general online ecosystems, we present a dataset pertaining to a population of X/Twitter users, parliamentarians, and media outlets embedded in a political space spanned by dimensions measuring attitudes towards immigration, the EU, liberal values, elites and institutions, nationalism and the environment, in addition to left-right and liberal-conservative scales. We include indicators of individual activity and popularity: mean number of posts per day, number of followers, and number of followees. We provide several benchmarks validating the positions of these entities and discuss several applications for this dataset.

Georgeta Vintilă, Vasilica Izabela Fometescu, Alexandra Ioana Vintilă

<p>Public administration, as the implementing body of public policies, plays a fundamental role in main­taining financial stability and fostering sustainable private sector development. Our study investigates the extent to which the quality of public governance – a direct reflection of administrative capacity – in­fluences corporate taxation outcomes in the energy sector, deeply affected by financial crises and armed conflicts all over the world. Administrative capacity plays an important role in supporting competition, simplifying bureaucracy, and ensuring transparency in public spending. Strengthening the role of admin­istrative capacity, particularly in the energy sector, is a key factor in public sector reform.</p><p>The empirical study analyzes the non-financial companies from the EU-27 countries, over the peri­od 2004-2023, and integrates as main independent variables the public governance indicators. Our findings indicate that stronger governance, partic­ularly where public administration is effective and transparent, contributes to the increase in corporate income tax and, implicitly, to increasing revenue col­lection. From a public policy perspective, the quan­titative study results underscore the importance of strengthening administrative institutions and public governance mechanisms to improve taxpayers’ vol­untary compliance.</p>

Renata Cristina Ferreira Rola, Tatiana Rivera Ramirez, Axel Kroeger

Abstract Background The translation of successful health projects into public health practice is among the most relevant challenges to pursue better health results, including the outcomes established by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Healthcare interventions proven cost-effective should be expanded into broader policies and practices. This process is called scaling-up and its success depends on several factors. To critically think about how to scale-up projects or adapt programs, it is necessary to identify potential favoring and hindering factors. In this sense, this study aims to document the type of public health programs which have been scaled up, describe the favoring and hindering factors of this process, and critically analyze the findings about it. Methods To reach this goal, this project used the scoping review method to map and summarize the existing evidence on scaling up health interventions through available publications. The databases used in this review were PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, VHL, Scielo, and Google Scholar. Results Through the selection process from a total of 7,027 search hints, 30 relevant papers were included. The found factors that impacted the scaling-up process were organized based on categories of the ExpandNet/WHO framework. The results indicate that poor “user organization”, “institutional environment” and “resource mobilization” were the most frequently mentioned hindering factors for scaling-up processes. Favoring factors included strong leadership, well defined roles, good coordination, positive political environment and community support and engagement. Conclusion Hindering and favoring factors do not exist in isolation, but are correlated, interact, enhance or hinder one another. Beyond the practical advice given in this paper, further research recommended that investigates the association between different factors.

Christopher M. Wegemer, Edward Halim, Jeff Burke

Political polarization undermines democratic civic education by exacerbating identity-based resistance to opposing viewpoints. Emerging AI technologies offer new opportunities to advance interventions that reduce polarization and promote political open-mindedness. We examined novel design strategies that leverage adaptive and emotionally-responsive civic narratives that may sustain students' emotional engagement in stories, and in turn, promote perspective-taking toward members of political out-groups. Drawing on theories from political psychology and narratology, we investigate how affective computing techniques can support three storytelling mechanisms: transportation into a story world, identification with characters, and interaction with the storyteller. Using a design-based research (DBR) approach, we iteratively developed and refined an AI-mediated Digital Civic Storytelling (AI-DCS) platform. Our prototype integrates facial emotion recognition and attention tracking to assess users' affective and attentional states in real time. Narrative content is organized around pre-structured story outlines, with beat-by-beat language adaptation implemented via GPT-4, personalizing linguistic tone to sustain students' emotional engagement in stories that center political perspectives different from their own. Our work offers a foundation for AI-supported, emotionally-sensitive strategies that address affective polarization while preserving learner autonomy. We conclude with implications for civic education interventions, algorithmic literacy, and HCI challenges associated with AI dialogue management and affect-adaptive learning environments.

Shanshan Xu, T. Y. S. S Santosh, Yanai Elazar et al.

Recent works have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) have a tendency to memorize patterns and biases present in their training data, raising important questions about how such memorized content influences model behavior. One such concern is the emergence of political bias in LLM outputs. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which LLMs' political leanings reflect memorized patterns from their pretraining corpora. We propose a method to quantitatively evaluate political leanings embedded in the large pretraining corpora. Subsequently we investigate to whom are the LLMs' political leanings more aligned with, their pretrainig corpora or the surveyed human opinions. As a case study, we focus on probing the political leanings of LLMs in 32 US Supreme Court cases, addressing contentious topics such as abortion and voting rights. Our findings reveal that LLMs strongly reflect the political leanings in their training data, and no strong correlation is observed with their alignment to human opinions as expressed in surveys. These results underscore the importance of responsible curation of training data, and the methodology for auditing the memorization in LLMs to ensure human-AI alignment.

Raphael Fischer, Youssef Abdelrahim, Katharina Poitz

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) presents both challenges and opportunities across all areas of education. Facing the municipal elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, the Young AI Leaders in Dortmund asked themselves: Could GenAI be used to make political programs more accessible, in order to facilitate political education? To explore respective potentials and limitations, we therefore performed an experimental study that combines different GenAI approaches. Language models were used to automatically translate and analyze the contents of each program, deriving five potential visual appearance changes to the city of Dortmund. Based on each analysis, we then generated images with diffusion models and published all results as an interactive webpage. All GenAI models were locally deployed on a Dortmund-based computing cluster, allowing us to also investigate environmental impacts. This manuscript explores the project in full depth, discussing technical details and critically reflecting on the results. As part of the global Young AI Leaders Community, our work promotes the Sustainable Development Goal Quality Education (SDG 4) by transparently discussing the pros and cons of using GenAI for education and political agendas.

Behdad Sadeghi, Rahmatollah Gholipour, Mojtaba Amiri et al.

Objective This study was conducted with the goal of designing a policy-making model for sports in Iran, with a focus on the development of 'sport for all'. In terms of purpose, this study is classified as applied research, as it encompasses practical aspects for various organizations related to sports and health, in addition to providing awareness and scientific insights. Furthermore, this research is exploratory in nature, as it aims to design a model on a novel and innovative topic. Methods A mixed qualitative-quantitative method was employed in this study. The qualitative component was conducted using a situation analysis approach, which is one of the methods of grounded theory. The qualitative research involved interviewing experts; thus, 12 experts in the fields of policy making and sport management were interviewed. These experts were either professors or managers of organizations related to sports, possessing over a decade of executive and decision-making experience. Sampling was carried out using targeted and snowball methods. The quantitative section utilized interpretative structural modeling, an approach based on expert opinions, effective for exploring qualitative variables with mutual effects at various levels of importance. Results After an in-depth examination of the interviews and the data obtained, each interview was analyzed individually to extract initial codes. Subsequently, concepts and categories were developed. Messy situational maps, ordered situational maps, and social worlds/arenas maps were identified. The primary categories of the sport policy-making model in Iran for the development of 'sport for all' include contextual factors, mediating factors, role players and influential institutions, executive requirements, environmental complexities, risks, legal problems, external organizational factors, costs and expenses, and interorganizational challenges. With the aid of interpretive structural modeling, conceptual modeling was conducted. Role players and influential institutions emerged as the most significant factors in Iran's sport policy-making process, possessing the highest influence and the least dependence compared to other factors. Conclusion Given that 'sport for all' should be elevated to the level of the country's macro policies, and its development and progress should be approached as a complex issue, the policy for the development of 'sport for all' becomes especially important. Policymakers should give it significant attention. Role players and influential institutions in Iran's sports policy-making process require substantial coordination due to their numerous connections and conflicts. In Iran, 'sport for all' and organized recreation have received limited attention, and currently, there is no mechanism for monitoring sports policies and their continuous implementation. Therefore, it is recommended to implement a national physical activity monitoring plan based on a comprehensive and electronic system. Since the involvement of managers and executives, as well as their cooperation with policymakers in the policy formation process, is crucial, policymakers should be as involved as possible in the implementation process. Additionally, conditions should be facilitated to enable the private sector to effectively engage in this field.

IGJR-Editors

Anita Jug Došler

Članek govori o podpori priseljencem in njihovih potrebah pri učenju jezika za potrebe dela z vidika delovne organizacije. Ta podpora ni pomembna samo za uspešno opravljanje delovnih nalog, temveč tudi za uspešno socialno vključenost priseljencev v delovno in družbeno okolje. V raziskavi je bil uporabljen kombiniran kvantitativno-kvalitativni raziskovalni pristop. Avtorje je zanimalo, na kakšen način organizirati jezikovno izobraževanje na delovnem mestu za tujce ter s kakšnimi izzivi se pri tem soočajo slovenske organizacije, ki zaposlujejo tujce. Na podlagi opravljene raziskave so razvili priporočila za prakso za organizacije, ki zaposlujejo tujce.

A. Moullet, T. Kataria, D. Lis et al.

PRIMA (The PRobe for-Infrared Mission for Astrophysics) is a concept for a far-infrared (IR) observatory. PRIMA features a cryogenically cooled 1.8 m diameter telescope and is designed to carry two science instruments enabling ultra-high sensitivity imaging and spectroscopic studies in the 24 to 235 microns wavelength range. The resulting observatory is a powerful survey and discovery machine, with mapping speeds better by 2 - 4 orders of magnitude with respect to its far-IR predecessors. The bulk of the observing time on PRIMA should be made available to the community through a General Observer (GO) program offering 75% of the mission time over 5 years. In March 2023, the international astronomy community was encouraged to prepare authored contributions articulating scientific cases that are enabled by the telescope massive sensitivity advance and broad spectral coverage, and that could be performed within the context of GO program. This document, the PRIMA General Observer Science Book, is the edited collection of the 76 received contributions.

Lic. Abelardo Moreno Fernández

Compañeras y compañeros, Ministro:   Mucho le agradezco a la cátedra Raúl Roa García que me permitiera pronunciar estas palabras en un nuevo aniversario del Canciller de la Dignidad. Recuerdo cuando, en 1996, en un coloquio científico sobre Roa en el Centro Pablo de la Torriente Brau se comenzó a hablar sobre la creación de esta cátedra. Por tanto, me honro de haberme contado entre aquellos que, hace más de 25 años, fuimos los primeros promotores de este proyecto, que es hoy una palpable realidad.

Sarner, Eric

Ana Belén Sainz

Quantum information is a rapidly-growing interdisciplinary field at the intersection of information science, computer science, mathematics, philosophy, and quantum science, working at the core of our quantum technologies. Regardless of its scientific success, quantum information is not exempt from the intrinsic features that come from the fact that scientists are humans and members of society: both the good and the bad of our social practices leak into the scientific activity. In our scientific community, diversity and equal opportunity problems are particularly difficult to observe due to social, economic, or cultural barriers, often remaining invisible. How can our lack of awareness negatively influence the progress of science in the long term? How can our community grow into a better version of itself? This article reflects on how research events - such as conferences - can contribute to a shift in our culture. This reflection draws on what we learn from Q-Turn: an initiative triggered by postdoctoral researchers to discuss these questions. One of Q-turn's main missions is to foster an inclusive community and highlight outstanding research that may be under-appreciated in other high-impact venues due to systemic biases. As well as a scientific program, Q-turn features talks and discussions on issues that affect the quantum information community, ranging from diversity and inclusion, health and mental health, to workers' rights. In this perspective article, we will consider Q-Turn as an example of how a research community can work to tackle systematic biases, review the successes, and identify further points for development.

Kostas Karpouzis, Stavros Kaperonis, Yannis Skarpelos

Social Media have been extensively used for commercial and political communication, besides their initial scope of providing an easy-to-use outlet to produce and consume user-generated content. Besides being a popular medium, Social Media have definitely changed the way we express ourselves or where we look for emerging news and commentary, especially during troubled times. In this paper, we examine a corpus assembled from the Twitter accounts of politicians in the United States and annotated with respect to their audience and the sentiment they convey with each post. Our purpose is to examine whether there are stylistic differences among representatives of different political ideologies, directed to different audiences or with dissimilar agendas. Our findings verify existing knowledge from conventional written communication and can be used to evaluate the quality and depth of political expression and dialogue, especially during the period leading to an election.

Yelena Mejova, Jisun An, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales et al.

The United States have some of the highest rates of gun violence among developed countries. Yet, there is a disagreement about the extent to which firearms should be regulated. In this study, we employ social media signals to examine the predictors of offline political activism, at both population and individual level. We show that it is possible to classify the stance of users on the gun issue, especially accurately when network information is available. Alongside socioeconomic variables, network information such as the relative size of the two sides of the debate is also predictive of state-level gun policy. On individual level, we build a statistical model using network, content, and psycho-linguistic features that predicts real-life political action, and explore the most predictive linguistic features. Thus, we argue that, alongside demographics and socioeconomic indicators, social media provides useful signals in the holistic modeling of political engagement around the gun debate.

Andrea Figulová, Michaela Dénešová

<span class="abs_content">This paper analyses presence of populistic rhetoric in the behaviour of two Slovak prime ministers who have been responsible for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on Brubaker's (2017) work on populism and tries to identify his six elements within the area studied. The main argument is that even though these two actors have different political backgrounds and experience, both use a populist repertoire in their communication and actions and having to deal with a crisis such as COVID-19 pandemic is not the reason to not use it. It is important to analyse societal structures as the COVID-19 pandemic not only put lives at risk, but also economic and social rights and the security of the state.</span><br />

Maria Aurelia Primastuti Puspasari, Hermini Susiatiningsih

Comfort Women Agreement sebagai upaya penyelesaian isu comfort women diantara Korea Selatan dan Jepang telah tercapai di tahun 2015. Sebagai tindak lanjut dalam perwujudan skema perjanjian tersebut, salah satu kebijakan yang harus diimplementasikan oleh pemerintah Korea Selatan yakni mendirikan sebuah yayasan untuk memberi dukungan kepada semua mantan comfort women dalam penyembuhan luka psikologis melalui kontribusi dana dari anggaran Pemerintah Jepang. Namun Comfort Women Agreement dan pendirian yayasan yang kemudian dinamai Reconciliation and Healing Foundation masih ditanggapi dengan respon negatif dari masyarakat dan korban comfort women di Korea Selatan. Hal ini menjadi jalan terjal yang dihadapi dalam proses implementasi Reconciliation and Healing Foundation dan berujung pada pembubaran yayasan tersebut pada tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bermaksud menjelaskan bagaimana faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan implementasi yayasan tersebut oleh Korea Selatan dalam skema perwujudan Comfort Women Agreement. Untuk menganalisis fenomena tersebut akan menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan dari Merilee S. Grindle. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana konten kebijakan dan lingkungan implementasi menjadi faktor yang mengakibatkan terbentuknya jalan terjal dalam proses implementasi Reconciliation and Healing Foundation.

Andong Luis Li Zhao, Andrew Paley, Rachel Adler et al.

A politically informed citizenry is imperative for a welldeveloped democracy. While the US government has pursued policies for open data, these efforts have been insufficient in achieving an open government because only people with technical and domain knowledge can access information in the data. In this work, we conduct user interviews to identify wants and needs among stakeholders. We further use this information to sketch out the foundational requirements for a functional political information technical system.

R. Proctor

Eriko Fahri Ginting, Dian Agung Wicaksono

Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, telah memberikan kewenangan kepada Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) untuk melakukan evaluasi dan pemantauan terhadap Perda dan rancangan Perda. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan adanya dualisme kewenangan evaluasi rancangan Perda  antara  Pemerintah  Pusat  dengan  DPD.  Penelitian  ini  berfokus  menjawab  pertanyaan: (a) bagaimana kewenangan pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah dalam sistem hukum Indonesia? (b) bagaimana implikasi dualisme pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah terhadap kepastian hukum pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah dan pengaturan kewenangan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi domain pemerintahan daerah? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah konstruksi pengawasan rancangan Perda dan implikasi dualisme pengawasan rancangan Perda antara DPD dan Pemerintah Pusat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menganalisis data sekunder berupa peraturan perundangan-undangan dan literatur terkait dengan pengawasan rancangan Perda, khususnya terkait evaluasi rancangan Perda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan pengawasan rancangan Perda oleh DPD secara normatif telah memperluas lingkup rancangan Perda yang dapat dievaluasi, dengan beberapa catatan hukum yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan kewenangan tersebut.