Abstract Several text symbol lists for common rock-forming minerals have been published over the last 40 years, but no internationally agreed standard has yet been established. This contribution presents the first International Mineralogical Association (IMA) Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) approved collection of 5744 mineral name abbreviations by combining four methods of nomenclature based on the Kretz symbol approach. The collection incorporates 991 previously defined abbreviations for mineral groups and species and presents a further 4753 new symbols that cover all currently listed IMA minerals. Adopting IMA–CNMNC approved symbols is considered a necessary step in standardising abbreviations by employing a system compatible with that used for symbolising the chemical elements.
Soil is the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon and is central for climate change mitigation and carbon-climate feedbacks. Chemical and physical associations of soil carbon with minerals play a critical role in carbon storage, but the amount and global capacity for storage in this form remain unquantified. Here, we produce spatially-resolved global estimates of mineral-associated organic carbon stocks and carbon-storage capacity by analyzing 1144 globally-distributed soil profiles. We show that current stocks total 899 Pg C to a depth of 1 m in non-permafrost mineral soils. Although this constitutes 66% and 70% of soil carbon in surface and deeper layers, respectively, it is only 42% and 21% of the mineralogical capacity. Regions under agricultural management and deeper soil layers show the largest undersaturation of mineral-associated carbon. Critically, the degree of undersaturation indicates sequestration efficiency over years to decades. We show that, across 103 carbon-accrual measurements spanning management interventions globally, soils furthest from their mineralogical capacity are more effective at accruing carbon; sequestration rates average 3-times higher in soils at one tenth of their capacity compared to soils at one half of their capacity. Our findings provide insights into the world’s soils, their capacity to store carbon, and priority regions and actions for soil carbon management. Mineral-organic associations play a key role in soil carbon preservation. Here, Georgiou et al. produce global estimates of mineral-associated soil carbon, providing insight into the world’s soils and their capacity to store carbon
Mantle lherzolites (spinel- and garnet-bearing), megacrysts and pyroxenites from Moho and lower crust xenoliths of the Cenozoic basalts of Shavaryn-Tsaram volcanic center were newly studied by the EPMA, SEM and LA-ICP methods to define more precisely their geochemical features for genetic purposes.Thermal conditions in sampled mantle are close to the Southeastern Australian (SEA) mantle plume geotherm in 1.2–2.5 GPa divided into three intervals according to orthopyroxene-garnet barometry. The monomineral thermobarometry for ortho-, clinopyroxenes and garnets gives wider PT range to 3.0 GPa deviating to lower temperature clusters at 2–2.4 GPa. Black megacrysts show ascending from 3.0 to 1.0 GPa trend for pyroxenes and garnet accompanied by increase of Fe# for equilibrated with olivine (Ol) from 0.15 to 35 %. The intermediate Cr-bearing transitional pyroxenites are locating between the lherzolitic and black pyroxenite trends. They are referring to the primitive or slightly depleted associations according to petrographic and trace element (TRE) compositions. According to TRE of clinopyroxenes from spinel peridotites were divided into 5 groups: primitive, slightly depleted, deeply depleted; metasomatized by light rare earth (LREE); rich-Th-U (reactions with carbonatite melt) and in addition rare garnet-bearing types. Orthopyroxenes reveal decreasing to LREE straight line REE patterns and in TRE spiderdiagrams U, Ta and high Hf peaks. Some clinopyroxenes have Sr peaks and jagged left part of multicomponent spiderdiagrams (MSD). Olivines show and concaved from Eu to Tm in spider diagrams they reveal minima in Th, Nb, Pb, Zr. The Cr- bearing amphiboles reveal slightly inclined to LREE pattern at 90–60/CI (chondrite). And garnet show LREE depleted patters from Lu at 10/CI to 0.1 for La and depleted all left part at spider diagram, The pyroxenitic clinopyroxenes have flattened REE pattern or rarely depleted in heavy (HREE) and the hump from La to Sm. They reveal minima in Zr, Hf, Sr, Pb and left part starting from Nb. Garnets in black pyroxenites have higher HREE at 80/CI (chondrite) and Hf peaks and lowered jugged left part in MSD. The clinopyroxenes from black garnets pyroxenites reveal asymmetric bell- like REE with the depleted HREE to 1/CI and middle rare earth (MREE) at 12/CI. The clinopyroxenes from plagioclase-bearing varieties show flattened REE pattern at 100–80/CI and Eu minima and the MSD for megacrystic pyroxenes. Rare mantle metasomatites contain mica or amphiboles and are LREE enriched. Peridotites from Shavaryn Tsaram have no signs of essential mantle diapirism and represent ancient MORB mantle.Determined with LA-ICP-MS age of zircon in granulite 322 ± 8 Ma refer to rifting processes in Central Mongolia and be-modal volcanism while 42 ± 0.4 Ma to Early Cenozoic plume magmatism.
Abstract The distribution and origin of serpentine on Mars can provide insights into the planet's aqueous history, habitability, and past climate. In this study, we used dynamic aperture factor analysis/target transformation applied to 15,760 images from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, followed by validation with the radiance ratio method, to construct a map of Mg‐serpentine deposits on Mars. Although relatively rare, Mg‐serpentine was detected in diverse geomorphic settings across Noachian and Hesperian‐aged terrains in the southern highlands of Mars, implying that serpentinization was active on early Mars and that multiple formation mechanisms may be needed to explain its spatial distribution. We also calculated the amount of H2 produced during the formation of the observed deposits and conclude that serpentinization was likely more widespread on Mars than indicated by the observed distribution.
Juan Inocencio Medina-Hechavarría, Joendris Manual-Castellanos, Sandra Yanetsy Rosabal-Domínguez
El déficit de recursos hídricos en el municipio costero de San Antonio del Sur, provincia cubana de Guantánamo, es uno de los principales desafíos a enfrentar por todos los factores de la sociedad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer áreas favorables para la prospección de aguas subterráneas en la parte baja de la cuenca hidrográfica de Sabanalamar mediante el empleo de la técnica del georradar. Se midieron cinco perfiles para caracterizar con precisión la sección geológica y obtener información sobre la secuencia estratigráfica, profundidad del nivel freático y del manto rocoso. Los radargramas se interpretaron y compararon con datos de pozos, lo cual permitió establecer la profundidad del nivel freático entre los 3,0 m y 4,0 m. Se proponen como áreas potencialmente favorables para la prospección de aguas subterráneas las ubicadas más al oeste del sector evaluado.
Mohsin Mohammed Ghazal, Abdulsalam Mahdi Salih, Abdulhadi Hamad Mohammed
The Mawat ophiolite complex is of Cretaceous period as a residue of oceanic crust covers about 200 km2, Northeastern Iraq.. The serpentinite rocks are exposed as a diapir in the northeastern suture Zagros zone of Iraq near Beetwat village, The field study and petrography reveal two types of serpentinite, the shear and massive, with three serpentine varieties. The serpentinite rocks are affected by secondary processes such as diagenesis, metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration in different degrees. Some common Textures in these rocks are pseudomorphic such as mesh or sieve textures, glass hour and bastite texture. Nonpsedomorphic textures appear also in these rocks such as interpenetrating fibrous, interlocking textures. Mineralogically, the massive serpentine minerals are lizardite and chrysotile that affected by recrystalization and replacement of lizardite. The (XRD) analysis explain that the serpentine is composed of lizardite, chrysotile, antigorite, in addition to amphibole minerals (anthophyllite and tremolite), chlorite talc, and opaque minerals as chromite.
در بازار فلزات اساسی، دو فلز مس و آلومینیم به دلیل استفاده در صنایع مختلف، جزو فلزات پرطرفدار در صنایع تولیدی و ساختاند. از مهمترین عوامل تاثیرگذار بر قیمت این فلزات میتوان به شاخص دلار، قیمت نفت، قیمت سایر فلزات، میزان ذخایر، رشد اقتصادی کشورها اشاره کرد. شواهد تجربی نشان داده است که بازارها از یکدیگر جدا نیستند و نوسانات در بازارهای مختلف با یکدیگر در ارتباط هستند. سرریز قیمتی نیز حاکی از انتقال نوسانات قیمت بین بازارها است. با توجه به این که کشور ایران از نظر تولید آلومینیم و مس رتبه مناسبی دارد و صادرات مس و آلومینیم جزو ده قلم عمده کالای صادراتی غیرنفتی است، در نتیجه بررسی عواملی که در کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت بر قیمت مس و آلومینیم تاثیرگذار هستند، برای سیاستگذاران، صاحبان کسب و کارهای مرتبط و سرمایهگذاران در بازارهای مالی و کالایی حایز اهمیت است. از اینرو در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا با استفاده از مدلهای DECO-GARCH و NARDL به بررسی عوامل تاثیرگذار کوتاهمدت (با تاکید بر اثر سرریز) و بلندمدت بر قیمت این دو فلز باارزش پرداخته شود. طبق نتایج مدل کوتاهمدت، وجود اثر سرریز در مدلها تایید شد. نتایج نشان میدهد که این اثر در واریانس تغییرات دادهها قرار دارد. در واقع هر نوسانی در هر یک از متغیرها به صورت آنی بر نوسان سایر متغیرها اثرگذار است. طبق نتایج مدل بلندمدت، قیمت نفت، رشد اقتصادی، تغییرات تکنولوژی، شاخص تولیدات صنعتی، قیمت فلزاتی مانند نیکل و آلومینا، شاخص سهام، شاخص تولید خودرو اثر معناداری بر قیمت جهانی مس و آلومینیم دارند.
Abstract Despite international efforts to limit worker exposure to coal dust, it continues to impact the health of thousands of miners across Europe. Airborne coal dust has been studied to improve risk models and its control to protect workers. Particle size distribution analyses shows that using spraying systems to suppress airborne dusts can reduce particulate matter concentrations and that coals with higher ash yields produce finer dust. There are marked chemical differences between parent coals and relatively coarse deposited dusts (up to 500 µm, DD500). Enrichments in Ca, K, Ba, Se, Pb, Cr, Mo, Ni and especially As, Sn, Cu, Zn and Sb in the finest respirable dust fractions could originate from: (i) mechanical machinery wear; (ii) variations in coal mineralogy; (iii) coal fly ash used in shotcrete, and carbonates used to reduce the risk of explosions. Unusual enrichments in Ca in mine dusts are attributed to the use of such concrete, and elevated K to raised levels of phyllosilicate mineral matter. Sulphur concentrations are higher in the parent coal than in the DD500, probably due to relatively lower levels of organic matter. Mass concentrations of all elements observed in this study remained below occupational exposure limits.
Antonio G. Checa, Carmen Salas, Francisco M. Varela-Feria
et al.
Abstract The external surface microornament of the glass scallops Catillopecten natalyae and malyutinae is made by calcitic spiny projections consisting of a stem that later divides into three equally spaced and inclined branches (here called aerials). C. natalyae contains larger and smaller aerials, whereas C. malyutinae only secreted aerials of the second type. A remarkable feature is that aerials within each type are fairly similar in size and shape and highly co-oriented, thus constituting a most sophisticated microornament. We demonstrate that aerials are single crystals whose morphology is strongly controlled by the crystallography, with the stem being parallel to the c-axis of calcite, and the branches extending along the edges of the {104} calcite rhombohedron. They grow epitaxially onto the foliated prisms of the outer shell layer. The co-orientation of the prisms explains that of the aerials. We have developed a model in which every aerial grows within a periostracal pouch. When this pouch reaches the growth margin, the mantle initiates the production of the aerial. Nevertheless, later growth of the aerial is remote, i.e. far from the contact with the mantle. We show how such an extremely sophisticated microornament has a morphology and co-orientation which are determined by crystal growth.
Haoyi Yao, Giuliana Panieri, Moritz F. Lehmann
et al.
Present-day activity of cold seeps in the ocean is evident from direct observations of methane emanating from the seafloor, the presence of chemosynthetic organisms, or the quantification of high gas concentrations in sediment pore waters and the water column. Verifying past cold seep activity and biogeochemical characteristics is more challenging but may be reconstructed from proxy records of authigenic seep carbonates. Here, we investigated the lipid-biomarker inventory, carbonate mineralogy, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of seep-associated carbonates from two active Arctic methane seeps, located to the northwest (Vestnesa Ridge; ∼1,200 m water depth) and south (Storfjordrenna; ∼380 m water depth) offshore Svalbard. The aragonite-dominated mineralogy of all but one carbonate sample indicate precipitation close to the seafloor in an environment characterized by high rates of sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). In contrast, Mg-calcite rich nodules sampled in sediments of Storfjordrenna appear to have formed at the sulfate-methane-transition zone deeper within the sediment at lower rates of AOM. AOM activity at the time of carbonate precipitation is indicated by the 13C-depleted isotope signature of the carbonates [−20 to −30‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)], as well as high concentrations of 13C-depleted lipid biomarkers diagnostic for anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (archaeol and sn2-hydroxyarchaeol) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (iso and anteiso-C15:0 fatty acids) in the carbonates. We also found 13C-depleted lipid biomarkers (diploptene and a 4α-methyl sterol) that are diagnostic for bacteria mediating aerobic oxidation of methane (MOx). This suggests that the spatial separation between AOM and MOx zones was relatively narrow at the time of carbonate formation, as is typical for high methane-flux regimes. The seep-associated carbonates also displayed relatively high δ18O values (4.5–5‰ VPDB), indicating the presence of 18O-enriched fluids during precipitation, possibly derived from destabilized methane gas hydrates. Based on the combined isotopic evidence, we suggest that all the seep carbonates resulted from the anaerobic oxidation of methane during intense methane seepage. The seepage likely was associated to gas hydrates destabilization, which led to the methane ebullition from the seafloor into the water column.
Giulia Marina Cerqueira Dias, Daniel Quinaud Rossi, Diniz Ribeiro
Abstract Moisture is a critical variable in iron-ore processing, handling and transportation. During beneficiation, excessive moisture may lead to screen and chute clogging. In transportation, moisture values above transportable moisture limit may cause cargo instabilities, especially in regard to vessels. Moisture is a non-stationary variable that depends on spatial and time distributions. Therefore, classical estimate methods such as ordinary kriging are not appropriate to calculate moisture values. Here, we present an extension of the Normative Mineralogy Calculation to indirectly estimate moisture, considering seasonal influence. This study in based on three iron-ore mines, Galinheiro, Pico and Sapecado. They are located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a world-class iron-ore district. The method proposed herein provides useful information that can be applied elsewhere. Our results indicate that compact ores show low moisture values with little seasonal influence, while soft ores and canga (iron-rich duricrust) are strongly influenced seasonally due to higher porosity and greater capacity of retaining water in the crystal structure of minerals, such as goethite. Moisture variations may exceed 2% along the year. Such variations are enough to preclude the beneficiation of certain iron ores during the rainy season. For this reason, moisture has been regarded as an essential variable in short-term mining. Article Highlights Moisture is a critical variable in iron-ore processing, handling and transportation. Moisture depends on spatial and time distributions; hence classical methods are not appropriate to quantitatively estimate it. This study proposes an indirectly estimate of moisture considering seasonal influence. Compact iron ores are little influenced seasonally, while soft iron ores and canga (duricrust) are strongly affected by the rainy season due to their higher porosity and greater capacity of retaining water. The seasonal effect on moisture is an essential variable that must be consider to better effectiveness of iron-ore mining sequencing and beneficiation.
توزیع اندازه ذرات نقش مهمی در فلوتاسیون به دلیل تاثیر بر برخورد، اتصال و جداشدگی ذره- حباب دارد. در فلوتاسیون، ذرات ریز کارایی برخورد کمتر و ذرات درشت کارایی اتصال کمتری دارند و به همین دلیل در فلوتاسیون بیشترین هدرروی در ذرات خیلی ریز و یا خیلی درشت مشاهده میشود. برای افزایش بازیابی این ذرات باید مقدار مناسبی از مواد شیمیایی در مکانهای مناسبی به مدار اضافه شود؛ از این رو توزیع مواد شیمیایی در مدار بسیار مهم است. در این تحقیق، برای بهبود بازیابی فلز روی در ذرات ریز و درشت حاوی کانه اسفالریت، از تغییر توزیع مواد شیمیایی در مدار فلوتاسیون سرب و روی شرکت باما استفاده شده است. از این رو ابتدا با تعیین یک طرح آزمایشی (تاگوچی L9)، توزیعهای متفاوت مواد شیمیایی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی مقایسه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که توزیع استفاده از 30 گرم بر تن آیرو 3477 در سلولهای پرعیارکنی اولیه همراه با 15 گرم بر تن امیلگزنتات پتاسیم و 7 گرم بر تن کف-ساز MIBC در سلولهای رمقگیر، باعث افزایش 2/3 درصدی بازیابی فلز روی در ذرات ریز و افزایش 4/5 درصدی در ذرات درشت شد. همچنین اجرای این توزیع در کارخانه فلوتاسیون گوشفیل باما نیز به ترتیب باعث افزایش 5/2 و 9/3 درصدی بازیابی فلز روی در ذرات ریز و درشت و افزایش 1/4 درصدی عیار کنسانتره روی و در نهایت افزایش درآمد سالیانه 1600 میلیون تومانی کارخانه شد.
University museums are a group of educational museums of various specializations that are created to support the educational process, serve as a scientific research base for the academic teaching staff and students, and contribute to the knowledge development, transfer, and popularization. The foundation of the scientific and educational tourism cluster on the basis of the two world oldest mining museums and universities will make it possible to create a modern multifunctional structure with a high degree of interdisciplinarity. New forms of cluster interaction will include elements of various industries and fields of knowledge and guarantee not only economic benefits, but also fulfil an important role in the social relations development. The present stage of cluster development is focused on the creation of multifunctional structures characterized by the high interdisciplinary specialization. Special attention should be paid to a combination of the above-listed spheres, for example, the creation of a scientific and educational tourism cluster based on university museums.
The work in this research presents an experimental, theoretical and field study in order to investigate the settlement of Gypseous soils and the effect of water percolation on co llapsibility of this soil. In this research, more than five sites where chosen to extract the gypseous soil samples with different gypsum content; the sites located in different regions in Salah Aldeen Governorate. In order to estimate the settlement and collapse of gypseous soils, field tests consist of standard penetration test for depths (1m to 5m) for each site and plate load test were conducted in dry and soaked cases.The results show that the settlement of gypseous soils in dry condition is less than the same soils that have low values of gypsum in its formation, the settlement value of lightly gypseous soils can be evaluated from the basic equations depending on data of SPT. In soaking case with short term flooding, gypseous soils shows compressible and they are sufficiently reliable soil base, while in the case of long term flooding settlement develops due to dissolution of salts and gypsum. The magnitude and the rate of the settlement depend on initial gypsum content, relative amount of leached salts, the mineralogy and type of soil and soil properties and acting load. The standard penetration test does not use in calculating the settlement for the soils that have gypsum in its formation in soaking condition.
Batı Anadolu’da bor içeren Neojen
havzalarının geometri, stratigrafi ve volkanik bileşenleri, havza evrimi ve bor
oluşumu ile Batı Anadolu’nun açılma koşulları arasında önemli bilgi ve ipuçları
içerir. Bu bor yataklarının bir kesimi, İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zonu (İBTZ) boyunca
gelişen KD-GB uzanımlı havzalarda (Bigadiç, Sultançayır ve Kestelek yatakları),
diğer yataklar ise Menderes Masifi’nin kuzey kesiminde gelişen KD-GB gidişli hatlar
boyunca gözlenen Se- lendi ve Emet havzalarında yer alır. Kırka bor yatağı ise daha
doğuda tamamen farklı bir jeolo- jik ortam ve volkanostratigrafik istif içinde yer
alır. Bor elementi, Yerküreyi oluşturan 92 ele- mentten birisi olarak, tüm çevremizde
mevcut olup, toprak, su, bitki ve canlılarda belli oranlar- da bulunabilir. Bor
doğada serbest halde bulunmaz, diğer elementler ve oksijen ile birlikte ge- nel
olarak bor tuzlarını oluşturur. Bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda, yaklaşık iki
yüz seksenden fazla bor içeren mineral tespit edilmiştir. Bunlardan sodyum, kalsiyum
ve magnezyum tuzları en yaygın olanlarıdır. Küresel ölçekte kıtasal ortamlarda dört
ana metalojenik bor bölgesi bilinir. Bunlar Anadolu (Türkiye), Kaliforniya (ABD),
Orta Andlar (Güney Amerika) ve Tibet (Orta Asya)’tir. Bor yataklarının çökelme ortamı,
Senozoyik volkanizması, sıcak su etkinliği, kapalı havzalar ve kurak iklimler ile
yakından ilişkilidir. Boraks, borun en önemli ticari kaynağı olmak- la birlikte
rezervleri Türkiye, ABD ve Arjantin’de bulunur. Kolemanit, Ca borat üretimi için
ana üründür ve mevcut rezerleri Türkiye ile sınırlıdır. Datolit ve szaibelyite mineralleri
Rusya ve Çin’de bulunmaktadır. Dünyada ana boraks (tinkal) yatakları, Anadolu’da
(Kırka), Kaliforniya’ da (Boron), ve Andlarda (Tincalayu ve Loma Blanca) bulunmaktadır.
Kırka, Boron ve Loma Blanca bor yatakları mineralojik bileşim ve kimyasal özellikleri
bakımından birbirleri ile ben- zerlikler sunarlar. Probertit ve hidroborasit içeren
kolemanit yatakları Anadolu, Death Valley (Kaliforniya) ve Sijes (Arjantin) bulunur.
Kuvaterner yaşlı bor oluşumları ise Andlardaki salar- larda, ABD ve Tibet’te ise
playa göllerinde ve tuz tavalarında bulunurlar. Bor, yerkabuğunda en- der bir element
olmasına karşın, belirli yerlerde sıradışı konsantrasyonlarda depolanabilir. Borat
yataklarının oluşumu, aşağıdaki gibi sınıflanır: demir oksit, silikatları kapsayan
intrüziflerle iliş- kili skarn grupları; denizel evaporit çökelleri içinde oluşmuş
magnezyum oksit grubu; ve playa- göl tortulları ve patlamalı volkanik aktivite ile
ilişkili, sodyum ve kalsiyum bor hidratlar grubu. Volkanosedimanter playa-göl çökellerinde,
ekonomik açıdan önemli bor yataklarının oluşumu aşağıdaki koşullara bağlıdır: playa-göl
ortamının oluşması; playa-gölde konsantrasyon, andezi- tik kaynaklı riyolitik
volkanikler, havza içine doğrudan kül ya da graben fayları boyunca hidro-
termal çözelti taşınımı; volkanizma çevresinde sıcak su kaynakları; kurak veya yarı-kurak
iklim koşulları; ve göl suyunun pH aralığı, 8.5 - 11 arasında olmasıdır. Bor mineralleri,
borik oksit (B2O3) içeren bileşikler olarak tanımlanır. Minerallerin büyük bir kısmı
bor oksit içerir. Bunun- la birlikte, boraks, üleksit ve kolemanit dünya çapında
ticari önem taşıyan üç bor mineralidir. Bu mineraller belirli ülkelerde gözlenir.
Türkiye, dünyanın en büyük boraks, üleksit ve kolemanit rezervlerine sahiptir. Bütün
ülkeler Türkiye’nin kolemanit ve üleksit rezervlerine bağımlıdır.
Rocks and sediments are non-anthropogenic sources of elements contamination. In this study, a series of potentially toxic elements were quantified in rocks and sediments of the Oropos-Kalamos basin. Only As, Hg, Pb, and Sb contents, in all the examined rocks and sediments, were higher than the levels given in international literature. Concentration of the elements As, Cr, Hg, Mo, Ni, and U is highly elevated in the lignite compared to crustal element averages. The enrichment of Cr and Ni in the lignite can be attributed to the known ultramafic rock masses surrounding the basin, while enrichment of As, Hg, Mo, Sb, and U is associated with the past geothermal activity of the Upper Miocene (about 15 million years ago). Nickel and Cr were transported into the lignite deposition basin by rivers and streams draining ultramafic rock bodies. The results of this study imply the natural source of Cr3+ and Cr6+ contamination of the Oropos-Kalamos groundwater, since high Cr contents were also recorded in the lignite (212.3 mg kg−1), chromiferous iron ore occurrences (256.6 mg kg−1), and alluvial deposits (212.5 mg kg−1), indicating Cr leaching and transportation to the depositional basin dating from the Upper Miocene age.
The study about the mineralogical and chemical lowland soils generate information to compose a current survey about the susceptibility of lowland soil to process Fallen Lands. With this purpose we studied five profiles the banks of the Solimões River, located in the municipality of Iranduba (AM). The information obtained allowed to determine the Neosoil Fluvic the study area has favorable conditions for cultivation with an average pH of 6.2, with high levels of Ca, Mg, K, P, micronutrients and zero Al content, with high levels of C and M. O. in the first layer and a decrease in depth. Thus, Neosoil Fluvic was characterized as Tb eutrophic, with base saturation above 50%, with good CTC. The mineralogy was homogeneous in all profiles, with a predominance of primary minerals: Quartz, Albite and rutile, with low proportions of clay minerals Muscovite, Kaolinite, Muscovite-Illite interstratified and Illite.