Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Vilma Zubaitienė

The article presents research on the usage of Lithuanian lexis and lexicographical works on the Lithuanian language from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. It reveals how scientific research has been related to academic activity and lexicographic work (data gathering, analysis, dictionary development), and vice versa. Talking about the early and mid-20th century, the focus lies on the well-grounded articles on appropriate language use by Kazimieras Būga and on the preparation of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”, as well as on Jonas Jablonskis’ interest in the standard language, creation of new words, his work on the dictionary of Antanas Juška and his reviews of earlier dictionaries. Jablonskis’ own “Mūsų žodynėlis” [Our Dictionary] is also briefly discussed. Further on, the article talks about the work of Juozas Balčikonis and the beginnings of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. Particular mention is made of Pranas Skardžius’ and Antanas Salys’ research on word structure and usage. In addition, various articles in language journals as well as the structure and editorial principles of the journal “Kalbos patarėjas” are reviewed. The research in the Soviet era is mainly associated with the lexicographical activities of Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas and the editorial work on both the (historical) “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and the “Dictionary of the Present Lithuanian Language”. The research interest of this period lies primarily in the analysis of lexical structure and systemic relations, whereas publication activity focuses on editing special dictionaries (such as dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, valency, phraseology, and comparisons), and the publication of textbooks and monographs in the field of lexicology. The article gives an overview of studies that analyse the development and change of various lexical items, describe different semantic groups, language variation, and its phrasal components. Furthermore, lexical databases and the information system e.kalba are given an overview. The main focus here lies on reviewing lexical research and lexicographical projects carried out in the 1990s and the early 21st century, and on revealing lexicographical problems.

Irina I. Rusinova, Alexander V. Chernykh

The article is the first part of the collaborative work studying Russian collective nicknames of the modern Perm Region. It aims to systematize the materials, analyze regional historiographical heritage and the sources of the studied units, explore the semantic features of collective nicknames in the region. The history of collection, publication, and research of collective nicknames of the Kama River area started in the 19th century when they were first mentioned in ethnographic descriptions. The first list of collective nicknames of more than forty units was published in 1927 by a famous Perm folklorist Valentin N. Serebrennikov. In the late 20th — early 21st centuries, intensive fieldwork of dialectologists, ethnographers and folklorists of Perm universities resulted in collecting a rich scope of materials on local nicknames which paved the way for their scholarly interpretation. The study of collective nicknames of the Kama River area showed their uneven distribution in the region. That was caused by both the specificity of field studies and the peculiarities of the region’s settlement by the Russians. Nowadays, the most numerous data on collective nicknames of the Kama River area are collected on the territory of the old-timers’ subdialects historically linked to the Russian North and in southern territories of later settlement. The authors substantiate that collective nicknames are a valuable source for the study of ethno-cultural specificity of the region. These units reflect different features of territorial groups among the local population: traits of character and behavior, specificity of Perm dialect speech, food preferences, cooking styles and the specificity of traditional costume, occupations, crafts, social status of the residents of various settlements, geographical and climate characteristics of the place, and migration history. Thus, the article shows that the studied anthroponymic units reflect the specificity of local identity and create the unique ethno-linguistic landscape of the Perm Region.

Pardis Roozkhosh, Nasser Motahari Farimani

Objective: This paper seeks to find the optimal number of hubs and their location to keep the preparation time and congestion in the hubs and costs at a minimum. Also, this study considers the tardiness time for the conditions that the customer's need is not answered in the specified time, which can help to make the problem conditions more realistic. Therefore, in this study, the scheduled time and the real-time system are considered. This paper considers the tardiness and congestion time for hub optimization problems with single, multiple, and multiple direct transport allocations. The decision variables in this model determine the number of hubs, the capacity of the hubs, and their location. Congestion and tardiness also affect service time, especially if the capacity and cost of hubs are limited. Methods: This paper uses a mathematical model to solve the hub problem of optimizing the allocation – location of single, multiple, and multiple with direct transportation. GAMS software is used to find the optimal number of hubs and locations as two objective functions are optimized. The first objective function includes transportation costs, hub setup, and tardiness costs, and the second one consists of the handling time in the hubs and the congestion inside the hubs. The sensitive analysis is investigated for the service time based on the congestion and tardiness time. Results: This model is tested on AP (Australian Post) data for single, multiple, and multiple with direct shipping allocation models. This study also solves the exact model for 100 nodes allocated to all three models. The hubs' capacity, congestion, and tardiness determine the number of hubs. In this paper, hubs are considered small, medium, and large. Congestion levels are also considered changeable. In addition, a comparison is made between single and multiple allocations concerning cost and capacity limitation to investigate service time. The findings indicate that a hub with limited cost and capacity needs more service time. The lexicography method is also used to convert objective functions into one function. Conclusion: The more the number of hubs increases, the total costs, including the transportation and hub establishment costs will also increase. Therefore, considering the transportation costs and the establishment of the hub, it can be said that single and multiple allocations can be used in some situations. However, multiple allocations with direct transport have the lowest transportation costs because goods based on the costs are transported through the non-hub and hub nodes. In general, the results indicate that using the multiple allocation model with direct transport can reduce the total transport cost, and a single allocation has the highest transport costs. This paper is helpful for managers and business owners who first want to identify points for building their product or service warehouse. Secondly, they want to have the most optimal type of allocation for transportation from different cities.

Nataliia Mykhalchuk, Svitozara Bihunova, Dmytro Bihunov et al.

The article examines the semantic space of concepts in modern British political discourse. The basic concepts of GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL EVENTS, CITIZEN and ECOLOGY in the British press are analysed, taking into account: 1) the main, dominant, feature; 2) additional “passive” features; 3) the actualization of the internal hidden form. It was determined that these characteristics allow the concepts to be updated on different levels, as well as to be perceived by carriers of different cultures in different ways. On the basis of the content-analysis of modern British media contexts and semantic network analysis, a field model of the political discourse of the modern British press was constructed. It is proved that all the presented sub-concepts are at the final stage of formation in British political language consciousness, which is indicated by the high density of political discourse lexemes that objectify these sub-concepts.

Fatma Yuvayapan, Ilyas Yakut

Academic discourse is characterized by various linguistic features that academic writers utilize to maintain cohesion, reader–writer communication, and authorial stance. Recently, meta-discourse (MD) has received considerable attention as one of the most prominent linguistic and pragmatic features of academic writing. Despite the abundance of nouns in academic genres, there has been little attention paid to their meta-discursive functions. In this study, we intend to address this gap by exploring the usage of nouns, specifically in two important post-graduate genres: MA and Ph.D. theses written by both native and non-native academic writers of English. The analysis draws on a corpus of 1,148,992 words of MA and Ph.D. theses, and the concordance software, AntConc version 3.5.8, was utilized to calculate the frequency counts of MD nouns. Log-likelihood statistics were performed to determine whether there was a statistical difference among four corpora regarding the use of MD nouns. We observed cultural variations in the MD noun usage between native and non-native academic writers of English. The analysis also reflected the same rhetorical decisions by both groups of academic writers regarding the deployment of MD nouns in MA and Ph.D. theses. Hence, it may be suggested that a genre-based approach in academic writing courses may raise students’ awareness of socially and disciplinary-based norms of academic genres.

Liudmyla Pidkuĭmukha

History as a Weapon: Second World War Imagery in the Ongoing Russian–Ukrainian Cyberwar The article focuses on the characteristics of military posters employed as an element of the ongoing Russia–Ukrainian hybrid war in the Donbas region. The paper also examines the functions which posters fulfil in times of military conflict and analyses the role which posters play in persuading and mobilizing society, recruiting soldiers, and maintaining high morale among troops. The research material includes posters that were exhibited in 2014–2017, when the most significant battles took place. The article focuses on the verbal aspects of the posters as well as on the visual constructions of “friends” and “foes”. Furthermore, this investigation analyses the Second World War (WWII) images and symbols that have been used in both pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian posters.   Historia jako broń: obrazowanie drugiej wojny światowej w trwającej cyberwojnie rosyjsko-ukraińskiej Autorka koncentruje się na charakterystyce plakatów wojskowych wykorzystywanych jako element trwającej w regionie Donbasu rosyjsko-ukraińskiej wojny hybrydowej. Bada również funkcje, jakie pełnią plakaty w czasie konfliktu zbrojnego oraz analizuje rolę, jaką odgrywają w przekonywaniu i mobilizowaniu społeczeństwa, rekrutacji żołnierzy oraz utrzymywaniu wysokiego poziomu morale wśród wojska. Materiał badawczy obejmuje plakaty, które były eksponowane w latach 2014–2017, kiedy rozegrano najbardziej znaczące bitwy. W artykule autorka skupiła uwagę na werbalnych aspektach plakatów, a także na wizualnych konstrukcjach „przyjaciół” i „wrogów”. Ponadto analizuje wizerunek drugiej wojny światowej, motywy i symbole z przeszłości, które zostały wykorzystane zarówno w plakatach proukraińskich, jak i prorosyjskich.

Xiangming Zhang

Евгения Наумовна Басовская

Статья посвящена семантико-прагматической эволюции слова палач в русском языке XX–XXI вв. и отражению этого явления в российской лексикографии. Материалом для изучения служат толковые словари XVIII–XXI вв., данные Национального корпуса русского языка, а также тексты журнала «Огонек» 1916–2018 гг. Автор отмечает, что в дореволюционных словарях зафиксировано только прямое значение существительного. Такая лексикографическая практика вступает в противоречие с синхронным словоупотреблением писателей и публицистов, активно метафоризировавших лексему палач и использовавших ее в значении ‘злодей’. Переносное значение слова было впервые зафиксировано в первом советском толковом словаре, вышедшем под редакцией Д. Н. Ушакова в 1935–1940 гг. В этом издании предлагалась идеологическая интерпретация слова, закрепленная в дальнейшем в словаре С. И. Ожегова и академических словарях русского языка 1950–1960-х гг. Особое внимание в статье уделяется функционированию лексемы в публицистическом тексте. На примере публикаций журнала «Огонек» демонстрируется использование существительного палач как идеологемы, концентрирующей в своем значении представление о классовой чуждости и исторической обреченности врагов трудового народа. В постсоветский период политические коннотации отходят на второй план и слово палач трансформируется в философему — концептуально насыщенный термин, служащий для осмысления важнейших законов бытия. Материалы 2018 г. демонстрируют способность слова палач обозначать в современном медиатексте врага не столько политического, сколько исторического, разрушителя культуры и противника прогресса. Ярлык палач может быть применен к людям разных эпох и представителям различных политических движений. Палач — абсолютное зло, реализующее себя на исторической арене. При этом идеологема утратила одну из семантических составляющих, характерных для нее в прошлые десятилетия: ни в одном из рассмотренных новейших примеров речь не идет о наказании палачей и об оправданности проявляемой по отношению к ним жестокости. Палач — не противник в сегодняшней борьбе, а скорее отрицательный исторический пример для будущих поколений. Автор приходит к выводу о необходимости более точного отражения в толковом словаре информации о прагматических характеристиках слова. Для лексических единиц, активно использующихся в текстах СМИ и обладающих способностью транслировать мировоззренческие установки автора, предлагается термин «медиастилема».

Tea Rogić Musa

Dmitry Yu. Ilyin, Elena G. Sidorova

The paper addresses the problem of representation of grammatical information in dictionaries and reference-books by considering one particular title focused on the oikonymic system of the Volgograd region. A new concept of grammatical description is introduced, which is the degree of uniqueness of a geographical name within the region. Developing the rating scale for this parameter required consideration of such linguistic criteria as the word-formation pattern, the identity of the root morpheme or the entire lexical unit, the morphemic affinity of the names with the same root. The new parameter proves particularly relevant in the view of occasional changes in the administrative-territorial division of the region, especially when deciding whether it is necessary/unnecessary to rename a particular locality. The study also takes to specify the grammatical norm regulating the choice of the case form of the toponym at its use with the generic term. Given the significant number of differential features that are complementary, rather than hierarchical, it is proposed that each dictionary article has to include specific recommendations on the choice of the form of the proper name. Different patterns in the names of residents of particular settlements (katoikonyms) are described, related to the frequency of their use in regional, city and district newspapers. The authors also reveal the factors these variants of katoikonyms may be caused by, some pertinent to a certain historical period or else resulting from the peculiarities of the local toponymic system. The paper presents the structure of an article adopted for the forthcoming reference book the authors are working on, along with the samples of dictionary articles.

Є. М. Музя

The problem of lexicographic inclusion of toponymic lexical units in general explanatory dictionaries is considered at the given article. At the same time, a classification scheme of typological description of place-names has been developed, a number of related problems, which are still to be solved in future, has been identified. The proposed scientific analysis of four general English dictionaries proves incidental character of choice of geographic places aiming at their enclosure in a dictionary. Modern lexicographic practice has already accumulated some experience in the toponymic vocabulary description. However, there are still no developing and clear working methods on how to operate with toponyms in the lexicographic theory, but this problem has not yet received exhaustive coverage in works on the theory of lexicography. The range of solution issues is quite broad: from the development of non-conflicting principles for the position of toponyms in the dictionary and their location in the body of the dictionary (for example, in the alphabet, along with other types of introduction, or a separate application) to the method and amount of semantics (encyclopedic and / or linguistic). Comparison between the lexicographic part in the study and the typological one, gives an answer to the question of the principles for toponym selection in the dictionary (in fact, the preference is given to large and medium objects). However, with this approach, the cultural and historical component of the toponym semantics will not be taken into account (for example, Khortytsya Island is a small geographical object - has a tremendous cultural and historical significance for Ukraine; the street Wall Street is a small geographic object plays an important role in world economy, etc.).The structural analysis of definitions proves that unified adequate approach to semantization of toponyms has not yet been developed in modern lexicography.

Nobuyuki Kemoto

Bárdosi Vilmos

After briefly surveying the research carried out in Hungary on the origin of sayings, proverbs and adages, this paper introduces and exemplifies the way the new Hungarian phraseological etymological dictionary has been compiled. It subsequently presents excerpts from the dictionary that will expound on the origin of 1800 set phrases and statistically analyses the linguistic, cultural-historical, historical, literary, ethnographic and intercultural background of the Hungarian set phrases included in the dictionary.

Vesna Batovanja

U radu autorica razmatra Crne bilježnice Martina Heideggera koje je dosad objavio Peter Trawny.

Francesca Amaraschi

The first section of this paper deals with Pollux’s method in using classical sources to write his Onomasticon. To reach this aim the dedicatory letters to Emperor Commodus, which Pollux put at the opening of the ten books of the lexicon, are thoroughly analysed. In the second section Onomasticon VIII 63, 86 and 96 are examined in order to suggest some readings different from Bethe’s ones, based on an excessive trust in F S manuscripts. Such an analysis contributes to solve some doubts not only on the contents of book VIII, but also on the question pertinent to Pollux’s access to primary sources, in particular Aristotle’s Athenaion Politeia.

Ludmila Dimitrova, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa, Radovan Garabík et al.

MONDILEX – towards the research infrastructure for digital resources in Slavic lexicography The paper presents activities of the EU project MONDILEX, Conceptual Modelling of Networking of Centres for High-Quality Research in Slavic Lexicography and their Digital Resources. The main objective of MONDILEX is to design the conceptual scheme of a research  infrastructure that supports the networking of centres for high-quality research in traditional and digital Slavic lexicography.

Janko M. Lozar

Članak se bavi osnovnim elementima Descartesove uklopljenosti u srednjovjekovnu i antičku tradiciju. Opširnije objašnjenje zajedničkih elemenata koje je Descartes dijelio sa svojim prethodnicima omogućuje nam da preciznije odredimo točku raskida u Descartesovoj misli te jasno ukazuje na njegovo neosporno naslijeđe za kasnija razdoblja, uključujući i francuski materijalizam. Posebna pažnja posvećena je tvrdnji M. Heideggera, koja se temelji na njegovom specifičnom shvaćanju povijesti filozofije, da Descartes predstavlja paradigmatski pomak u samoshvaćanju čovjeka, koja je značajno obilježila kasniji razvoj filozofije, kako one idealističke tako i materijalističke. Još jedan autor kojega vrijedi spomenuti u ovom kontekstu je M. A. Gillespie, koji jasno prihvaća Heideggerov stav te nadalje potvrđuje kako bi se Descartesov ontološki pomak trebao sagledati sa stajališta njegove izrazito drukčije teologije.

David Bradley

Ewa Data-Bukowska

The Norwegian lexical item akkurat and the Polish akurat: a cognitive semantic analysis The aim of the article is to demonstrate to what extent the Norwegian akkurat and the Polish akurat show similarities and differences in their conceptual content (meaning). Adopting the perspective of cognitive semantics (CS), as described in Langacker (1987) and Lakoff (1987), I shall try to show that the meanings ascribed to these etymologically and formally related words constitute complex networks of senses, rooted in a prototypical centre in each of the languages under discussion. In addition to this, the findings will be interpreted with reference to the process of pragmaticalization (a language unit’s development of increasing pragmatic functions). Within this theoretical framework I shall demonstrate that subjectification/intersubjectification and pejoration/melioration motivate the main semantic difference between akkurat and akurat. The analysis is based on Norwegian and Polish monolingual corpus data.

Feng Li, Wei Wang, Zongben Xu et al.