The purpose of this article is to explore the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches of leading academic schools in the field of international relations to gain a deeper understanding of Ukrainian-Polish relations in the context of the European Union's enlargement policy. Special emphasis is placed on the relevance of realist and liberal theories in analyzing the dynamics of this bilateral interaction. The main objectives of the study include a systematic analysis of key theoretical concepts used to examine Ukrainian-Polish cooperation within the framework of European integration, identification of the role of the EU as a driver of stability, democratization, and the diffusion of European values in Ukraine, and assessment of the instruments through which Poland and the European Union support democratic transformations in Ukraine, particularly within the framework of the “Eastern Dimension” initiative. The study applies methods of theoretical analysis, comparative research, interpretation, and systems thinking to investigate the evolution and current state of Ukrainian-Polish relations against the backdrop of EU enlargement. An integrative approach is also employed to synthesize various international relations theories for a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. Particular attention is paid to the realist school, which emphasizes national interest and state security, as well as to neorealism, which frames the international system as a structural constraint or enabler of state behavior. Liberal theories, such as liberal intergovernmentalism and the theory of democratic peace, are also considered essential tools for interpreting the process of European integration.
Within these theoretical frameworks, the article explores how Poland and Ukraine interact with international organizations, especially the EU, and investigates the mechanisms that shape their bilateral relations in the context of integration. The analysis also covers key aspects of EU enlargement, highlighting its dual function: first, as a mechanism for promoting stability through reforms in neighboring states; second, as a means of projecting European norms and values onto new geopolitical areas. Scholars increasingly emphasize the EU’s role as a normative power that influences partner countries through a strategy of conditionality, often referred to as the “carrot and stick” approach. The article provides a detailed characterization of the “Eastern Dimension” initiative, originally advanced by Poland, and examines its strategic significance for fostering democratic change in Eastern Europe. Finally, the research focuses on the EU's democracy promotion instruments – such as political dialogue, financial assistance, and international support – as key tools for ensuring stability and advancing development in countries striving for closer integration with the European community.
History (General) and history of Europe, Political science
International Relations (IR) theorists have increasingly embraced global history to correct disciplinary myths and develop more inclusive theories of world politics. While this expansion promises to broaden the theoretical foundations of the field, we argue that it increases the risk of structural anachronism—the embedding of later-developed knowledge into the very construction of the historical record. Drawing on insights from historical methods, archival sciences, and the philosophy of history, we show how two retrospective processes—information-destroying, which shapes what is preserved, and information-obscuring, which governs how that information is organized—flatten ideational variation in the historical record and distort the evidentiary foundations on which scholars depend for testing and building theories of world politics. These distortions impact both positivist and interpretivist approaches to global history, leading scholars to make false positives, project coherence onto fragmented pasts, and underestimate the degree of historical change. As a result, efforts to globalize IR may reproduce the disciplinary myths and conceptual blind spots it aspires to overcome. We illustrate these dynamics through recent research on war and international order, and conclude with a paradox for IR theory’s relationship to history: As theory evolves, it can obscure the past by altering the very record it seeks to explain. This paradox calls for greater reflexivity about the epistemic costs of theorizing from structurally distorted records.
Based on the comparative legal analysis of the constitutions of African states, the article analyzes the constitutional models of the principle of social justice. The genesis of the Western legal understanding of the principle of social justice, the peculiarities of its reflection in the African legal culture are considered.Highlighting the Western tradition of the legal understanding of social justice, proceeding from the views of Plato and Aristotle, the author notes that its essence consists in the fair distribution of social benefits based on the achievement of equality. Modern Western legal understanding complements the ancient Greek tradition by considering the conditionality of the principle of social justice by economic and political systems, property relations, social rights and freedoms.Comparative legal analysis of the constitutions of African states allows the author, on the one hand, to discover similarities in the regulation of the principle of social justice, including under the influence of Western tradition, on the other hand, to see that the constitutions of these countries objectively differ in the degree and nature of taking into account national approaches. In this context, the general and special factors of the national identity of African states that influence the choice of a constitutional model of social justice are highlighted.The article highlights at least four constitutional models of the principle of social justice on the African continent: liberal-democratic, of socialist orientation, autocratic and hybrid. The autocratic model and especially the hybrid one reflect national identity to a greater extent. At the same time, the number of states with a hybrid model is growing steadily. The article provides a detailed analysis of the constitutional models of the principle of social justice on the example of individual African states, examines the features of the constitutional consolidation of social goals and values, the regulation of social rights and relations on the distribution of income from national wealth.It is concluded that the classification of constitutional models of the principle of social justice into four groups is gradually losing its relevance. In the future, a hybrid model will be inherent for all African States. The trend of hybridization has clearly emerged at the present time in the practice of constitutional development of African States.
This paper examines the relationship between leadership styles and the legitimacy of political leaders in post-conflict societies, using Kosovo as a case study. Specifically, we investigate how the leadership styles of Kosovo’s political leaders influence the effectiveness of government institutions and policies, and how this impacts the legitimacy of the government. Drawing on existing literature and a qualitative approach that includes analysis of publicly available data from interviews, political decisions, and political discourses, we find that transformational leadership is the most effective style for promoting legitimacy in Kosovo. Our study contributes to the literature on leadership and legitimacy in new democracies, providing insights into the challenges facing post-conflict societies in establishing legitimacy and promoting democratic governance. By analyzing the leadership styles of Kosovo’s political leaders, we highlight the importance of promoting inclusive and inspiring leadership practices to establish legitimacy and democratic governance in post-conflict societies.
O texto parte da premissa presente no título, e guiado pela necessidade de trazer respostas às perguntas, nomeadamente “como se explica que um país com um histórico de baixo IPP, esteja aparentemente a desafiar as decisões multilaterais relativamente à necessidade de resposta global às mudanças climáticas, e não exploração de recursos energéticos fósseis”, e “qual o impacto desse desafio nas suas abordagens desenvolvimentistas?”, primeiro constrói uma narrativa das circunstâncias dessa actuação, nomeadamente as decisões da COP26 e potenciais impactos sobre os países dependentes de recursos naturais, a matriz energética europeia e a dependência do gás russo, as quais conjugadas, ditaram comportamento de endosso do extrativismo moçambicano, segundo estuda o caso moçambicano, contextualizando a exploração de hidrocarbonetos, caracterizando o endosso extractivista, indicando actores, e razões, e referencia a “ajuda” Russa materializada por mercado potencial resultante do desenlace com a UE, no qual Moçambique pode disputar uma quota, e apresenta o potencial de desenvolvimento associado, e desafios emergentes, e aborda o tema do desenvolvimento com base na exploração de recursos naturais, trazendo lições de boas e más práticas, para refrear euforia e contribuir na reflexão em vista ao desenho de uma trajectória transformacional impactada pelas oportunidades do extrativismo.
In recent years, scholars have devoted increased attention to the notion of roles in foreign policy analysis and international relations. However, role theory literature has so far less frequently explored re-conceptualising role conflict. To further understand the concept of role conflict, this article aims to unpacks the notion of international audiences. To do so, this article advances the application of role conflict by arguing the importance of notion of vertical role conflict that considers the different levels of international audiences, specifically regionally and globally. Building upon the symbolic interactionist conceptualisation of social interaction as a stage, regional and global levels can be seen as arenas for role-playing but with different expectations to fulfil. The article proposes two types of vertical role conflict, stemming from the difference between the regional and global levels. These theoretical claims will be elucidated through the study of Indonesia’s regional and global engagement in two areas: human rights and trade.
A. A. Koksharov, R. Z. Grigorieva, A. I. Urzhumova
et al.
Coffee-based beverages are widely considered to be in the leading position in terms of consumption. The author's coffee, which is characterized by unique recipes for making drinks, is gaining popularity. The variety is provided by adding syrups, juices, extracts, etc. of Great interest is the possibility of using coffee beans in public catering enterprises of their own roasting. This allows us to develop a segment of catering companies that sell art-class coffee.
Luis Enrique Calva Sánchez, Eduardo Torre Cantalapiedra
La administración de Andrés Manuel López Obrador ha tenido que gestionar la migración en tránsito por el territorio mexicano —incluidas las caravanas de migrantes— haciendo frente a las exigencias del gobierno de Donald Trump de que México impida que los migrantes alcan-cen el territorio estadounidense. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los cambios y continui-dades en la política migratoria durante el primer año de López Obrador, a través de la revisión documental y el análisis de los datos de registros administrativos. Asimismo, son examinados dos aspectos clave de esta política: la contención de la migración y la protección de los migrantes.
Cipher telegram from Ambassador S. Chervonenko No. 723-727 dated 9.05.68.Cipher telegram from Ambassador S. Chervonenko No. 738-741 dated 11.05.68.Report on the stay in Czechoslovakia from 8 to 14 May, 1968 marshals I. Konev and K. MoskalenkoReport of Ambassador S. Chervonenko on the stay in Czechoslovakia of the Soviet military delegation in May 1968
У статті досліджено особливості впровадження технологій розподіленого реєстру в електронному урядуванні. Великі обсяги інформації потребують нових рішень і засобів її обробки. Технологія блокчейн дає змогу реалізовувати ці завдання, забезпечуючи високий рівень захисту даних і надійності проведення транзакцій. З’ясовано, що децентралізація, яка реалізується за допомогою блокчейн-технології, якісно впливає на зниження рівня бюрократії, підвищення рівня автоматизацій процесів та зростання довіри громадян до уряду. Установлено, що блокчейн-технологію все частіше використовують провідні держави світу для оптимізації надання послуг і скорочення економічних витрат на транзакції у сфері адміністрації та регулювання міжурядових відносин. Розглянуто приклади реалізації блокчейн-технології в різних країнах світу й механізми функціонування спільно з урядами цих держав. Визначено перспективи ведення концепції цифрового самоврядування у сфері державного управління. Виявлено основні переваги та призначення нової технології в трансформації електронного урядування. Упровадження системи розподіленого реєстру для уряду впливає на скорочення економічних витрат, часу та зниження ризиків хибної обробки інформації. У статті розкрито нові можливості, які пропонує технологія блокчейн для державних установ, зокрема швидко отримувати доступ до потрібних даних й одночасно обробляти великі обсяги інформації. Також технології блокчейн потенційно можуть використовуватися як інформаційна інфраструктура для обміну інформацією між державними адміністраціями. Однією з проблем упровадження блокчейну в урядові процеси є метод реалізації технології. Засоби її застосування не є цілком досконалими й багато зусиль, щоб державні структури змогли адаптуватися під нововведення та почати функціонувати в повному обсязі.