Hasil untuk "Pathology"

D. Irwin, V. Lee, J. Trojanowski

Marika Lamendola, Giacomo Fiore, Piotr Gulczynski et al.

The use of biostimulants and corroborants is increasing worldwide. Laboratory and field assays show their effectiveness in improving the vegetative performance of plants and their tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study aims to evaluate the <i>in vitro</i> activity of a biostimulant, based on pine bark extract, against some fungal phytopathogens. This research was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Pathology (SAAF Department, University of Palermo, Italy), employing the poison food technique. Artificial agar media (Potato Dextrose Agar, PDA), simple or added with different concentrations of the biostimulant, were used to evaluate the differences in diametral growth of the fungi <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Coriolopsis gallica</i>, <i>Fomitiporia mediterranea</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Pleurostoma richardsiae</i> and <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>. The biostimulant was shown to contain the growth of most of the tested fungi, with the greatest effectiveness on <i>A. tubingensis</i>, <i>C. gallica</i>, <i>F. mediterranea</i> and <i>P. richardsiae</i> at the highest concentration, moderate effects on <i>A. niger</i>, <i>F. oxysporum</i> and <i>P. ostreatus</i> and no effect on <i>B. cinerea</i>. The observed fungistatic effects suggest that this biostimulant could contribute to integrated disease management while supporting more sustainable crop protection practices. In vivo tests aimed at evaluating the efficacy of these products on the evolution of different diseases in the field are ongoing, and preliminary results are promising but they are part of future work.

Shahad Riyadh Alruwaili, Josna Vinutha Yadiki

Background: Dens invaginatus (DI) is also known as dilated composite odontome, dilated gestant odontome, dens in dente, invaginated odontome, and dents telescopes. Although DI most commonly affects the permanent maxillary lateral incisors, it can also affect the molars. The cause is unknown; nevertheless, one possible explanation is focal growth retardation or localized external pressure on certain areas of the tooth bud, which causes the enamel organ to invade the dental papilla during the morphodifferentiation stage. The invagination of enamel organ is hypothesized to enhance the risk of caries, pulpal pathology, and inflammation of periodontium. Traditional conservative endodontic therapy can be attempted successfully in mild invagination. DI with pulpal or periapical pathologies typically entails periapical surgery with a retrograde filling, and extraction is indicated in complicated cases. The purpose of this study was to report a unique case of Oehler’s type IIIB DI in a premolar, accompanied by a comprehensive literature review.Case Presentation: An 11-year-old female child visited the Pedodontics clinic with the chief complaint of swelling on the left side of the jaw. The left mandibular region was tender on palpation and firm in consistency upon extraoral examination. Intraoral examination revealed a decayed, discolored tooth in the second premolar region with intraoral sinus and pus discharge on the buccal side. Radiographic examination revealed incomplete root formation with invagination and radicular dilation, along with an indistinct canal anatomy indicative of Oehler’s type IIIB DI.Conclusion: Extraction was the treatment of choice in this case due to chronic periapical abscess with poor prognosis of the tooth. Dental practitioners should evaluate the case thoroughly for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Saddaf Razzaq, Aayesha Riaz, Naila Siddique et al.

Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Recombinant DNA vaccine against NDV offers a promising solution to current Newcastle disease (ND) challenges. Present study describes the development of a DNA vaccine (rDNA-NDV-F) using the fusion (F) gene from NDV genotype VII strain isolated from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. While conventional NDV vaccines reduce mortality in commercial poultry, they do not provide complete protection or prevent viral shedding. To address this issue, genotype-matched vaccines have been proposed. Here, we developed and evaluated the efficacy of the rDNA-NDV-F vaccine against genotype VII challenge. NDV was isolated from a field strain and propagated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Virus activity was confirmed using Hemagglutination assay (HA), HA inhibition (HAI), and Mean Death Time (MDT) assay. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing confirmed the genotype VII.2 strain. The DNA vaccine was constructed using the fusion (F) protein gene cloned into the expression plasmid pcDNA3.1. Gene insertion was verified by PCR and restriction digestion, while protein expression was confirmed via immunofluorescence assay. To assess vaccine efficacy, 120 chickens (14 days old) were divided into four groups: G1 (rDNA-NDV-F), G2 (empty vector), G3 (PBS control), and G4 (non-vaccinated, non-challenged control). Serological responses were measured using ELISA on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Birds were challenged with NDV genotype VII (105 EID50). Virus shedding from tracheal and cloacal swabs was analyzed on days 3, 7, and 10 post-challenge. Clinical signs and mortality rates were also recorded. The rDNA-NDV-F vaccine induced strong immune responses, with peak ELISA (6180) titers at 28 days. Virus shedding was detected in three birds on day 3 but was absent by day 10. No virus shedding was observed in cloacal swabs, indicating restriction in the digestive system. Vaccinated birds showed mild clinical signs in only two cases, with no neurological symptoms or mortality. In contrast, negative and vector control groups exhibited severe clinical signs and 90–100% mortality. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (P < 0.05). This study highlights the effectiveness of genotype-matched recombinant NDV vaccines in providing effective protection for poultry.

Farnoush Ebrahimzadeh, Sara Samadi, Zahra Mirfeizi et al.

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs and an unknown cause. This chronic inflammatory disease is heterogeneous in terms of manifestations, duration, and severity. Although its aetiology is not well understood, there are indications of the genetic basis and the involvement of specific microorganisms and vitamin D in the development of this disease. Sarcoidosis can affect individuals of any age; however, it is more commonly observed in young adults and middle-aged subjects. The clinical course of the disease is unpredictable; nevertheless, in general, it can manifest as pulmonary, cardiac, cutaneous, ocular, skeletal-muscular, neurological, and renal involvement. Pulmonary involvement occurs in most patients and respiratory failure is the most common cause of death associated with sarcoidosis. Although numerous biomarkers have been evaluated in recent decades for patients with sarcoidosis, the diagnostic method is complex and no single diagnostic test can confirm the disease. Future research should focus on the combination of biomarkers and more refined imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). By utilizing these techniques and markers, it may be possible to design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Corticosteroids are considered the mainstay of treatment for most patients. Moreover, novel therapies, including the administration of rituximab and repository corticotropin injection (a combination of adrenocorticotropic hormone analogs and other pituitary peptides [RCI, Acthar® Gel]), have been reported to be effective in some cases.

Ma-Yan Huang, Xiao-Yun Liu, Qiong Shao et al.

Abstract Background Because of dismal prognosis in gastric cancer, identifying relevant prognostic factors is necessary. Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) exhibits different expression patterns in many cancers and has been reported to affect the prognosis of patients with cancer. In this study, we examined the prognostic role of metabolic gene PSPH in gastric cancer based on the TCGA dataset and our hospital–based cohort cases. Methods We collected and analysed RNA-seq data of Pan-cancer and gastric cancer in the TCGA dataset and PSPH expression data obtained from immunohistochemical analysis of 243 patients with gastric cancer from Sun Yat-sen University cancer center. Further, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox analysis were used to assess the effect of PSPH on prognosis. The ESTIMATE and Cibersort algorithms were used to elucidate the relationship between PSPH and the abundance of immune cells using the TCGA dataset. Results We observed that PSPH expression displayed considerably high in gastric cancer and it was significantly associated with inferior prognosis (P = 0.043). Surprisingly, there was a significant relationship between lower immune scores and high expression of PSPH (P < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with a low amount of immune cells exhibited poor prognosis (P = 0.046). The expression of PSPH significantly increased in activated memory CD4 T cells, resting NK cells and M0 macrophages (P = 0.037, < 0.001, and 0.005, respectively). Conclusions This study highlighted that PSPH influences the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, and this is associated with the infiltration of tumour immune cells, indicating that PSPH may be a new immune-related target for treating gastric cancer.

Ellen van der Plas, Jeffrey D. Long, Timothy R. Koscik et al.

IntroductionThe present study had four aims. First, neuronal injury markers, including neurofilament light (NF-L), total tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1), were compared between individuals with and without adult-onset myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Second, the impact of age and CTG repeat on brain injury markers was evaluated. Third, change in brain injury markers across the study period was quantified. Fourth, associations between brain injury markers and cerebral white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA) were identified.MethodsYearly assessments, encompassing blood draws and diffusion tensor imaging on a 3T scanner, were conducted on three occasions. Neuronal injury markers were quantified using single molecule array (Simoa).ResultsThe sample included 53 patients and 70 controls. NF-L was higher in DM1 patients than controls, with individuals in the premanifest phases of DM1 (PreDM1) exhibiting intermediate levels (χ(2)2=38.142, P &lt; 0.001). Total tau was lower in DM1 patients than controls (Estimate = −0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95: −0.28, P &lt; 0.001), while GFAP was elevated in PreDM1 only (Estimate = 30.37, 95% CI 10.56:50.19, P = 0.003). Plasma concentrations of UCH-L1 did not differ between groups. The age by CTG interaction predicted NF-L: patients with higher estimated progenitor allelege length (ePAL) had higher NF-L at a younger age, relative to patients with lower CTG repeat; however, the latter exhibited faster age-related change (Estimate = −0.0021, 95% CI −0.0042: −0.0001, P = 0.045). None of the markers changed substantially over the study period. Finally, cerebral WM FA was significantly associated with NF-L (Estimate = −42.86, 95% CI −82.70: −3.02, P = 0.035).InterpretationWhile NF-L appears sensitive to disease onset and severity, its utility as a marker of progression remains to be determined. The tau assay may have low sensitivity to tau pathology associated with DM1.

Takumi Takahashi, Miki Yamada, Keisuke Sawada et al.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a common method for patients such as hematologic malignancies. However, HSCT generally has a higher risk of secondary solid cancer development. The aim of this study was to emphasize the need for lifelong follow-up of oral secondary solid cancer. The patient was a male who underwent HSCT for chronic myelogenous leukaemia at the age of 31 years. He underwent ten onsets on oral secondary solid cancers during his subsequent follow-up of more than 20 years. In conclusion, patients after HSCT require lifelong observation of oral secondary solid cancer, which may be accompanied by repeated new and recurrent occurrences.

Anthony M. Joudi, Anthony M. Joudi, Carla P. Reyes Flores et al.

FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune homeostasis, promote self-tolerance, and have an emerging role in resolving acute inflammation, providing tissue protection, and repairing tissue damage. Some data suggest that FoxP3+ T cells are plastic, exhibiting susceptibility to losing their function in inflammatory cytokine-rich microenvironments and paradoxically contributing to inflammatory pathology. As a result, plasticity may represent a barrier to Treg cell immunotherapy. Here, we discuss controversies surrounding Treg cell plasticity and explore determinants of Treg cell stability in inflammatory microenvironments, focusing on epigenetic mechanisms that clinical protocols could leverage to enhance efficacy and limit toxicity of Treg cell-based therapeutics.

Xiaowen Qi, Zhixing Wan, Baohong Jiang et al.

Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy among women. Due to the iron-dependent character of breast cancer cells, they are more sensitive to ferroptosis compared to normal cells. It is possible to reverse tumor resistance by inducing ferroptosis in breast cancer cells, thereby improving tumor treatment outcomes. Ferroptosis is highly dependent on the balance of oxidative and antioxidant status. When ferroptosis occurs, intracellular iron levels are significantly increased, leading to increased membrane lipid peroxidation and ultimately triggering ferroptosis. Ferroptotic death is a form of autophagy-associated cell death. Synergistic use of nanoparticle-loaded ferroptosis-inducer with radiotherapy and chemotherapy achieves more significant tumor suppression and inhibits the growth of breast cancer by targeting cancer tissues, enhancing the sensitivity of cells to drugs, reducing the drug resistance of cancer cells and the toxicity of drugs. In this review, we present the current status of breast cancer and the mechanisms of ferroptosis. It is hopeful for us to realize effective treatment of breast cancer through targeted ferroptosis.

Heather Dahlenburg, David Cameron, Sheng Yang et al.

Abstract Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal‐dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion of the huntingtin gene (HTT) that affects 1 in every 10 000 individuals in the United States. Our lab developed a novel immune deficient HD mouse strain, the YACNSG, from a commonly used line, the YAC128 mouse, to enable transplantation studies using engineered human cells in addition to studying the impact of the immune system on disease progression. The primary goal of this project was to characterize this novel immune deQficient HD mouse model, using behavioral assays and histology to compare this new model to the immune competent YAC128 and immune deficient mice that had engraftment of a human immune system. Flow cytometry was used to confirm that the YACNSG strain lacked immune cells, and in vivo imaging was used to assess human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) retention compared with a commonly used immune deficient line, the NSG mouse. We found that YACNSG were able to retain human MSCs longer than the immune competent YAC128 mice. We performed behavioral assessments starting at 4 months of age and continued testing monthly until 12 months on the accelerod and in the open field. At 12 months, brains were isolated and evaluated using immunohistochemistry for striatal volume. Results from these studies suggest that the novel immune deficient YACNSG strain of mice could provide a good model for human stem‐cell based therapies and that the immune system appears to play an important role in the pathology of HD.

Sebastian Makuch, Kamil Więcek, Marta Woźniak

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the joints, causing irreversible cartilage, synovium, and bone degradation. During the course of the disease, many immune and joint cells are activated, causing inflammation. Immune cells including macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, as well as synovial tissue cells, like fibroblast-like synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts secrete different proinflammatory factors, including many cytokines, angiogenesis-stimulating molecules and others. Recent studies reveal that curcumin, a natural dietary anti-inflammatory compound, can modulate the response of the cells engaging in RA course. This review comprises detailed data about the pathogenesis and inflammation process in rheumatoid arthritis and demonstrates scientific investigations about the molecular interactions between curcumin and immune cells responsible for rheumatoid arthritis development to discuss this herbal drug’s immunoregulatory role in RA treatment.

Anaam E. Omar, Hanan S. Al-Khalaifah, Wafaa A. M. Mohamed et al.

The effect of phenolic-rich onion extract (PROE), as a feed additive, was evaluated on the growth, carcass traits, behavior, welfare, intestinal histology, amino acid ileal digestibility “AID%,” and the immune status of broiler chicks for 35 days. A total number of 400, 1-day-old broiler chicks (45.38 g ± 1.35) were allocated to four different treatments with 10 replicates each (100 chicks/treatment) consisting of: T1, basal diet without additives (control treatment) (PROE0); T2, basal diet + phenolic-rich onion extract (1 g/kg diet) (PROE1); T3, basal diet + phenolic-rich onion extract (2 g/kg diet) (PROE2); and T4, basal diet + phenolic-rich onion extract (3 g/kg diet) (PROE3). An increase in the final body weight “FBW,” bodyweight gain “BWG,” and feed consumption was observed (P &lt; 0.05) at different PROE levels. Also, the thymus and bursa percentages were increased in the PROE2 and PROE3 treatments (P &lt; 0.05). The chicks fed on PROE supplemented diets had increased frequency of feeding and drinking and showed comfortable behavior (P &lt; 0.05) with lesser aggression (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, an increase was observed in the antioxidant enzyme activity, phagocytic %, phagocytic index, and serum lysozyme activity in PROE supplemented treatments, with the best outcome reported in the PROE3 treatment (P &lt; 0.01). IgM was increased in the birds fed with PROE2 and PROE3 diets (P &lt; 0.01). PROE supplementation increased the AID% of lysine and methionine (P &lt;0.01), PROE3 treatment increased the AID% of threonine (P &lt; 0.05), and PROE2 and PROE3 treatments increased the AID% of leucine and isoleucine (P &lt; 0.05). Besides, PROE2, and PROE3 treatments increased the villus height and width, mucosal thickness, and goblet cell count from the duodena, jejuna, and ilea (P &lt; 0.05) compared to control treatment. Based on these results, we concluded that the dietary addition of phenolic-rich onion extracts can improve the growth rate of broiler chicken by improving the AID% of amino acids and intestinal histology. Also, it can improve the welfare, antioxidant enzymes activity, and immune status of the birds. Phenolic-rich onion extracts can be used as a natural growth promoter in the poultry feed for good health and improved performance.

Weiping Li, Shiv K. Gupta, Weiguo Han et al.

Abstract Double/triple-hit lymphomas (DHL/THL) account for 5–10% of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with rearrangement of MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 resulting in MYC overexpression. Despite the poor prognosis of DHL, R-CHOP chemotherapy remains the treatment backbone and new targeted therapy is needed. We performed comprehensive cytogenetic studies/fluorescence in situ hybridization on DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines (n = 11) to identify the DHL/THL DLBCL in vitro model. We identified MYC/IG in Raji and Ramos (single hit); MYC/IG-BCL2 (DHL) in DOHH2, OCI-LY1, SUDHL2, and OCI-LY10; MYC/IG-BCL2/BCL6 (THL) in VAL; and no MYC rearrangement in U2932 and HBL1 (WT-MYC). Targeting MYC in the DHL/THL DLBCLs through bromodomain extra-terminal inhibitors (BETi) (JQ1, I-BET, and OTX015) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced proliferation, similar to WT-MYC cells, accompanied by decreased MYC but not BCL2 protein. Moreover, BETi suppressed MYC transcription and decreased BRD4 binding to MYC promoter in DHL cells. CD47 and PD-L1 are immunoregulatory molecules often expressed on tumors and regulated by MYC. High levels of surface CD47 but not surface PD-L1 was observed in DHL/THL, which was reduced by JQ1 treatment. BETi in combination with Pan-HDAC inhibitor had a limited effect on survival of DHL/THL, while combination of BETi and BCL2 inhibitor (ABT-199) had a significant (p < 0.005) inhibitory effect on survival followed by BCL-XL inhibition. Overall, the data suggests that MYC-expressing DLBCLs are probably addicted to the MYC-oncogenic effect regardless of MYC rearrangements. In summary, we identified an in vitro model for DHL/THL DLBCLs and provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of BET inhibitor alone or in combination with BCL2 inhibitor.

Justine M. Reschly-Krasowski, Matthew D. Krasowski MD, PhD

Urine drug testing by immunoassay is widely used to detect nonmedical drug use and to monitor patients prescribed controlled substances. A key attribute of urine drug testing immunoassays is cross-reactivity, namely the response of various compounds compared to the target of the assay. In this report, we analyzed the variability in how manufacturer cross-reactivity data are summarized in package inserts for commercially available amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and opiates immunoassays, 3 broad drug classes commonly included in routine drug testing panels. Specifically, we determined the number of compounds tested for cross-reactivity, manner in which cross-reactivity is measured, concentration units used, how often compounds known to be cross-reactive with marketed urine drug testing immunoassays prior to 2010 were tested, availability of the package insert online, and how often cross-reactivity on “designer drugs” was found in the package inserts. There was wide variability in the number of compounds tested (both positive and negative), with the highest number of tested compounds generally found in point-of-care urine drug testing applications. Most package inserts used ng/mL as the concentration units and expressed cross-reactivity in terms of equivalent concentrations to the assay calibrator. Approximately 50% of package inserts were directly available online. Cross-reactivity data were sparse with respect to “off-target” drugs known to be cross-reactive prior to 2010 (an example being quinolone antibiotics and opiates immunoassays) and designer drugs. The present study indicates lack of consistency in cross-reactivity information in package inserts, complicating the interpretation of urine drug testing results. We use 3 example clinical cases to illustrate practical challenges accessing and interpreting cross-reactivity data.

A. Arnau-Bonachera, C. Cervera, E. Blas et al.

To achieve functional but also productive females, we hypothesised that it is possible to modulate acquisition and allocation of animals from different genetic types by varying the main energy source of the diet. To test this hypothesis, we used 203 rabbit females belonging to three genetic types: H (n=66), a maternal line characterised by hyper-prolificacy; LP (n=67), a maternal line characterised by functional hyper-longevity; R (n=79), a paternal line characterised by growth rate. Females were fed with two isoenergetic and isoprotein diets differing in energy source: animal fat (AF) enhancing milk yield; cereal starch (CS) promoting body reserves recovery. Feed intake, weight, perirenal fat thickness (PFT), milk yield and blood traits were controlled during five consecutive reproductive cycles (RCs). Females fed with CS presented higher PFT (+0.2 mm, P<0.05) and those fed AF had higher milk yield (+11.7%, P<0.05). However, the effect of energy source varied with the genetic type and time. For example, R females presented a decrease in PFT at late lactation (−4.3%; P<0.05) significantly higher than that observed for H and LP lines (on av. −0.1%; P>0.05), particularly for those fed with AF. Moreover, LP females fed with AF progressively increased PFT across the RC, whereas those fed with CS increased PFT during early lactation (+7.3%; P<0.05), but partially mobilised it during late lactation (−2.8%; P<0.05). Independently of the diet offered, LP females reached weaning with similar PFT. H females fed with either of the two diets followed a similar trajectory throughout the RC. For milk yield, the effect of energy source was almost constant during the whole experiment, except for the first RC of females from the maternal lines (H and LP). These females yielded +34.1% (P<0.05) when fed with CS during this period. Results from this work indicate that the resource acquisition capacity and allocation pattern of rabbit females is different for each genetic type. Moreover, it seems that by varying the main energy source of the diet it is possible to modulate acquisition and allocation of resources of the different genetic types. However, the response of each one depends on its priorities over time.

E. L. Potter

This is the first adequate book on the subject in a field where there has long been a serious need. In no other single reference in the English literature can one find such a complete and concise presentation of the pathology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical relationships, and the public health aspects of mortality in the fetus and the newborn. Dr. Potter is Associate Professor of Pathology in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Chicago; she is pathologist for the Lying-In Hospital and chief pathologist for the Chicago Department of Health.

Melike Pekmezci, Sanem Pinar Uysal, Yelda Orhan et al.

Background: Whole slide imaging (WSI) finds increasingly higher value in everyday surgical pathology in addition to its well-established use for educational and research purposes. However, its diagnostic utility, especially in subspecialty settings such as neuropathology, is not fully validated. Neuropathology practice is unique with smaller overall tissue size and frequent need for high-power evaluation. In addition, tumor grade is an integral part of the initial diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of primary pathology diagnosis of surgical neuropathology specimens using WSI. Materials and Methods: We reviewed consecutive surgical neuropathology cases diagnosed in our institution during a 2-month period and identified a single diagnostic slide, which was scanned at 40× magnification. Two neuropathologists who were blinded to the original diagnoses reviewed the whole slide image and rendered a diagnosis including tumor grade when applicable. They reviewed the single diagnostic slide after a wash-out period. Intra- and inter-observer discrepancies, as well as reasons for discrepancies, were evaluated. Results: The concordance rates were 94.9% and 88% for two neuropathologists. Two critical issues leading to discrepancies were identified: (1) identification of mitoses and (2) recognition of nuclear details. Conclusions: Given the current study is exclusively for surgical neuropathology cases, an all-encompassing conclusion about the utility of WSI for diagnostic purposes may not be available. Nevertheless, pathologists should be aware of the potential pitfalls due to identification of mitotic figures and nuclear details. We recommend independent validation for each subspecialty of pathology to identify subspecialty-specific concerns, so they can be properly addressed.

Henpy Kimpton

As the author of this excellent book points out in his preface, in the matter of writing books on pathology it |s not possible to serve two masters. A decision has to be made and in this case the author has decided? fro doubt with the urging of the publishers?in favour mammon, and has written this book for the benefit ?* the student, but his definition of the student is a comprehensive one, and his motto is apparently ' aren't We allThe Gods he refers to such books as the ourteen-volume system of Henke and Lubarsch. The author seems to regret that the student has to commence his studies in pathology before he has had ,lQy clinical experience and that he is therefore often unable to appreciate the significance of the pathological changes he is shown. To get over this difficulty the author has included a very short account of the aetiology vnd clinical picture in many instance and in others he as given a valuable paragraph on the correlation of the ? >gns and symptoms of the disease and the morbid 0 ^nges as observed in the pathological laboratory. (W e ?n'ght mention, parenthetically, that clinical teachers complain that, when they commence their practical

O. E. Khallo

Varicose veins of the spermatic cord and testis membranes play a key role in the development of male infertility. Aim. To study the structural features of the bloodstream and testicular parenchyma in terms of varicose veins of the spermatic cord and testis membranes. Meyhods and results. In 23 testicular preparations taken from men of mature age convoluted seminiferous tubules diameter, number of cells of spermatogenic epithelium and interstitial endocrinocytes nuclei volume were studied using macro- and microscopic morphometric methods. It was established that in varicocele testis volume, diameter of convoluted seminiferous tubules and interstitial endocrinocytes nuclei volume significantly reduced. Conclusion. This indicates the presence of circulatory hypoxia of testicles, which leads to a decrease in the volume of interstitial endocrinocytes nuclei by 31%, thereby reducing their functional properties.