California Education Standards : Kindergarten, Earth Sciences 3. Earth is composed of land, air, and water. As a basis for understand this concept: c. Students know how to identify resources from Earth that are used in everyday life and understand that many resources can be conserved. Grade 1, Physical Sciences 1. Materials come in different forms (states), including solids, liquids, and gases. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know solids, liquids, and gases have different properties.
The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.
The manufacture of bionic materials to simulate the natural counterparts has attracted extensive attention. As one of the subcategories of biomimetic materials, the development of artificial enzyme is intensive pursuing. As a kind of artificial enzyme, nanozymes are dedicated to solve the limitations of natural enzymes. In recent years, attributed to the explosive development of nanotechnology, biotechnology, catalysis science, computational design and theory calculation, research on nanozymes has made great progress. To highlight these achievements and help researchers to understand the current investigation status of nanozyme, the state‐of‐the‐art development in nanozymes from fabrication materials to bioapplications are summarized. First different raw materials are summarized, including metal‐based, metal‐free, metal‐organic frameworks‐based, and some other novel matters, which are applied to fabricate nanozymes. The different types of enzymes‐like catalytic activities of nanozymes are briefly discussed. Subsequently, the wide applications of nanozymes such as anti‐oxidation, curing diseases, anti‐bacteria, biosensing, and bioimaging are discussed. Finally, the current challenges faced by nanozymes are outlined and the future directions for advancing nanozyme research are outlooked. The authors hope this review can inspire research in the fields of nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, materials science, and theoretical computing, and can contribute to the development of nanozymes.
A. Guerrero‐Martínez, J. Pérez‐Juste, L. Liz‐Marzán
In recent years, new strategies for silica coating of inorganic nanoparticles and organic nanomaterials, which differ from the classical methodologies, have emerged at the forefront of materials science. Silica as a coating material promises an unparalleled opportunity for enhancement of colloidal properties and functions by using core–shell rational designs and profiting from its synthetic versatility. This contribution provides a brief overview of recent progress in the synthesis of silica‐coated nanomaterials and their significant impact in different areas such as spectroscopy, magnetism, catalysis, and biology.
1 Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea 4 Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
Abstract Building sensible processing-structure-property (PSP) links to gain fundamental insights and understanding of materials behavior has been the focus of many works in computational materials science. Microstructure characterization and reconstruction (MCR), coupled with machine learning techniques and materials modeling and simulation, is an important component of discovering PSP relations and inverse material design in the era of high-throughput computational materials science. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of representative approaches for MCR and elaborate on their algorithmic details, computational costs, and how they fit into the PSP mapping problems. Multiple categories of MCR methods relying on statistical functions (such as n-point correlation functions), physical descriptors, spectral density function, texture synthesis, and supervised/unsupervised learning are reviewed. As no MCR method is applicable to the analysis and (inverse) design of all material systems, our goal is to provide the scientific community with a close examination of the state-of-the-art techniques for MCR, as well as useful guidance on which MCR method to choose and how to systematically apply it to a problem at hand. We illustrate applications of MCR on materials modeling and building structure-property relations via two examples: One on learning the materials law of a class of composite microstructures, and the second on relating the permittivity and dielectric loss to a structural parameter in nanodielectrics.
Mathematical and computational modeling approaches are increasingly used as quantitative tools in the analysis and forecasting of infectious disease epidemics. The growing need for realism in addressing complex public health questions is, however, calling for accurate models of the human contact patterns that govern the disease transmission processes. Here we present a data-driven approach to generate effective population-level contact matrices by using highly detailed macro (census) and micro (survey) data on key socio-demographic features. We produce age-stratified contact matrices for 35 countries, including 277 sub-national administratvie regions of 8 of those countries, covering approximately 3.5 billion people and reflecting the high degree of cultural and societal diversity of the focus countries. We use the derived contact matrices to model the spread of airborne infectious diseases and show that sub-national heterogeneities in human mixing patterns have a marked impact on epidemic indicators such as the reproduction number and overall attack rate of epidemics of the same etiology. The contact patterns derived here are made publicly available as a modeling tool to study the impact of socio-economic differences and demographic heterogeneities across populations on the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The growing need for realism in addressing complex public health questions calls for accurate models of the human contact patterns that govern disease transmission. Here, the authors generate effective population-level contact matrices by using highly detailed macro (census) and micro (survey) data on key socio-demographic features.
Hongfei Li obtained his Bachelor’s degree from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University in 2009. After that, he received his Master’s degree from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University in 2012. He joined Dr. Chunyi Zhi’s group as a PhD candidate in 2015 at City University of Hong Kong. His research focuses on flexible and wearable aqueous batteries and polymer electrolytes. Zijie Tang is a PhD student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong. He received his Bachelor’s degree from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University. His research mainly focuses on high-performance Zn-ion battery electrodes and polymer electrolytes for wearable energy storage devices. Zhuoxin Liu completed his Bachelor’s degree in polymer science and engineering and Master’s degree in materials science at Sichuan University, China. He joined Dr. Chunyi Zhi’s group as a PhD candidate in 2016 at City University of Hong Kong, where he has started his research on flexible and wearable energy storage devices including supercapacitors and aqueous battery systems. Chunyi Zhi is currently an associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong. He received his PhD degree in physics from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Then he moved to the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Japan as a post-doctoral fellow, followed by an ICYS research fellow, researcher (faculty), and senior researcher (permanent). His research focuses on wearable and flexible energy storage devices and aqueous electrolyte batteries.
Z.J. Xu is an associate professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. He is a member of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) and The Electrochemistry Society (ECS), and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). He served as the Vice President of ECS Singapore Section. S. Sun is a postdoctoral research fellow in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. He received his PhD from the same institution. H. Li is a PhD student in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. She obtained her BS degree from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
Shubhradip Guchait, Diego R. Hinojosa, Nathan James Pataki
et al.
Abstract This study demonstrates the possibility to enhance thermoelectric properties of n‐type benzodifuranone‐based copolymers using a combination of polymer orientation (using high temperature rubbing) and sequential doping with the dopant N‐DMBI‐H. It focuses on the impact of the side chain length and the chemical nature of the comonomer (thiophene vs furan) on the efficacy of this methodology that preserves the facile solution‐processability of this polymer family and enables effective sequential doping without a thermal activation step. The combination of high temperature rubbing and thermal annealing helps reach a high orientation of the copolymers with the thiophene comonomer regardless of the length of the side chains whereas the furan‐based polymer is marginally aligned. The high orientation of thiophene‐based copolymers results in a strong improvement of electrical conductivity and power factors reaching up to 9.8 ± 1.6 S cm−1 and 8 ± 3 µW m−1.K2, respectively.
Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks, Physics