Migrant workers in China often experience employment instability due to limited labor protection and restricted access to formal institutions, which undermines both job security and social integration. Although trade unions are expected to support workers’ employment, their role remains debated in the Chinese context. Using pooled data from the China General Social Survey (2010–2021), this study examines the effect of union participation on migrant workers’ employment by applying a treatment effect model. The results indicate that union membership is significantly associated with a higher likelihood of non-agricultural employment. Mechanism analyses suggest that unions improve employment outcomes by enhancing labor rights protection, promoting formal contracts, and expanding social insurance coverage, thereby reducing perceived employment uncertainty and strengthening labor market attachment. These findings suggest that union participation is associated with improved employment outcomes, potentially through institutional and psychological pathways. However, it is important to acknowledge that unions may also serve as markers of pre-existing formalized employment environments.
Xóchitl De San Jorge Cárdenas, Monserrat Armenta Reséndiz
En los últimos años se han realizado cuestionamientos éticos sobre el consumo de drogas y las políticas de atención, por lo que resulta necesario hacer una reflexión analítica sobre algunos de los conflictos identificados. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los conflictos bioéticos que se identifican en el campo de la reducción de la demanda de drogas. Se agruparon los distintos conflictos éticos en diversas categorías —el consumo de drogas y la autonomía, legalización versus prohibición, responsabilidad social, prevención, tratamiento y reducción de daños— y se analizaron a la luz de algunas teorías éticas. Esta revisión preliminar pone de manifiesto la necesidad urgente de abordar los dilemas presentes en todos los niveles de esta cuestión desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, que van desde la sensibilización de la población, la capacitación del personal de salud, la generación de políticas públicas y de programas de atención hasta la aprobación de iniciativas legales que contribuyan al cuidado de la salud de las personas consumidoras de sustancias psicoactivas.
Medical philosophy. Medical ethics, Business ethics
In this work, standard methods of the mixed thin-shell foramlism are refined using the framework of Colombeau's theory of generalized functions. To this end, systematic use is made of smooth generalized functions, in particular regularizations of the Heaviside step function and the delta distribution, instead of working directly with the corresponding Schwartz distributions. Based on this change of method, the resulting extended thin shell formalism is shown to offer a decisive advantage over traditional approaches to the subject: it avoids dealing with ill-defined products of distributions in the calculation of nonlinear curvature expressions, thereby allowing for the treatment of problems that prove intractable with the 'conventional' thin-shell formalism. This includes, in particular, the problem of matching singular spacetimes with distributional metrics (containing a delta distribution term) across a joint boundary hypersurface in spacetime, the problem of setting up the dominant energy condition for thin shells, and the problem of defining reasonably rigorously nonlinear distribution-valued curvature invariants needed in higher-derivative theories of gravity. Eventually, as a further application, close links to Penrose's cut-and-paste method are established by proving that results of said method can be re-derived using the generalized formalism presented.
Thermodynamics is the most basic energy science. It is derived from the words thermal (heat) and dynamic (motion). Although its laws have existed since the beginning of the universe, the development of thermodynamics as a science was with the invention of steam engines in England. These laws, as known, are the Zeroth, First, Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics. These are four macro laws, and they were determined based on observation. They are not the product of theoretical thought. Zeroth Law reveals the basic structure of temperature measurement, based on the principle that if two different systems are in thermal equilibrium separately with a third system, there must be thermal equilibrium between them. The First and Second Laws are the fundamental laws regarding energy. The first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, and the second law, also known as the law of entropy, along with explaining the principles of energy conversion; also make a significant contribution to understand the functioning mechanism of the universe. The Third Law states that as chemically homogeneous and perfectly crystalline substances approach absolute zero temperature (273 C, 0 K), their entropy (or entropy changes) will also approach zero; in other words, it states that there can be no disorder or movement in the substances in question at this temperature. It is also important that thermodynamics science has a wide range of applications, from technical fields to philosophy, therefore it is known by large masses. Because its laws are among the most fundamental laws of the universe, in other words it is universal. Laws are noteworthy for the establishment, operation and analysis of engineering and many other systems, as well as for understanding the order of the universe. Additionally, some cosmologists strive to explain the order and functioning mechanism of the universe by making use of the laws of thermodynamics. Moreover, the laws of thermodynamics also give clues about the existence of the universe. Entropy, defined based on the second law of thermodynamics, is a phenomenon that gives the numerical magnitude of the disorder or complexity of a system. The more disordered or complex a system is, the greater its irreversibility and entropy will be. There is also a structure of the law that affects every system everywhere in the universe. It is not dependent on time and space. Time and space are literally subject to this law. The law has been in effect since the beginning of the universe, and it will continue to exist if the universe exists. Because universe means system; system means mechanism; mechanism means a structure that works according to the sovereignty of laws. Energy is needed to sustain life. Even though energy is not destroyed, the use of resources means that they move from a certain potential to a dead state (environment) because of the law of entropy. This process is valid for all systems in the universe. While all energies are processed through this process, living creatures in nature experience a similar process as they move from life to death. Eventually, all energy sources in the universe will go to the environment and become dead. This situation can be described as the entropy apocalypse of the universe. The concept of the apocalypse also reflects chaotic conditions such as noise and turmoil. Sources state that a cosmically stagnant situation will occur before the apocalypse. This is the cosmic dead state of the universe. In this study, an attempt was made to establish a relationship between entropy and doomsday by using the laws of Thermodynamics. In this context, the fact that the end of the universe is similar to the point where the entropy apocalypse will occur, as expressed in the doomsday scenario in religious literature (including the Religion of Islam), is tried to be explained on the plane of science and religion.
Abstract: Myths about health and abortion in Chile have been identified as a barrier to the implementation of Law 21.030 on the Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy. However, no measure adapted to the Chilean socio-cultural reality with adequate psychometric properties would allow us to verify the extent of misinformation. This study aims to design and analyze the psychometric properties of the Myths About Health and Abortion Scale (MHAS) in a Chilean community population. This study presents a sample of 613 participants. We obtained a unidimensional 5-item scale by cross-validity (χ2 = 21.702; df = 4; p < .001); RMSEA = .085 (90% CI [.052, .122]); CFI = .993; TLI = .982; GFI = .995) with adequate reliability of scores in the study sample (Sub-sample 1, McDonald's omega = .871; Sub-sample 2, McDonald's omega = .842); and evidence of validity in relation to other variables (e.g., the MHAS correlates with Sexual Double Standard (r = .354; p < .001), and Group Dominance (r = .307; p < .001), for use on the Chilean population. The most uninformed participants have a low education level, are older, have a conservative ideological profile in terms of religion and politics, and have a higher agreement with sexual double standards and social domination. This new approach allows us to quantify the issue of stigmatization and decision-making faced by women contemplating abortion, as well as to expose the deliberate dissemination of misinformation as a political strategy to oppose permissive abortion legislation.
Keywords: beliefs; voluntary termination of pregnancy; instrument; validity; reliability; misinformation.
Resumen: Los mitos sobre salud y aborto en Chile han sido identificados como una barrera para la implementación de la Ley 21.030 sobre Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo. No obstante, no existe una medida adaptada a la realidad sociocultural chilena con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que nos permita constatar la extensión de la desinformación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Mitos sobre Salud y Aborto (EMSA) en población comunitaria chilena. Este estudio presenta una muestra de 613 participantes. Como resultado obtuvimos una escala de 5 ítems unidimensional mediante validez cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = ,995); con adecuada fiabilidad de las puntuaciones en la muestra de estudio (submuestra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; submuestra 2, Omega de McDonald = ,842); y evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables (p. ej., , EMSA correlaciona con Doble Moral Sexual (r = ,354; p < ,001), y Dominación Grupal (r = ,307; p < ,001) para su uso con población chilena. Las y los participantes más desinformados tienen un bajo nivel educativo, son mayores, un perfil ideológico conservador en lo religioso y lo político, y mayor acuerdo con el doble estándar sexual y la dominación social. Esta nueva herramienta nos brinda la posibilidad de medir una problemática implicada en la estigmatización y toma de decisión de las mujeres que se plantean el acceso al aborto; y de transparentar el uso de la desinformación como estrategia política para desincentivar políticas permisivas sobre el aborto.
Palabras clave: creencias; interrupción voluntaria del embarazo; instrumento; validez; fiabilidad; desinformación.
Resumo: Os mitos sobre saúde e aborto no Chile foram identificados como uma barreira à implementação da Lei 21.030 sobre a Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez. No entanto, não existe uma medida adaptada à realidade sociocultural chilena com propriedades psicométricas adequadas que nos permita verificar a extensão da desinformação. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenhar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Mitos sobre Saúde e Aborto (EMSA) numa população comunitária chilena. Este estudo apresenta uma amostra de 613 participantes. Como resultado, obtivemos uma escala unidimensional de 5 itens, por validade cruzada (χ2 = 21,702; gl = 4; p < ,001; RMSEA = ,085 (IC 90% [,052 ,122]); CFI = ,993; TLI = ,982; GFI = 995); com fiabilidade adequada das pontuações na amostra do estudo (Subamostra 1, Omega de McDonald = ,871; Subamostra, Omega de McDonald = ,842); e evidência de validade em relação a outras variáveis (por exemplo, o EMSA correlaciona-se com a Moral Sexual Dupla (r = ,354; p < ,001), e a Dominância de Grupo (r = ,307; p < ,001), para uso com a população chilena. Os participantes mais desinformados têm um baixo nível de escolaridade, são mais velhos, têm um perfil ideológico conservador na religião e na política, e têm uma maior concordância com a dupla moral sexual e a dominação social. Esta nova ferramenta dános a possibilidade de medir um problema implicado na estigmatização e na tomada de decisão das mulheres que consideram aceder ao aborto; e de tornar transparente a utilização da desinformação como estratégia política para desencorajar políticas permissivas sobre o aborto.
Palavras-chave: crenças; interrupção voluntária da gravidez; instrumento; validade; confiabilidade; desinformação.
Mohammad Reza Alipour, Saeed Noori Gashti, Mohammad Ali S. Afshar
et al.
In this paper, we study the Joule-Thomson Expansion (JTE) process for two types of black holes: AdS-Einstein-Maxwell-Power-Yang-Mills (AEMPYM) and AdS-Kerr-Sen (AKS). Our study focuses on understanding how various parameters influence the Joule-Thomson Coefficient (JTC), the inversion curve, and the ratio of minimum inversion temperature to critical temperature. For the AKS black hole, we observe that the isenthalpic curves can exhibit either cooling or heating behavior. This behavior is determined by the inversion curve, which is affected by the black hole's mass and specific parameters such as $b$ (parameter signifies the ionic charge of the black hole) and $a$ (rotation parameter). In the case of the AEMPYM black hole, our findings reveal that the ratio of minimum inversion temperature to critical temperature approaches a specific value as Maxwell's charge increases. This ratio remains constant for certain parameter values, while it varies for others. Specifically, when the parameter $q$ (real positive parameter of AEMPYM black hole) is greater than 1, the ratio is almost equal to 1/2 as Maxwell's charge (C) increases. When q equals 1/2, the ratio is exactly 1/2 for all values of (C). For values of (q) between 1/2 and 1, the ratio is close to 1/2, and for values of (q) between 0 and 1/2, the ratio decreases, moving away from 1/2. For the AKS black hole, we find that specific parameter values, such as (a = 0.00951) and (b = 0.00475 ), yield a ratio of minimum inversion temperature to a critical temperature that is approximately 1/2. This consistency across different parameter values highlights the robustness of our findings. Finally, we compare our results with those reported in the existing literature, providing a comprehensive summary in detailed tables.
China’s technical progress on emissions and vast ocean area make the study for CO2 emission reduction suitable in a marine fishery. This study uses the slack variables of SBM and the Malmquist index to analyze the CO2 emission efficiency of Trawler, Seine net, Drift net, Fixed net, and Angling, along with their efficiency values, distinguishing the impact of technological progress, scale expansion, and technological efficiency. Results show that the CO2 emission efficiency of the Angling and Seine industry is high with the development potential of the low-carbon fishery. Moreover, China’s technological progress is increasing, but the technical efficiency of CO2 emission reduction is declining. Lack of pure technical efficiency is the primary constraint of low-carbon capture fishery, making changes in efficiency show a downward trend. These results expand the research depth of the efficiency impact of technological progress and reveal that technological progress keeps increasing, but the CO2 emission reduction efficiency is decreasing. This indicates that emission reduction requires both technological growth and the technology’s capacity to reduce CO2 emissions efficiently.
Excess of matter in form designates the principle that underlies architecture. The surplus of form contains not only a constructive principle, but also an aesthetic principle that enables sensual experience. In the coupling of construction and sensual experience, the basic prerequisites for the aesthetics of architecture are thus named, but at the same time also the difficulties with which architecture is confronted within philosophical aesthetics. For Kant, it was precisely the object character that stood in the way of an architectural aesthetics as part of a general aesthetics. For him, only the architectural drawing, because detached from matter, construction, and function, could meet the criteria of the beautiful, and that only as a façade view and not as a ground plan or sectional drawing. With reference to Aristotle, Kant and Schopenhauer and an outlook on contemporary architecture, the essay outlines the principles of an aesthetics of architecture as it is to be developed out of the specific material conditions of architecture and has its starting point in the surplus of form.
Nuriyah Fara Muthia, Juajir Sumardi, Maskun Maskun
This research aims to analyze the legal implications of the increase in space debris generated through space commercialization activities. This research uses a normative legal method using a qualitative approach to determine the application of law in commercial activities carried out in space. The results of this study, namely: (1) the increase in space junk cases caused by commercial activities in space is increasing until 2022 due to various satellites being launched and causing junk to scatter freely in space. The rules of the Outer Space Treaty 1967 are still unable to guarantee legal certainty so that all parties carrying out commercial activities in space obey them; (2) the calculation of damage caused by commercial activities in space will result in liability that has been regulated in the Space Liability Convention 1972 that there are two legal principles governing the responsibility for compensation carried out by all parties in space, both state and private parties.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
We construct generalized symmetries for linearized Einstein gravity in arbitrary dimensions. First-principle considerations in QFT force generalized symmetries to appear in dual pairs. Verifying this prediction helps us find the full set of non-trivial conserved charges -- associated, in equal parts, with 2-form and $(D-2)$-form currents. Their total number is $D(D+1)$. We compute the quantum commutators of pairs of dual charges, showing that they are non-vanishing for regions whose boundaries are non-trivially linked with each other and zero otherwise, as expected on general grounds. We also consider general linearized higher-curvature gravities. These propagate, in addition to the usual graviton, a spin-0 mode as well as a massive ghost-like spin-2 one. When the latter is absent, the theory is unitary and the dual-pairs principle is respected. In particular, we find that the number and types of charges remain the same as for Einstein gravity, and that they correspond to continuous generalizations of the Einsteinian ones.
In this paper, we establish a unified parameterized framework for analyzing the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the general metric theory (gravity is only described by the metric) and the general scalar-tensor theory (gravity is described by the metric and an additional scalar field). Specifically, we study the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the most general metric theory and general scalar-tensor theory that satisfy the following conditions: (1) Spacetime is four-dimensional; (2) The theory satisfies the principle of least action; (3) The theory is generally covariant; (4) The action describing a free particle is $\int ds$. We find that the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the theory satisfying the above conditions depends on the selection of parameters in the framework, and the theory allows for up to all six polarization modes. Once we have established our framework, the analysis of the polarization modes of gravitational waves in specific theories will depend on determining the corresponding parameters within our framework. In our analysis, we also find that the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the general metric theory and the general scalar-tensor theory that satisfy the conditions also have some interesting universal properties.
Consider the random walk $G_n : = g_n \ldots g_1$, $n \geq 1$, where $(g_n)_{n\geq 1}$ is a sequence of independent and identically distributed random elements with law $μ$ on the general linear group ${\rm GL}(V)$ with $V=\mathbb R^d$. Under suitable conditions on $μ$, we establish Cramér type moderate deviation expansions and local limit theorems with moderate deviations for the coefficients $\langle f, G_n v \rangle$, where $v \in V$ and $f \in V^*$. Our approach is based on the Hölder regularity of the invariant measure of the Markov chain $G_n \!\cdot \! x = \mathbb R G_n v$ on the projective space of $V$ with the starting point $x = \mathbb R v$, under the changed measure.
Both Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect, in a universe described by the FRW metric with zero curvature, are calculated. These effects are described by Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD). The gravitational energy-momentum tensor is defined in the context of Teleparallel Equivalent to General Relativity (TEGR). Each of the two effects gives a consistent prediction with what is observed on a cosmological scale. One of the effect establishes a minimum range for the deceleration parameter. While another leads to the conclusion that a possible cosmological constant has a very small order of magnitude.
Any modification on gravity would affect not only gravitational wave (GW) generation but also GW propagation. Therefore, tests of general relativity (GR) with only GW generation or GW propagation will lead to an overestimate for deviations. Here we try to use one set of parameters to parameterize the modifications on both GW generation and GW propagation and then test GR with GW150914. In our simplest case, we find that graviton mass $μ<6.3\times10^{-23}{\rm eV/c^2}$ at $90\%$ C.L. and there are no deviations from GR at $90\%$ C.L..
This article discusses the place that the concept of rhythm occupies within Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy. I present a panorama of different ways to conceptualize thought throughout Deleuze’s
writings from 1960’s to 1990’s, emphasizing the discussion about the threshold of thought. In the
writings in partnership with Félix Guattari, Deleuze understand thought as an act of confronting
chaos, what makes the problem of consistency a point of extreme relevance within his philosophical
system. In this framework, the concept of thought is described as a tension between consistency
and infinite speed (chaos). In order to elaborate this concept of thought, Deleuze resumes his conceptualization of the three syntheses of the time and formulates with Guattari the concept of refrain. I will show that the refrain is at the axis of an epistemological shift in the whole program of
transcendental philosophy, by affirming a necessarily heterogeneous and aberrant Time, which
features the concept of rhythm as the genetic element of difference. Within this conceptual framework, I follow the authors’ suggestion that the logic of schizoanalysis is analogous to the logic of
subtractive sound synthesis. The main goal is to demonstrate that rhythm is at the core of Deleuzian concept of difference and sound is at the core of Deleuzian concept of thought.
Mosques have very significat roles in the developmen of pilgrims’ spiritual living as well as the other aspects. The article aims to analyze the level of empowerment conducted by the development committe and dimension should be prioritized. The study used quantitative research design. The validity and realibility tests remained 21 items as for being used as the research tool. The number of samples was 100 pilgrims chosen randomly. The enpowerment consisted of four dimension, namely : accesbility, participation, accountability, and local organization. The data werw analyzed using excell. The study resulted : (1) The empowerment of pilgrims in Madiun City categoryzed as good (value = 75, 38); (2) All the empowerment dimensions were at good levels, in whice the lowest value was found in the local organization dimension; (3) The local organization dimension value 72, 00, meant it should be priorityzed without neglecting the other dimensions,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has long pursued models, theories, and techniques to imbue machines with human-like general intelligence. Yet even the currently predominant data-driven approaches in AI seem to be lacking humans' unique ability to solve wide ranges of problems. This situation begs the question of the existence of principles that underlie general problem-solving capabilities. We approach this question through the mathematical formulation of analogies across different problems and solutions. We focus in particular on problems that could be represented as tree-like structures. Most importantly, we adopt a category-theoretic approach in formalising tree problems as categories, and in proving the existence of equivalences across apparently unrelated problem domains. We prove the existence of a functor between the category of tree problems and the category of solutions. We also provide a weaker version of the functor by quantifying equivalences of problem categories using a metric on tree problems.
We prove that the "generic condition" used in singularity theorems of general relativity is generic in the space of Lorentzian metrics on a given manifold, in the sense that it is satisfied for all metrics in a residual set in the Whitney $C^k$-topology, for $k$ depending on the dimension of the manifold.
Let $Y$ and $Z$ be two given topological spaces, ${\cal O}(Y)$ (respectively, ${\cal O}(Z)$) the set of all open subsets of $Y$ (respectively, $Z$), and $C(Y,Z)$ the set of all continuous maps from $Y$ to $Z$. We study Scott type topologies on ${\mathcal O}(Y)$ and we construct admissible topologies on $C(Y,Z)$ and ${\mathcal O}_Z(Y)=\{f^{-1}(U)\in {\mathcal O}(Y): f\in C(Y,Z)\ {\rm and}\ U\in {\mathcal O}(Z)\}$, introducing new problems in the field.