Samuel N. Stechmann, Jiuhua Hu, Brandon P. Montemuro
et al.
Sea ice is a complex system, and observations have shown that ice segments (i.e., floes) have a wide range of sizes, with a floe size distribution that follows a power law. However, a theory for the power law and its exponent have remained elusive. Here, floe-resolving numerical simulations are investigated with a discrete element model, in order to gain further information by gathering statistics of fracture and welding events. Then, based on the insights from the floe-resolving simulations, a stochastic fragmentation-coagulation theory is proposed. Exact solutions are found with a power law. The power-law exponent can take a variety of values, and it depends on the fracture and welding rates. Such behavior is reminiscent of seasonal changes in the power-law exponent, which have been reported in past analyses of observational data.
El presente artículo examina la actividad de las comisiones nacionales de bioética (CNB) en el debate sobre la maternidad subrogada, un tema crucial tanto para posibles cambios legislativos como para la función consultiva de estas comisiones. A través de una revisión de literatura y análisis de informes, dictámenes y recomendaciones emitidas por CNB de España, EE.UU., Francia e Italia, se pretende desentrañar cómo influyen las CNB en la formulación de políticas públicas y en el debate ético sobre esta práctica. Se concluye que, aunque las CNB no tienen poder legislativo, su rol consultivo y sus informes pueden tener un impacto significativo en la legislación y la opinión pública.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Konstantin V. Getman, Oleg Kochukhov, Joe P. Ninan
et al.
We explore the empirical power-law relationship between X-ray luminosity (Lx) and total surface magnetic flux (Phi), established across solar magnetic elements, time- and disk-averaged emission from the Sun, older active stars, and pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. Previous models of large PMS X-ray flares, lacking direct magnetic field measurements, showed discrepancies from this baseline law, which MHD simulations attribute to unusually strong magnetic fields during flares. To test this, we used nearly simultaneous Chandra X-ray and HET-HPF near-infrared observations of four young Orion stars, measuring surface magnetic fields during or just after powerful PMS X-ray flares. We also modeled these PMS X-ray flares, incorporating their measured magnetic field strengths. Our findings reveal magnetic field strengths at the stellar surface typical of non-flaring PMS stars, ruling out the need for abnormally strong fields during flares. Both PMS and solar flares deviate from the Lx-Phi law, with PMS flares exhibiting a more pronounced deviation, primarily due to their much larger active regions on the surface and larger flaring loop volumes above the surface compared to their solar counterparts. These deviations likely stem from the fact that powerful flares are driven by magnetic reconnection, while baseline X-ray emission may involve less efficient mechanisms like Alfven wave heating. Our results also indicate a preference for dipolar magnetic loops in PMS flares, consistent with Zeeman-Doppler imaging of fully convective stars. This requirement for giant dipolar loops aligns with MHD predictions of strong dipoles supported by polar magnetic surface active regions in fast-rotating, fully convective stars.
Implementarea principiului nediscriminării în Republica Moldova reprezintă un proces complex și continuu, orientat către asigurarea egalității de șanse și tratament pentru toți cetățenii, indiferent de caracteristicile lor personale. Acest principiu este fundamental în contextul promovării drepturilor omului și consolidării unei societăți democratice și incluzive. Republica Moldova, ca stat semnatar al unor tratate internaționale privind drepturile omului, este obligată să implementeze și să respecte prevederile acestora în ceea ce privește combaterea discriminării. În acest sens, au fost adoptate și promulgate diverse legi și politici menite să prevină și să combată discriminarea în diferite domenii, cum ar fi cel al muncii, al educației sau al accesului la serviciile publice. Una dintre inițiativele majore în acest sens a fost crearea unui organism specializat în combaterea discriminării, care să monitorizeze respectarea principiului nediscriminării și să ofere sprijin victimelor discriminării. De asemenea, au fost întreprinse eforturi pentru sensibilizarea opiniei publice cu privire la importanța respectării diversității și promovarea unei culturi a egalității.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
The aim of the current research is to examine the philosophy of women's rights in the thought of Abul Hasan Ameri Neishabouri, emphasizing his book "Happiness and Prosperity in the History of Humanity". The research method is rational and descriptive and information processing is carried out as the descriptive-analytical method. Mohaghegh Ameri's thought in the field of women's rights can be classified into two main categories, first, the right to gender equality and the second, the right to freedom. In the first part of present research, the five examples proposed by Ameri, i.e. women's executive capabilities, humane behavior with women, women's subordination, women's inherent defects and their consultability, have been discussed. In the second, six examples of behavior towards the husband, the husband's guardianship, the restriction of instinctive relations with the husband, the preservation of the husband's property, the prohibition of socializing with non-mahram men, and the requirement of hijab were discussed and investigated. Under each of these debates, Ameri quoted some from philosophers or religious scholars and expressed his opinion in some cases. In total, their positions in these 11 examples can be divided into two general categories. In some cases, as women's practical capabilities, humane treatment with women, and the superintendency of mothers over their children, have a completely positive view, and in this respect, at least in terms of evidence there would be no difference between men and women. In other cases, such as prohibiting women from associating with non-mahram men, men's authority over women in enjoying themselves and leaving the house, not cheating on their husbands, obliging women to wear hijab, good behavior, honesty and obedience to their husbands and limited consultation with them, as well as their view can be justified. However, in two debates about the natural - and not positive - dominance of men over women and also the existence of inherent defects in women - based on a quote from Pythagoras - Ameri’s point of view can be meaningfully criticized. In this research, along with the philosophical analysis of eleven examples aforementioned, the hypothesis has been proven that Ameri's view in the field of women seems like balanced. Despite the fact that it has been said that the advanced Islamic philosophers do not have a positive view toward women and consider them as second-class citizens, in the examples above mentioned, they have either directly supported women's rights, or the points proposed by Ameri more or less. However, in two of these cases, his ideas have been criticized.
We discuss the double copy formulation of Moyal-Weyl type noncommutative gauge theories from the homotopy algebraic perspective of factorisations of $L_\infty$-algebras. We define new noncommutative scalar field theories with rigid colour symmetries taking the role of the zeroth copy, where the deformed colour algebra plays the role of a kinematic algebra; some of these theories have a trivial classical limit but exhibit colour-kinematics duality, from which we construct the double copy theory explicitly. We show that noncommutative gauge theories exhibit a twisted form of colour-kinematics duality, which we use to show that their double copies match with the commutative case. We illustrate this explicitly for Chern-Simons theory, and also for Yang-Mills theory where we obtain a modified Kawai-Lewellen-Tye relation whose momentum kernel is linked to a binoncommutative biadjoint scalar theory. We reinterpret rank one noncommutative gauge theories as double copy theories, and discuss how our findings tie in with recent discussions of Moyal-Weyl deformations of self-dual Yang-Mills theory and gravity.
Introduction. The presumption of knowledge of the law and laws of the state assumes that every citizen knows the necessary amount of legal information sufficient to fulfill the basic obligation to comply with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, the study of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and basic laws is mandatory and should be integrated into educational programs at all levels. Special attention should be paid to the constitutional and legal education of children, because at this age the model of behavior, which a person will follow in the future, is laid. Theoretical analysis. The study of the Constitution of Russia in childhood and adolescence is based on the concept of meta-law, which asserts the unity of law, religion, philosophy, science, and art. In the educational paradigm of meta-law, the Constitution is perceived through spiritual and moral values, ethical, moral attitudes, confirming by legal authority the correctness of the ideas about what is due that the child has learned. The initial stage of studying the Basic Law of the country may coincide with the child’s study of the alphabet, when individual letters of the alphabet will be fixed in the child’s memory by the example of categories of constitutional law that are accessible to understanding. It is fruitful to address the content of the Constitution of Russia through the prism of elementary plots of folk tales reflecting the archetypes of popular consciousness. Through the fairy tale, the child is introduced to the national worldview, learns to recognize himself or herself as part of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, who embodied their political will in the Basic Law of the country. Folk art expresses an ideal presented in an artistic form. The Constitution legally formalizes the people’s idea. That is why legal folklore studies should be integrated into educational programs in literature, social studies, and jurisprudence. Works of children’s fiction devoted to the Basic Law of the country are the most correct form for the perception of the text of the Constitution by children aged six to eight. Serious discussions about the Constitution of Russia, the history of the constitutional idea in our country, political power and constitutional practice of the state should take place at high school age. The choice of a form of submission of constitutional and legal information is determined by mental generational characteristics of children in accordance with the information environment in which their formation and development took place. Results. The authors conclude that the theory of the Constitution should be integrated into the program of basic general education and offer the fundamentals of a specialized pedagogical strategy for studying the Constitution by children. The methodology of studying the Constitution by children determines the identity of the legal system of Russia, where moral norms, ethics, morality, culture are the co-regulators of law. The format of educational practices depends on the stages of growing up, socialization and individualization of the child.
THE QUEER THEORY OF LAW – WHAT DOES IT MEAN? (2ND PART) Predložená štúdia sa zameriava na pojem, znaky, povahu, metódy a metodológiu queer teórie práva v kontexte významu špecifík pojmu queer a vo všeobecnom kontexte queer teórie. V nadväznosti na to popisuje, zdôvodňuje a analyzuje vplyv vyjadrenia prvku fluidnosti a diverzity v právnej vede. Štúdia je rozdelená do dvoch častí. Ústredným momentom predloženej druhej časti je zlučiteľnosť nonnormatívneho pôsobenia queer s právnou schopnosťou štandardizovať vzory konania v právnych normách. Za týmto účelom predstavuje súčasné pokusy právnej filozofie konštruovať queer teóriu práva, a to takým spôsobom, ktorý by dokázal zahrnúť diverzitu do právneho myslenia, resp. by dokázal teoreticky reprezentovať queer identitu/identity alebo pozíciu LGBTQIA+ ľudí v oblasti práva a právnej vedy. Záver štúdie je venovaný úvahám a dôvodom, prečo je nevyhnutné v prostredí slovenskej právnej vedy hovoriť o vzniku queer teórie práva. URL: http://sic.pravo.upjs.sk/ The study aims on the concept, signs, nature, methods, and methodology of queer legal theory in the context of specific features related to the term queer, and in the general context of queer theory. Following this, it describes, justifies, and analyzes the influence of fluidity and diversity in jurisprudence. The study has two parts. The central moment of second part is the influence of queer non-normativity vis-à-vis legal normativity. For this purpose, it presents the current attempts of legal philosophy to construct a queer theory of law, in such a way that it would be able to include diversity in legal thinking or could theoretically represent queer identity/identities or the position of LGBTQIA+ community in the field of law. The conclusion of the study is devoted to considerations and reasons why it is necessary to talk about the emergence of queer legal theory is Slovak jurisprudence.
ABSTRACTThis paper provides a taxonomy of the different kinds of theory that may be offered of an area of law. We distinguish two basic types of philosophical accounts in special jurisprudence: nonnormative accounts and normative accounts. Section II explains the two central subspecies of nonnormative accounts of areas of law: (i) conceptual and ontological theories and (ii) reason-tracking causal theories. Section III explores normative theories of areas of law. Normative accounts subdivide into detached and committed normative accounts. Detached or committed normative accounts can be subdivided further into the following cross-cutting categories: (i) pro tanto or all-things-considered, (ii) hyper-reformist or practice-dependent, (iii) taxonomical or substantive. Section IV shows that our taxonomy does not presume a prior commitment to any particular school in general jurisprudence. This paper clarifies methodological confusion that exists in theorizing about areas of law, and contributes to the subfield of thinking generally about special jurisprudence.
Este artículo propone un análisis sobre las desigualdades originadas o reforzadas por el uso de los modelos y programas de aprendizaje automático que encuentran una de sus principales justificaciones en el principio de precisión predictiva, así como sobre algunas respuestas que cabe esperar del sistema jurídico para abordarlas. Este tema ha sido tratado fundamentalmente bien a través de la tutela del derecho a la privacidad y la protección de datos, bien mediante la elaboración de códigos éticos. Aquí se adoptarán dos perspectivas distintas a las anteriores. En primer lugar, el enfoque del riesgo, marco en el que se ha emplazado recientemente la regulación europea de la inteligencia artificial y desde el que se examinarán las obligaciones vinculadas a las prácticas consideradas de alto riesgo. En segundo lugar, la perspectiva del Derecho antidiscriminatorio; en este sentido, se analizarán las virtualidades y los límites del este sector de
los ordenamientos jurídicos. La finalidad de este artículo es mostrar que si el Derecho antidiscriminatorio ha de responder a las prácticas más controvertidas de los modelos algorítmicos, ha de superar la visión binaria de la teoría antidiscriminatoria y ser interpretada como una teoría jurídica con capacidad para transformar la realidad social.
El presente trabajo pretende abordar las categorías vinculadas a los derechos sociales y prestacionales, así como sus garantías. Con esa finalidad, se parte de la distinción entre derechos de primera y segunda generación, y se encuentra que su reconocimiento no se debió a criterios cronológicos ni estructurales sino ideológicos. De ese modo, en la finalidad igualitaria se halla el fundamento ideológico común a todos los derechos sociales, lo cual servirá para plantear una distinción definitiva entre derechos ideológicamente sociales y derechos estructuralmente prestacionales. Así, será posible trazar una intersección entre ambos grupos y postular los derechos socioprestacionales. Finalmente, se desarrolla el tema de las garantías primarias y secundarias de estos derechos, señalando los modelos que se han planteado para su implementación y las dificultades empíricas que se han presentado.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán, Martin Molina, Francisco M. Mendoza
This work seeks to study the beneficial properties that an autonomous agent can obtain by implementing a cognitive architecture similar to the one of conscious beings. Along this document, a conscious model of autonomous agent based in a global workspace architecture is presented. We describe how this agent is viewed from different perspectives of philosophy of mind, being inspired by their ideas. The goal of this model is to create autonomous agents able to navigate within an environment composed of multiple independent magnitudes, adapting to its surroundings in order to find the best possible position in base of its inner preferences. The purpose of the model is to test the effectiveness of many cognitive mechanisms that are incorporated, such as an attention mechanism for magnitude selection, pos-session of inner feelings and preferences, usage of a memory system to storage beliefs and past experiences, and incorporating a global workspace which controls and integrates information processed by all the subsystem of the model. We show in a large experiment set how an autonomous agent can benefit from having a cognitive architecture such as the one described.
Resumen:
Los derechos humanos, positivados como derechos y libertades fundamentales, son esenciales para una convivencia justa y pacífica. La globalización ha provocado el establecimiento de una visión de los derechos limitada casi exclusivamente a dar certidumbre jurídica al capital. Para cambiar este modelo por otro respetuoso con la condición humana resulta imprescindible el multilateralismo, la solidaridad y la cooperación internacional. El Defensor del Pueblo, institución introducida en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico en la Constitución de 1978, actúa ante las administraciones públicas por el ejercicio real ejercicio de las libertades y los derechos fundamentales, colaborando activamente en revertir la situación.
Abstract:
Human rights, affirmed as fundamental rights and freedoms, are essential for a just and peaceful coexistence. Globalization has led to the establishment of a vision of rights limited almost exclusively to give legal certainty to capital. To change this model to another that respects the human condition, it is essential to engage in multilateralism, solidarity and international cooperation. The Institution of the Ombudsman, introduced in our legal system in the 1978 Constitution, acts before the public administrations for the real exercise of freedoms and fundamental rights; actively collaborating in reversing the situation.
We review the higher gauge symmetries in double and exceptional field theory from the viewpoint of an embedding tensor construction. This is based on a (typically infinite-dimensional) Lie algebra $\frak{g}$ and a choice of representation $R$. The embedding tensor is a map from the representation space $R$ into $\frak{g}$ satisfying a compatibility condition (`quadratic constraint'). The Lie algebra structure on $\frak{g}$ is transported to a Leibniz--Loday algebra on $R$, which in turn gives rise to an $L_{\infty}$-structure. We review how the gauge structures of double and exceptional field theory fit into this framework.
Persons are those natural and legal entity who or which can carry rights or duties. The word ‘person’ was derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which means simply a mask. Gradually person was called for those who performed drama. Later, all the audience of the drama was referred as a person and gradually all the persons who were residing around the theater were called person and finally the person referred to capable natural person. Later, it was prolonged to legal persons as well. However all the natural person cannot be taken as complete person i.e. children, lunatic, bedridden, saint, intoxicated person etc; they are semi person. In contemporary time, there are two kinds of persons which are natural person and legal person. There is no double personality but there can be double capacities. Animals, idols, unorganized fund, riot group etc are not person because they cannot carry rights and duties. If trust alike mechanism is established for the benefit of them, it is a person. Personality begins with birth and ends with death. Under legal person, there are corporate sole and corporate aggregates which are recognized by fiction theory, purpose theory, concession theory, bracket theory, and realist theory. However, sanctity of person is applicable to natural person. Property is the gift for personality to lead their life and protect it. There are corporeal property and incorporeal property. Corporeal property includes moveable and immoveable property whereas incorporeal property refers to 'jura in repropria' and 'jura in re aliena'. 'Jura in re-propria' includes intellectual property whereas 'jura in re-aliena' includes securities (mortgage and lien), servitude, lease, trust. There are different concept of property under natural law theory, labour theory, metaphysical theory, state theory and sociological theory. Moreover, possession, prescription, agreement, inheritance, partition and ownership are the method of property acquisition. As person wants to hold property to support their livelihood and existence, sanctity of property is established for natural person not with legal person. However, there will be the legal guarantee of the property of legal person with the exception of public benefit principle. In fact, sanctity of property in created from sanctity of person from analogy. So sanctity of property along with sanctity of person is fundamental issues of natural law school. Yet, all philosophy directly or indirectly are relating to person and property. So, it is the central issues of jurisprudence. However, a right over property is not absolute rights because of the presence of doctrines i.e. Police Power, Taxation, Eminent Domain, Fine and Penalty, Compensation and Damages etc. International Human Rights Documents protects both sanctity of person and property.