Hasil untuk "Modern"

C. Clarkson, Zenobia Jacobs, Zenobia Jacobs et al.

J. Ruggie

G. F. Simmons

R. Dahl

C. Baudelaire, J. Mayne

Pengfei Hao, Jianpeng An, Qing Cai et al.

Accurate, high-throughput estimation of Above-Ground Biomass (AGB), a key predictor of yield, is a critical goal in rapeseed breeding. However, this is constrained by two key challenges: (1) traditional measurement is destructive and laborious, and (2) modern deep learning approaches require vast, costly labeled datasets. To address these issues, we present a data-efficient deep learning framework using smartphone-captured top-down RGB images for AGB estimation (Fresh Weight, FW, and Dry Weight, DW). Our approach utilizes a two-stage strategy where a Vision Transformer (ViT) backbone is first pre-trained on a large, aggregated dataset of diverse, non-rapeseed public plant datasets using the DINOv2 self-supervised learning (SSL) method. Subsequently, this pre-trained model is fine-tuned on a small, custom-labeled rapeseed dataset (N = 833) using a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) framework to simultaneously regress both FW and DW. This MTL approach acts as a powerful regularizer, forcing the model to learn robust features related to the 3D plant structure and density. Through rigorous 5-fold cross-validation, our proposed model achieved strong predictive performance for both Fresh Weight (Coefficient of Determination, R² = 0.842) and Dry Weight (R² = 0.829). The model significantly outperformed a range of baselines, including models trained from scratch and those pre-trained on the generic ImageNet dataset. Ablation studies confirmed the critical and synergistic contributions of both domain-specific SSL (vs. ImageNet) and the MTL framework (vs. single-task training). This study demonstrates that an SSL+MTL framework can effectively learn to infer complex 3D plant attributes from 2D images, providing a robust and scalable tool for non-destructive phenotyping to accelerate the rapeseed breeding cycle.

András Patyi, Miriam Kamp, Christine Arncken et al.

Abstract Background White lupin (Lupinus albus, L.) is a grain legume cultivated for its high agronomic and nutritional potential, despite the accumulation of bitter and potentially harmful to health quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in the grain. Modern sweet (i.e. low alkaloid content) varieties exist, which are exploiting different recessive mutations responsible for the desired low QA chemotype. The most widely used QA-reducing determinant, pauper, has been recently identified enabling marker-assisted selection, but unstable QA content across growing seasons and environments remain a challenge in white lupin cultivation. Results Through Bulked Segregant Analysis of an F2 population, segregating for two different low QA conferring loci, we identified a novel QTL spanning a 1 Mbp region on chromosome 5, a novel source of sweetness apart from pauper. We present marker-trait associations for the new locus tagging low QA content in white lupin within this QTL, described in F2 generation and validated in F3. Together with genotyping of sweetness tagging pauper sweet individuals, we identified, in F3, 50 stacked allele recombinants where the low QA chemotype is further reduced. These individuals exhibit an exceptionally low total alkaloid content (22.8 ± 10.4 ppm), even when compared to genotypes known to carry the allele associated to the most drastic reduction in QAs, pauper (171.7 ± 18.5 ppm). Conclusion The discovery of this novel locus and the development of associated PACE markers, potentially applicable for marker-assisted selection together with pauper (especially after farther validation in a larger panel of accessions), can enhance the improvement of white lupin through the development of new varieties with very low and stable alkaloid content based on stacked allele recombinants. This can help to increase the cultivation of this useful yet underutilised crop and its use for human nutrition. Graphical abstract

Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie, Kaleab Asres, Wondwossen Ergete et al.

Introduction: Lepidium sativum L., commonly known as garden cress, is a well-known medicinal plant used in many low- and middle-income communities for their primary healthcare. In Ethiopia, L. sativum seed is traditionally used to address various health issues; however, its safety profile has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of Lepidium sativum seed extract in Wistar rats. Methods: An acute toxicity study was conducted in female Wistar albino rats that were administered in a single oral dose and followed for 14 days. Sub-acute oral toxicity study was conducted in rats of both sexes using a 28-day oral toxicity study model. Observations of the animals were performed regularly during the study period, and body weight was measured weekly. Finally, organ weight and histopathology, hematology, and clinical chemistry data were collected on the 29th day. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, and the results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significance was declared at p < 0.05. Results: Rats treated with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of L. sativum seed extract showed significant signs of toxicity, such as diarrhea, decreased movement, and piloerection. The extract caused significant hepatic enlargement in both sexes in the 1000 mg/kg extract-treated groups. Elevation of liver enzymes with associated histopathological derangements of the liver was observed in both sexes in the 1000 mg/kg treatment groups. Conclusion: The acute toxicity study of 70 % ethanol extract of L. sativum seeds did not result in mortality among rats at the administered doses. Therefore, the LD50 value of the extract was estimated to exceed 5000 mg/kg, categorizing it as practically non-toxic (GHS Category 5). However, the subacute toxicity study revealed detrimental effects on liver histopathology, clinical chemistry, and hematologic parameters at the 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses tested.

Jinping Zhao, Ali Arefi, Alberto Borghetti et al.

There is a general concern that the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) will result in higher aging failure probability of equipment and reduced network reliability. The electricity costs may also increase, due to the exacerbation of peak load led by uncontrolled EV charging. This paper proposes a linear optimization model for the assessment of the benefits of EV smart charging on both network reliability improvement and electricity cost reduction. The objective of the proposed model is the cost minimization, including the loss of load, repair costs due to aging failures, and EV charging expenses. The proposed model incorporates a piecewise linear model representation for the failure probability distributions and utilizes a machine learning approach to represent the EV charging load. Considering two different test systems (a 5-bus network and the IEEE 33-bus network), this paper compares aging failure probabilities, service unavailability, expected energy not supplied, and total costs in various scenarios with and without the implementation of EV smart charging.

Shamila Dawood

This article examines the ongoing debates and reform efforts surrounding the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act of 1951 (MMDA) in Sri Lanka. The Act has faced substantial criticism for its inability to adapt to the evolving needs of modern society, often prioritizing men’s interests over women’s rights. Despite numerous reform attempts, reaching a consensus on crucial provisions has proven challenging, creating significant obstacles to amending the MMDA. Employing library research, this article analyzes reports from various committees to assess current practices, which reveal conflicting perspectives between committees and civil society organizations. This study re-evaluates the MMDA’s provisions to determine whether proposed reforms align with Sharia law while meeting international legal standards, particularly Sri Lanka’s obligations to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, while considering religious and cultural sensitivities. The article underscores the need for collaborative dialogue among stakeholders to foster reforms that address the evolving Muslim community’s legal needs, focusing on justice and equality. [Artikel ini mengkaji perdebatan yang sedang berlangsung dan upaya reformasi seputar Undang-Undang Perkawinan dan Perceraian Muslim tahun 1951 di Sri Lanka. Undang-undang tersebut telah menghadapi kritik besar karena gagal beradaptasi dengan kebutuhan masyarakat modern yang terus berkembang, yang sering kali memprioritaskan kepentingan laki-laki di atas hak-hak perempuan. Meskipun ada banyak upaya reformasi, mencapai konsensus tentang ketentuan-ketentuan utama telah terbukti menantang, menciptakan hambatan signifikan terhadap amandemennya. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan, artikel ini menganalisis laporan dari berbagai komite untuk menilai praktik terkini, di mana terdapat pandangan yang saling bertentangan antara komite dan organisasi masyarakat sipil. Studi ini mengevaluasi kembali ketentuan-ketentuan tersebut untuk menilai apakah reformasi yang diusulkan selaras dengan hukum Syariah sekaligus memenuhi standar hukum internasional, khususnya kewajiban Sri Lanka untuk menghapuskan segala bentuk diskriminasi terhadap perempuan, sambil mempertimbangkan kepekaan agama dan budaya. Artikel ini menggarisbawahi perlunya dialog kolaboratif di antara para pemangku kepentingan untuk mendorong reformasi yang memenuhi kebutuhan hukum komunitas Muslim yang terus berkembang dengan menekankan keadilan dan kesetaraan.]

U. Langefors, B. Kihlstroem

R. Carson, J. Butcher, S. Mineka

Zaripova Rimma, Mentsiev Adam, Perukhin Marat

This article delves into the crucial roles of parallelism and asynchrony in the development of high-performance software programs. It provides an insightful exploration into how these methodologies enhance computing systems' efficiency and performance. The discussion begins with an overview of high-performance programs and their importance in modern computing, followed by a detailed analysis of parallelism, including its hardware and software aspects, various programming models, and diverse applications in fields like computational tasks, data processing, and machine learning. The article then shifts focus to asynchrony, elaborating on its implementation through callback functions, promises, and the async/await syntax. It highlights the significant benefits of asynchrony in improving program responsiveness and efficiency, especially in I/O-bound and network-intensive operations. A critical section of the article examines the combined application of parallelism and asynchrony in different domains, notably in Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) computations, distributed systems, and web development. This combination is shown to be particularly effective in handling Big Data, where rapid and efficient data processing is essential. The article concludes by emphasizing the indispensable nature of these approaches in modern software development. Parallelism and asynchrony are not merely performance enhancement tools but are fundamental in building innovative, resilient, and scalable software solutions. This comprehensive exploration underscores the ongoing relevance of these methodologies and their potential to drive further advancements in the field of high-performance computing.

Chenxin Han, Chenxin Han, Ziwei Xie et al.

IntroductionGlucose Regulated Proteins/Binding protein (GRP78/Bip), a representative molecular chaperone, effectively influences and actively participates in the replication processes of many viruses. Little is known, however, about the functional involvement of GRP78 in the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the underlying mechanisms.MethodsThe method of this study are to establish protein interactomes between host cell proteins and the NDV Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, and to systematically investigate the regulatory role of the GRP78-HN protein interaction during the NDV replication cycle.ResultsOur study revealed that GRP78 is upregulated during NDV infection, and its direct interaction with HN is mediated by the N-terminal 326 amino acid region. Knockdown of GRP78 by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly suppressed NDV infection and replication. Conversely, overexpression of GRP78 resulted in a significant increase in NDV replication, demonstrating its role as a positive regulator in the NDV replication cycle. We further showed that the direct interaction between GRP78 and HN protein enhanced the attachment of NDV to cells, and masking of GRP78 expressed on the cell surface with specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) inhibited NDV attachment and replication.DiscussionThese findings highlight the essential role of GRP78 in the adsorption stage during the NDV infection cycle, and, importantly, identify the critical domain required for GRP78-HN interaction, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in NDV replication and infection.

Liu Yige

According to the results of the study of methodological, didactic, scientific-theoretical, pedagogical literature, it is determined that the cross-cultural approach reveals the methodology of a multi-panoramic study of "a person at the intersection of cultures" as an innovative type of personality that adheres to planetary ethics and is characterized by cross-border thinking that goes beyond his/her own culture. It has been determined that cross-cultural learning is a consistent, purposeful interaction of teachers and students, within which there is an accumulation of background and cultural knowledge, the development of language and speech skills necessary for effective inter-linguistic and intercultural interaction with representatives of various linguistic and cultural communities. The study determined that the multicultural educational space is a spatial-subject area of interaction between subjects of the educational process, which is constructed on the basis of taking into account the invariance of universal human (planetary) values in combination with the variability of cultural intents (ethnocultural worldview, natiomental constants, historical-cultural artifacts, cultural-deterministic interpersonal patterns). The functioning of the multicultural educational space in institutions of general secondary education is characterized as a model for creating psychological and pedagogical conditions, algorithms, and technologies for the adaptation integration of the student's personality into the multicultural field of society through educational (didactic) mechanisms, in particular, cross-cultural learning. Based on the analysis of the scientific fund, it is determined that a teacher of a foreign language and literature is a highly qualified, competitive specialist-teacher, providing the educational needs of modern society in the field of foreign language education; ensures the organization of the educational (educational, developmental) process on the basis of preserving Ukrainian traditions, respectful attitude to the native language and historical past, on the principles of patriotism, humanism, democracy, tolerance and civic responsibility in the multicultural educational space. The training of future teachers of a foreign language and literature for cross-cultural learning within a multicultural educational space is interpreted as a pedagogical process, which is a structural component of the general, holistic, systematic professional training of the future teacher, aimed at: the awareness by future teachers of the importance of constructing a multicultural educational space at educational institutions on the basis of ethnic tolerance; formation of a complex of knowledge on cross-cultural didactics and skills in implementing culturally relevant means of teaching a foreign language; development of personal properties and worldview values of students as initiators and mediators of the dialogue of cultures. The readiness of future teachers of a foreign language and literature for cross-cultural learning within a multicultural educational space is a synthetic personal-deterministic and professionally-oriented construct that reflects the integrative unity of the desire of the teacher-dictionary to carry out the transmission of ethnocentrism into ethnorelativism (ethno-mental identification component); the ability to adapt and remodel situational didactic interactions within an environment of cross-cultural integration in a multicultural educational space (interactive-professional component); intention to transform professional knowledge into sociocultural intelligence (metacognitive information-centred component).

Kovalcsik, Tamás, Bódi, Mátyás

One of the main aims of electoral geography is to examine the spatial and socio-economic relationships of voting behaviour. Based on this, strong social cleavages were identified in the developed democracies in the 1960s, which strongly determined voting behaviour. After the regime change, these cleavages were also utilized by Hungarian electoral geographers to describe the spatiality of voting behaviour. However, a decrease in the importance of these cleavages has been reported, with the market turn of the traditional left and the strengthening of the populist right, new alignments have been created. The present study examines the spatiality of Hungarian voting behaviour and its transformation applying quantitative methods to the last three parliamentary elections. Based on our results, with the populist rhetorical change of Viktor Orbán (who is the leader of Fidesz, the governmental party since 2010) that has occurred since the migration crisis (2015), he appeals much more to disadvantaged people in the economic crisis regions (the losers of globalization), in addition to being able to retain his party’s significant rural voter base, while its support is relatively decreasing in the economically active, educated, and high-income regions.

Burcu Gülüm Tekin

Book review

C. Ham, Michael Hill

Stanislav Abaimov, Giuseppe Bianchi

Code injection is one of the top cyber security attack vectors in the modern world. To overcome the limitations of conventional signature-based detection techniques, and to complement them when appropriate, multiple machine learning approaches have been proposed. While analysing these approaches, the surveys focus predominantly on the general intrusion detection, which can be further applied to specific vulnerabilities. In addition, among the machine learning steps, data preprocessing, being highly critical in the data analysis process, appears to be the least researched in the context of Network Intrusion Detection, namely in code injection. The goal of this survey is to fill in the gap through analysing and classifying the existing machine learning techniques applied to the code injection attack detection, with special attention to Deep Learning. Our analysis reveals that the way the input data is preprocessed considerably impacts the performance and attack detection rate. The proposed full preprocessing cycle demonstrates how various machine-learning-based approaches for detection of code injection attacks take advantage of different input data preprocessing techniques. The most used machine learning methods and preprocessing stages have been also identified.

Xiangqiang Wu, Tamas Kerekes

The penetration of solar energy in the modern power system is still increasing with a fast growth rate after long development due to reduced environmental impact and ever-decreasing photovoltaic panel cost. Meanwhile, distribution networks have to deal with a huge amount and frequent fluctuations of power due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, which influences the grid stability and could cause a voltage rise in the low-voltage grid. In order to reduce these fluctuations and ensure a stable and reliable power supply, energy storage systems are introduced, as they can absorb or release energy on demand, which provides more control flexibility for PV systems. At present, storage technologies are still under development and integrated in renewable applications, especially in smart grids, where lowering the cost and enhancing the reliability are the main tasks. This study reviews and discusses several active power control strategies for hybrid PV and energy storage systems that deliver ancillary services for grid support. The technological advancements and developments of energy storage systems in grid-tied PV applications are also reviewed.