Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Tayyaba Rehan

The paper analyzes the potential implications of transitioning India's nuclear doctrine from a No First Use (NFU) policy to a First Use (FU) policy. Based on neo-realist theory, the paper argues that India has been experiencing a shift in doctrine in its quest to acquire relative power vis-à-vis Pakistan and China. India’s current policy, defined by strategic ambiguity, can be adjusted in response to evolving regional security dynamics. Nevertheless, the introduction of FU brings new complexities, and it may lead to the destabilization of the strategic balance and possibly an arms race in South Asia. India's aggressiveness underscores the logic of relative gains, in which maintaining its advantage over Pakistan is prioritized over the stability of the two nations.  This may further lead to major economic problems for Pakistan, which is already struggling with heightened investment in national security, and raise the risk of entanglements between the two countries. The inherent ambiguity in India’s nuclear doctrine also makes the command-and-control problems highly severe; hence, the risk of unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons could also be on the rise. The research suggests that China’s evolving strategic position may be a key factor driving this potential doctrinal shift, adding further complexity to regional security dynamics, particularly for Pakistan. The paper also highlights the importance of preemptive diplomacy, Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), and greater transparency in India’s nuclear policy for enhancing regional and global security.

Максим Олександрович Паламарчук

On Contested Shores: The Evolving Role of Amphibious Operations in the History of Warfare. Edited by Timothy Heck, B. A. Friedman, and Walker D. Mills. Vol. 2. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps University Press, 2024. 382 p.

Jianwen Xie, Yuanfeng Zheng, Zhenyang Liu et al.

A series of ballistic experiments were performed to investigate the damage behavior of high velocity reactive material projectiles (RMPs) impacting liquid-filled tanks, and the corresponding hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) was studied in detail. PTFE/Al/W RMPs with steel-like and aluminum-like densities were prepared by a pressing/sintering process. The projectiles impacted a liquid-filled steel tank with front aluminum panel at approximately 1250 m/s. The corresponding cavity evolution characteristics and HRAM pressure were recorded by high-speed camera and pressure acquisition system, and further compared to those of steel and aluminum projectiles. Significantly different from the conical cavity formed by the inert metal projectile, the cavity formed by the RMP appeared as an ellipsoid with a conical front. The RMPs were demonstrated to enhance the radial growth velocity of cavity, the global HRAM pressure amplitude and the front panel damage, indicating the enhanced HRAM and structural damage behavior. Furthermore, combining the impact-induced fragmentation and deflagration characteristics, the cavity evolution of RMPs under the combined effect of kinetic energy impact and chemical energy release was analyzed. The mechanism of enhanced HRAM pressure induced by the RMPs was further revealed based on the theoretical model of the initial impact wave and the impulse analysis. Finally, the linear correlation between the deformation-thickness ratio and the non-dimensional impulse for the front panel was obtained and analyzed. It was determined that the enhanced near-field impulse induced by the RMPs was the dominant reason for the enhanced structural damage behavior.

Li-Na Wu, Hong-Yi Zheng, Shi-Ao Xue et al.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of noninvasive therapies in the treatment of central poststroke pain (CPSP) by network meta-analysis and to provide an evidence-based basis for clinical practice. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP were searched for clinical randomized controlled studies on noninvasive therapy for CPSP. The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of each database to July 2022. The bias risk assessment tool recommended by Cochrane was used to evaluate the quality of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Stata 14.0 was used for network meta-analysis, and Review Manager 5.3 software was used for traditional meta-analysis. Results: Twelve RCTs involving 8 treatment schemes and 641 patients were finally included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed the following rankings in visual analysis scale (VAS): super laser injury on stellate ganglia (SLI) > transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) > music therapy (MT) > repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) > continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) > transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) > common therapy (CT). The total clinical efficiency ranked as follows: psychological training of mindfulness (PT) > rTMS > CT. Clinical adverse reactions ranked as follows: rTMS > MT > CT > SLI. Conclusions: Noninvasive complementary therapy can effectively alleviate the pain of CPSP patients, and the efficacy and safety of SLI are relatively significant. However, due to the limitations of this study, the efficacy ranking cannot fully explain the advantages and disadvantages of clinical efficacy. In the future, more multicentre, large sample, double-blind clinical randomized controlled trials are needed to supplement and demonstrate the results of this study.

BENY BUDHI SEPTYANTO, I NENGAH PUTRA, ARIES SUDIARSO

Defense Industry Policy Committee (DIPC) and PT.PAL Indonesia projects have not yet determined a strategy in determining the implementation of submarine maintenance. Availability of the budget in carrying out maintenance and repair of submarines is one of the obstacles that is quite difficult in carrying out scheduled and planned maintenance of the defense equipment. On the other hand, if a policy is implemented to carry out continuous maintenance, it will result in a very high maintenance budget burden. Based on the current conditions and several previous studies, this study aims to provide an analysis of development strategy priorities in determining submarine maintenance. This study uses the MCDM Hybrid Technique approach combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. While the AHP method is applied in screening decision criteria and determining the weight of each decision criterion, the TOPSIS method is used in ranking alternative maintenance strategies. Based on the results of the study, the criteria for the maintenance strategy on the Submarine showed that the safety level criterion (C4) had the highest weight of 0.201 with a CR of 0.097. Then the Technology Use criterion (C3) weights 0.143 as the second criterion. The resource availability criterion (C7) is the third criterion with a weight of 0.135. While the Operational Time criterion (C5) weights 0.056 as the criterion with the smallest weight. Submarine-02 with the Medium category maintenance strategy. Submarine-03 with a medium-level maintenance strategy weight 0.633. Furthermore, Submarine-01 and Submarine-04 are currently still in the Corrective level maintenance category with respective weights of 0.279 and 0.344.

E. Nur Sezek, Mauricio Jaramillo-Jassir

Con el fin de la Guerra Fría, potencias emergentes como Brasil, China, India, Rusia y Turquía han luchado por imponer una voz en la denominada gobernanza global. Como consecuencia, el sistema internacional, aunque marcado aún por una hegemonía estadounidense, parece estar cambiando. De hecho, desde principios de la década del 2000, Brasil y Turquía han incrementado su participación en la gobernanza global, hasta el punto de alcanzar cierta legitimidad como potencias medias o regionales. A fin de establecer el alcance regional y global de estos dos poderes emergentes, este artículo aborda las preguntas sobre qué factores dan cuenta de la proyección de Brasil y Turquía como potencias medias y cómo se diferencian sus trayectorias en política exterior.

Carlos Macedo, Adriano Lauro, Alceu Jungstedt

Current state of international affairs shows the rebirth of near-peer competition. This unveils the likelihood of a conventional conflict between great powers. In the absence of recent clashes of that character, the World War II’s (WWII) dynamics can still provide valuable insights on how a new conflict might unfold. To find a useful angle to examine this past-century global war, we formulated the question whether the superiority of the Allies, in terms of manpower and economy, turned their victory practically inevitable in the European theater. It seems an enduring question for today because states usually compete within a security dilemma framework by which they work to enhance defense capacity by increasing numbers of personnel and assets. This paper aimed to respond the question with the support of Michael Handel’s theory that states that protracted wars have been won by those who, besides superiority of men, assets and economy, show better leadership, put together a working alliance, and apply geography wisely. Our study concluded that, although superiority was indeed important in the WWII, it was actually only the visible portion of a strategy envisioned and implemented by an experienced leadership who took into account features of geography and established a strong alliance.

Tomasz Stelmach

Objectives: The aim of this article is to present conclusions and experiences that have resulted of functioning of the Armed Forces Operational Command as the Crisis Management Center of the Ministry of National Defense. The author also focuses on the evolution of the military crisis management system. Methods: Analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject and a critical approach to the source material, including a presentation of the experiences of the Ministry of Defense in responding to non-military emergencies. Results: The result of the conducted research is the presentation of conclusions resulting from several years of experience of the Armed Forces Operational Command fulfilling the function of the Crisis Management Center in the years 2014-2022. Conclusions: The main objective of the crisis management system developed in every country is to protect the population against natural disasters and technical failures. In order to prevent such situations, public authorities carry out planning activities in order to be prepared for unusual actions. However, if the situation takes an unfavorable turn, the authorities should have the capacity to take effective action to respond to the incident by the forces and resources of the combined and non-combined administrations. The potential, including the forces and means of the Armed Forces, their availability and also the legal regulations of the possibility of using the troops are the basic factors that indicate the significant role of the Ministry of National Defense in the internal security of the state, through effective support of the non-military subsystem in the crisis management system.

Jian Gao, Jian Gao, Jinlin Miao et al.

ObjectivesThis study aimed at establishing a mouse model of immune-related adverse in humanized BALB/c-hPD1/hCTLA4 mice to investigate their potential pathogenesis and explore therapeutic targets for immune-related arthritis and pneumonitis.MethodsHumanized BALB/c-hPD1/hCTLA4 mice were injected with vehicle or collagen-specific antibodies (CA) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI, ipilimumab, anti-human CTLA-4; and nivolumab, anti-human PD-1), and some mice were treated with anti-TNF-α antibody, leading to the control, collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA), CAIA+ICI and treatment groups. The severity of clinical arthritis and pneumonitis in mice was monitored longitudinally and the pathological changes in the joints and lungs were histologically analyzed and the contents of lung hydroxyproline were measured. The frequency of different subsets of T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescency.ResultsCompared with the control, the ICI group of mice developed the delayed onset of moderate degrees of arthritis while the CAIA+ICI group of mice exhibited the early onset of severe arthritis. Treatment with ICI caused severe pneumonitis, especially in the mice with CA. Flow cytometry analysis indicated a significantly higher frequency of splenic TNF-α+CD4+ and TNF-α+CD8+ T cells, but not other subsets of T cells tested, in the CAIA+ICI group of mice, relative to that in other groups of mice. Treatment with anti-TNF-α significantly mitigated the severity of arthritis and pneumonitis as well as deposition of collagen in lung of mice. The treatment also decreased the frequency of TNF-α+CD4+ and TNF-α+CD8+ T cells as well as effector memory T cells in the periphery lymph orangs and lungs of mice.ConclusionsWe successfully established a humanized mouse model of ICI-related severe arthritis and pneumonitis with a higher frequency of TNF-α+ T cells, which were significantly mitigated by anti-TNF-α treatment. Conceptually, ICI treatment can induce multiple autoimmune-like diseases in autoimmune-prone individuals and TNF-α+ T cells may be therapeutic targets for intervention of immune-related arthritis and pneumonitis.

Nebojša N. Gaćeša

The instructions to authors about the article preparation for publication in the Military Technical Courier are based on the Regulations on categorization and ranking of scientific journals of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 159/20). This Regulations aims at improving the quality of national journals and raising the level of their compliance with the international system of scientific information exchange.

Norbert Swietochowski, Dariusz Rewak

The article analyses and assesses current capabilities of the Missile and Forces Artillery of the Polish Armed Forces as well as a role which should be played by artillery in conditions of a contempo-rary battlefield. By addressing a current state and modernization programs, the most principal areas of indispensable adaptations and directions for modernization aiming at significant increasing of artillery’s combat capabilities have been indicated. The analysis is based on conclusions and expertise gained during resent armed conflicts, particularly from the war in eastern Ukraine, where artillery played a crucial role in fire support. Artillery remains a relatively inexpensive, highly efficient and the most available means of fire support in the Polish Armed Forces, and its modernization and adaptation to NATO standards will con-siderably increase the combat potential the Polish Land Forces.

Guilherme Almeida Gomes, Éverton Araújo dos Santos

Em meio a crise política, financeira e moral na qual a sociedade brasileira está inserida, o Exército Brasileiro é uma instituição que se mantém resguardada por ter suas missões bem definidas, elevando juntamente as outras duas Forças a instituição de maior confiabilidade. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo buscar as bases dessa crise, principalmente no que tange a falta de valores éticos e morais, para assim descrever a forma como o EB resguarda esse valores tão raros no atual cenário. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica baseada em publicações de autores de reconhecida importância no meio acadêmico, em artigos veiculados, bem como reportagens de autoridades. Os resultados indicam que o EB mantém na sua estrutura e até onde a lei permite a preservação dos valores éticos e morais na sociedade. 

masoud motai, Majid Rajab por, Hosein Poor-eskandar

Due to the use of metals in the body of the aircraft and the importance of the structure of the body in maintaining and using the flight systems, it should protect aircraft from the destructive effects of the environment. Determining the mechanism of corrosion on a structure is very difficult and complicated; because the environmental conditions of an airplane are extremely variable during and after flight. This wide range of background changes has many problems. In this paper, the question was raised: what are the preventive strategies for preventing corrosion? For this purpose, the researcher aimed at explaining and providing preventive and innovative solutions for preventing all kinds of physical, chemical and electrochemical corrosion on aircraft. Considering the nature of the subject of the research, this research is an applied and descriptive. The statistical population of the whole staff and sample population include employees of the Mehrabad airport all of which have valuable experience around the subject of the research. Data collection was done by using field and library methods and by using documentation tools, interviews with experts and questionnaires. Finally, the researcher concluded that corrosion can be prevented by using electro-oxidation of the plasma, the anodizing process, chromate transformation coatings, the production of polymer nanoparticles, ceramic coatings and nanotechnology.

Mohamadreza Agashteh

"Takfiri" is the title used to refer to Islamic groups that use the Takfir movement against their opponents and enemies. These groups, emerging from Salafi movement, today have become the greatest problem in the Muslim world and have caused irreparable damage to the Islamic world. The study intends to study the basis of Takfiri thought in the views of Takfiri groups. This thought is one of the most important basic concepts of Takfiri groups that originated in the early days of Islam. Khawarij was a prominent example. Takfiri groups use this intellectual basis to excommunicate their opponents, including Muslims (Shiites and Sunnis who do not believe in them) and non-Muslims; and besides, they use this thought as a pretext for achieving their political goals and intentions. Although the Wahhabis are actually practicing and propagating this thought, the basis of this view was the appearance of the scholars of the Hadith, including Ahmed Bin Hanbal and his disciple Ibn Taymiyyah, whose followers propagated this thought and was eventually implemented by the Wahhabi sects. Therefore, the Takfiri thoughts that are now in the Islamic world originated from ibn Taymiyya's thoughts and ideas.

Nebojša N. Gaćeša

Front impressum for issue 2-2016 / Передний импрессум за но. 2-2016 / Prednji impresum za broj 2-2016

Todorov Dragan, Gostović Dragan

Military sporting events are planned and prepared, and in a given period of time performed, sports events of public interest, involving members of armed forces of one or more countries, with the aim to demonstrate, compare and improve their knowledge and skills in sports through competitive or non-competitive sport activities. As regards their nature and targeted effects, the military sports events can be: training, competitive, scientific research, development, military professional, informative, humanitarian, and special ones. Military sports, as key element of sporting events in the armed forces, include typical military sports (military multi-sports events), sports of military nature (martial arts, sport shooting, fencing, parachuting, orienteering, biathlon), and any other team and individual sports that are practiced in an organized manner in military units and institutions. The first competitions, which had been organized since ancient times in order to get winners in various sports disciplines, were conducted among soldiers, in the Balkans exactly, which suggests a very long tradition and rich history of military sporting events in the region. In Ancient Times, the most famous competitions of this type were the ancient Olympic Games. In the Middle Ages, military sporting events were knight tournaments and duels. Across Europe, including the Balkans, there were various organizations of knights, which represented specific forms of professional army. In the late 19th and early 20th century, in several Slav countries, including Serbia, Sokol societies were founded, which promoted physical exercise and the fight for liberation and unification of Slav nations. Sokol sports meetings and events may be partly considered as military sporting events as well, because the Sokol movement was approved in the military, and soldiers and officers were regular participants of these events. In the 21st century, the main objectives of the military sporting events have been: the development of friendship and solidarity among members of the armed forces; the promotion of physical education and sports; the contribution to balanced and harmonious development of military personnel; and strengthening of peace, security, trust and cooperation in the world. By taking part in these activities, members of armed forces develop their courage, mental stability and physical condition, promote the values of the military and the military profession, encourage the spirit of tolerance and mutual respect, enhance the defense capabilities of their countries, and contribute to universal peace.

Branka R. Luković, Veljko P. Petrović, Veselin L. Mrdak

<p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">This article presents a ballistics module as a part of the fire control system of weapons for fire support (mortars, artillery weapons and rocket launchers). The software is "open" with the prominence of autonomy work. It can be modulated and adapted on the user demand. Moreover, it is independent of the hardware base.</p> <p class="10Tekst"><em> </em></p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Introduction:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">The fire control system is based on a ballistic module (BM) which determines the firing data for each weapon tool in the battery. Ballistic calculations, for the given position of the target in relation to the position of tools in the given weather conditions, determine firing data (elevation, direction, timing and locating devices) so that the missile seems to cause the desired effect. This paper gives the basic information about the features the BM performs and the manner of their implementation in the fire control system without going into algorithmic solution procedures.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Ballistic problem in the fire control system:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Ballistic calculation is based on a trajectory calculation of all kinds of projectiles (current, time-fuze, illuminating, smoke, with conventional propulsion, rocket, with built-in gas generator, etc.). Instead of previous solutions, where a trajectory calculation of the fire control system was done by approximate methods, in this BM the trajectory calculation is made by the same model with the same data as for a weapon and ammunition in the process of creating a firing table. The data used in the fire control system are made simultaneously with the preparation of firing tables for a particular tool and associated ammunition,. A modified model of particle, standardized at the NATO level, is also used.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Taking into account the meteorological situation, before the trajectory calculation is done, a relative position of the target in relation to the position of the tool should be determined. A selection or loading check is carried out (possibility of reaching a given target) as well as the point at which the fuse is activated. The initial elevation of the tools that is used for calculating the trajectory to the end point should also be determined. The calculation is repeated until the final point of the trajectory coincides with a specific point by a projectile.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">During the preparation phase of fire, after all input parameters have been defined, the calculation is activated by the appropriate command. As an output from the BM, the initial firing data for the battery are determined:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Type of projectile, type of fuse, angle, distance table, locating devices and timing device (or the flight time);</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Information and data: ordinate trajectory, angle of fall, terminal velocity, probable error of range and probable error of deflection.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">The demands placed on the ballistic module:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">In order to perform the functions of fire, the BM should provide, in addition to determining the elements for target practice, the solution to the following tasks:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Check the possibility to fire;</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Correction and transfer of fire;</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Group shooting, and</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">- Planned fire.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Ballistic testing of module:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">All ballistic modules (ballistic model, ballistic data, ballistic module software and the hardware that they will be implemented on) should meet the established requirements.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">The ballistic testing of the module is done in several stages, using a ballistic computer (BC) simulation model, the entire artillery system simulation program and the computer embedded in the target system.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">The ballistic computer simulation model allows input of all projected input data and displaying all the results of calculations in a batch and interactive mode.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">The ballistic model and ballistic data are tested by comparing them with the verification data obtained from simulation programs or parts of programs used for creating firing tables.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Conclusion:</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">Modern combat conditions impose increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of artillery fire by increasing the speed of response and shooting accuracy. The approximate methods used in the first stage of artillery computers inevitably caused inaccuracy of such data as well as a number of corrections, which increased the time required for firing at goal. In accordance with international standards, a module for calculating firing elements in the fire control system must be implemented by the same trajectory model and with the same ballistic data for the weapon and ammunition as well as in the procedure for the preparation of firing tables. Technological advances in hardware implementation ensure the implementation of such software.</p> <p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom">From the above mentioned reasons, the realized ballistic BM module shows the following benefits of the fire control system: significant increase of the speed, accuracy and efficiency of artillery fire, reduction of the number of persons required to perform its functions and a higher technological level.</p><p class="24Tekstrezimeanaengleskom"> </p>

Cezar VASILESCU

The field of strategic management has offered a variety of frameworks and concepts for the past years, many with the declared aim of “taking business and its management seriously”. Strategic planning can help an organization to build its sustained competitive advantage in the face of an uncertain marketplace, but it requires new ways of thinking in order to create feasible alternatives. This article examines how the Chief Information Officer (CIO) can use strategy and planning as an enabler to meet the mission of an organization. The analysis focuses on some common problems that occur in strategic planning. Managers need to identify these potential issues, so that they can recognize and deal with them if they arise in their own strategic planning. A systems approach is taken which presents planning as an open inclusive process that seeks to produce flexible systems capable of growth and adaptation to meet changing needs and missions.

J. Bohannon

In January, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) provided Science with the military9s internal record of the death and injury of Afghan civilians, broken down by month, region, weaponry, and perpetrator. By its reckoning, 2537 civilians were killed and 5594 were wounded over the past 2 years, with 12% of those casualties attributed to ISAF forces and the rest to insurgents. In February, after learning that the military was releasing these data, both the United Nations and an Afghan human rights organization agreed to release versions of their own civilian casualty data to Science . Science assembled a team of experts to analyze the released data sets. They conclude that while the war has grown deadlier for Afghan civilians over the past 2 years, ISAF has become a safer fighting force. The majority of deaths, and nearly all of the recent increase, are attributed to indiscriminate attacks by insurgents rather than ISAF soldiers. All of these data, as well as other information never before released, are now freely available online. Taken together, they provide the clearest picture yet of the human cost of the war.

J. Bohannon