Hasil untuk "Industrial hygiene. Industrial welfare"

Leen Rasking, Jasper Callemeyn, Congrong Wang et al.

Abstract Rationale and objective Inhaled black carbon (BC) has been previously shown to reach and accumulate in the kidneys. As kidneys filter toxicants, they may be susceptible to adverse effects caused by BC accumulation. We studied gene expressions and pathways related to BC particle load in kidney biopsy tissue. Study design Gene expression was measured in 29 kidney biopsies performed at one or two years post-transplantation using Affymetrix microarray. We performed a transcriptome-wide association analysis using linear regression analyses, adjusting for individual characteristics to investigate alterations in gene expression in association with kidney BC. Finally, we performed overrepresentation analyses (ConsensusPathDB) to identify enriched pathways and gene ontology sets. Results The geometric mean (5th, 95th percentile) of BC particle levels was 5.4 × 103 (1.5 × 103, 4.1 × 104) number of BC particles per mm³ kidney tissue. The BC particle load associated with gene expression in overrepresenting pathways related to ciliopathies, macrophage-derived proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response, DNA damage response, TP53 regulation, and necrosis. We identified BC associated genes involved in GO terms ciliogenesis and ciliary structure, including genes involved in the ciliary plasm and axoneme. Furthermore, we found significantly BC-associated genes involved in RNA-related processes, including e.g., genes in the integrator complex. Conclusions Here, we identified genes and pathways associated with real-life kidney BC particle load, indicating alterations in gene expression involved in assembly and maintenance of primary cilia, the anti-inflammatory properties of the innate immune system, and DNA damage-related pathways. These findings highlight the need for public health measures to reduce exposure and protect kidney health in at-risk populations.

Jesús Salvador Hernández Romero

Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Jorma I. Virtanen et al.

The aim of this study was to assess the associations between HIV status, SARS-CoV-2 infection, increase in use of psychoactive substances and oral ulcers among people who use psychoactive substances. This was a secondary analysis of the data of 1087 people who used psychoactive substances collected during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data extracted were confounding (age, sex, the highest level of education attained, employment status, emotional distress status), dependent (oral ulcers) and independent (SARS-CoV-2 infection, increase in alcohol consumption, smoking and use of other psychoactive substances, living with HIV) variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for the confounding variables. Participants who had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (AOR:10.37) and people living with HIV (AOR:1.91) had higher odds of reporting oral ulcers. The finding suggests that people who used psychoactive substances, had COVID-19 and lived with HIV were at increased risk for oral ulcers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased use of psychoactive substances was not associated with a significant increase in the risk for oral ulcers. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for these findings.

Laís Ranieti Makrakis, Adriana Barbosa Ribeiro, Letícia de Sá Evelin et al.

The recommendations for the wear and hygiene of ocular prostheses can vary among practitioners, and it is still a controversial theme in the literature. This clinical trial evaluated the microbial load, tissue health of the socket, and the participants’ opinions before and after the use of two hygiene protocols. Thirty ocular prosthesis wearers used either a Daily Protocol (DPt: hygiene once a day) or Weekly Protocol (WPt: hygiene once a week) for 5 weeks with a washout of 7 days. The microbial load was quantified by the colony-forming unit count of the aerobic bacteria, <i>Candida</i> spp., <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp., and Gram-negative bacteria. The tissue health of the socket was evaluated by scores, and patients’ opinion of the protocols was evaluated using the analogic visual scale (VAS). Data were analyzed by ANOVA Repeated Measures, Friedman, Cochran’s Q Test, Wilcoxon, Fisher, and Pearson’s chi-square tests considering <i>p</i> < 0.05. There was no difference in the microbial load of the microorganisms (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Both protocols improved socket inflammation (<i>p</i> = 0.005) and discharge (<i>p</i> < 0.001); DPt improved edema (<i>p</i> = 0.021) and crusting (<i>p</i> = 0.020). There was no difference in patients’ rating responses (VAS) for all the questions of patients’ opinion (Q1: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q2: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q3: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q4: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q5: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q6: <i>p</i> = 0.317; Q7: <i>p</i> = 1.0; Q8: <i>p</i> = 0.159). There was a correlation between eye drops/edema (<i>p</i> = 0.030), eye drops/pain (<i>p</i> = 0.016), microbial load with discharge, inflammation, eyelid edema, and pain. Inflammation was correlated with edema at baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and after DPt (<i>p</i> = 0.018), and with crusting at baseline (<i>p</i> = 0.003); edema was correlated with crusting at baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.001); crusting was correlated with discharge after WPt (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The protocols showed no effects on the microbial load of the anophthalmic socket and ocular prosthesis. However, better tissue health and patient acceptance were observed after both regimens.

Joanna Rodríguez Betancourt, Natividad Cristina Lainé Oquendo

Introducción: Las condiciones actuales de trabajo imponen retos y pueden provocar situaciones de riesgos con implicaciones para la salud física y psicosocial de los sujetos. Uno de los riesgos asociados al trabajo, es la denominada carga psíquica, un estado de malestar del individuo hacia su trabajo, causado por el desequilibro entre las condiciones de trabajo y sus capacidades para realizarlo. Objetivos: Diagnosticar la vivencia de carga psíquica y evaluar la satisfacción laboral en directivos de una organización no estatal. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio mixto cualitativo-cuantitativo, no experimental de corte transversal y nivel descriptivo. Integraron la muestra 5 sujetos de una población de 7. Se aplicó la batería psicodiagnóstica propuesta por la Lic. Martha Vázquez Villazón para el estudio de carga psíquica. Los datos se analizaron y procesaron empleando software SPSS y Microsoft Office Excel para Windows. Resultados: Se identificaron 10 exigencias críticas, con representación de los 2 tipos de exigencias descritos en la literatura. La combinación de esas demandas es potencialmente generadora de carga psíquica. Existe vivencia de carga psíquica en los trabajadores, quienes emplean el mecanismo de compensación hacia el rendimiento. Aunque algunos indicadores de la satisfacción laboral obtuvieron una baja puntuación entre los sujetos, los valores generales muestran puntuaciones medias y altas. Conclusiones: Los sujetos vivencian carga psíquica debido a la incidencia de las exigencias críticas a las que están expuestos. Estos emplean el mecanismo de compensación hacia el rendimiento. La satisfacción laboral es media alta Introduction: Current working conditions set challenges and could cause risk situations with implications for the physical and psychosocial health of the subjects. One of the risks associated with work is the so-called psychic burden, a state of discomfort in the individual towards his work, caused by the imbalance between the working conditions and the individual's abilities to do it. Objectives: Diagnose the experience of psychic burden and evaluate job satisfaction in managers of a private organization. Methods: A mixed qualitative-quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive study was designed. The sample included 5 subjects, out of a total of 7 that make up the population. The psychodiagnostic battery proposed by Lic. Martha Vázquez Villazón was applied for the study of psychic burden. The data was analyzed and processed using the software SPSS and Microsoft Office Excel for Windows. Results: 10 critical demands were identified, representing the 2 types of demands described in the literature. The combination of these demands is potentially generating psychic burden. There is experience of psychic burden in the workers, who use the compensation mechanism towards performance. Although some indicators of job satisfaction obtained a low score among the subjects, the general values show medium and high scores. Conclusions: The subjects experience psychic burden duet to the incidence of critical demands to which they are exposed. The compensation mechanism used by the subjects is towards performance. Job satisfaction is medium high among the subjects investigated

Jiyoung Jeong, Soyeon Jeon, Songyeon Kim et al.

Abstract Background Nanodiamonds (NDs) have gained a rapidly growing interest in biomedical applications; however, little is known regarding their biokinetics owing to difficulties in measurements and limited synthesis/purification technologies. In this study, we investigated the distribution kinetics of detonation-synthesized NDs in mice via intravenous injection to evaluate the parameters that determine the behavior of the particles. We prepared two distinctive NDs that controlled the sp 3 /sp 2 carbon ratio and particle size by coating them with serum proteins. The four control samples were intravenously injected into mice, and tissue distribution and clearance were evaluated at 30 min and 1, 7, and 28 days post-injection. Results The sp 3 /sp 2 carbon ratio showed no correlation with the organ distribution of the NDs. However, hydrodynamic size showed an excellent correlation with organ distribution levels: a negative correlation in the liver and positive correlations in the spleen and lungs. Furthermore, the deposition levels of NDs in the lung suggest that particles smaller than 300 nm could avoid lung deposition. Finally, a similar organ distribution pattern was observed in mice injected with carbon black nanoparticles controlled hydrodynamic size. Conclusions In conclusion, the tissue distribution of NDs is modulated not by the sp 3 /sp 2 carbon ratio but by the hydrodynamic size, which can provide helpful information for targeting the tissue of NDs. Furthermore, the organ distribution pattern of the NDs may not be specific to NDs but also can apply to other nanoparticles, such as carbon black.

Jesús Salvador Hernández Romero

Zayda Haydeé Amador Balbona, Antonio Torres Valle , Niurka González Rodríguez

Introducción: El transporte de material radiactivo (TMR) en Cuba es realizado principalmente por el Centro de Isótopos y el Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones. Objetivo: Analizar los riesgos radiológicos para la salud de los trabajadores del TMR en Cuba. Material y método: Se determinaron los riesgos inherente y residual, las etapas del proceso y las medidas más importantes, así como las consecuencias. La matriz de riesgo se convirtió en el análisis de los modos y efectos de fallo. Se establecieron las sinergias entre estos y el sistema de aprendizaje de incidentes. Los modos de fallo, etapas y causas básicas más contribuyentes fueron identificados. Se utilizó el código cubano SECURE MR-FMEA 3.0. Resultados: Se obtuvo un nivel medio de riesgo, pero existieron secuencias accidentales con consecuencias muy altas. La transportación al aeropuerto y la conformación de los bultos radiactivos fueron las de mayor aporte. Las medidas preventivas relevantes son la capacitación del personal del transporte y la inspección técnica del vehículo. Las consecuencias altas para público fueron del 16 %, y las medias para trabajadores del 34,7 %. La contaminación transitoria en las superficies externas y el blindaje deficiente de las fuentes radiactivas selladas en los bultos tienen mayor coincidencia con el reporte. El incumplimiento de lo establecido es la causa básica de fallo predominante. Conclusiones: Se facilita la toma de decisiones para el control del riesgo radiológico del transporte de material radiactivo en Cuba a partir del empleo de la metodología que se propone en esta investigación. Introduction: There is the transport of radioactive material (TMR) in Cuba carried out mainly by the Isotope Center and the Radiation Protection and Hygiene Center. Objective: To analyze the radiological risks for the workers´ health of transport of radioactive material in Cuba. Material y method: Inherent and residual risks, process stages, and most important measures, as well as consequences, were determined. The risk matrix became the analysis of failure modes and effects. Synergies between these and the incident learning system were established. The most contributing identified were among failure modes, stages, and root causes. There used the Cuban code SECURE MR-FMEA 3.0. Results: There obtained a medium level of risk, but there were accidental sequences with very high consequences. The transportation to the airport and the confirmation of the radioactive packages were the ones with the greatest contribution. The relevant preventive measures are the training of transport personnel and the technical inspection of the vehicle. The high consequences for the public are 16 % and the average for workers 34.7 %. Transient contamination on external surfaces and poor shielding of sealed radioactive sources in packages are more consistent with the report. Non-compliance with the established is the predominant basic cause of failure. Conclusions: This paper allows the decision-making to control the radiological risk of the transport of radioactive material in Cuba increased from the use of the methodology proposed in this research.

Zayda Haydeé Amador Balbona, Antonio Torres Valle

El estado del arte de la temática de clasificación de causas de fallos aplicada a los incidentes, ya sean ocurridos o potenciales, en prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes, muestra enfoques parcializados y la no cobertura de todas las posibles áreas de influencia en los sucesos.La conformación de un listado estandarizado de causas de fallos para el análisis de riesgo en estas prácticas médicas facilita la adopción de medidas de mejora en el sistema de gestión de la calidad y de la seguridad. Su aplicación en el marco de la técnica de análisis de modos y efectos de fallas (FMEA por sus siglas en inglés) como método proactivo, así como durante el empleo de un método reactivo dentro de una base de datos de incidentes,facilita la determinación de la importancia de los errores humanos, las falla de equipos, la falta de cultura de seguridad, etc., que se presentancomo causas, así como la definición más efectiva de las acciones a adoptar por los gestores. Por otro lado, tal aplicación también facilita la homogenización de la terminología en la identificación de las causas básicas y el acoplamiento entre métodos de análisis. Se presenta una relación de causas básicas por área de influencia de uso internacional, pero ampliada y adaptada a las prácticas médicas de referencia, siguiendo la codificación numérica utilizada en bases de datos de sucesos adversos y potenciales. Se ilustra su empleo por los expertos en el análisis de riesgo a través del código SECURE-MR-FMEA 3.0.

Antonio Torres Valle, Zayda Haydeé Amador Balbona

En el estado del arte de la aplicación de la gestión de riesgos a la optimización de la garantía de calidad de las prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes (PMCRI) está el AAPM-TG100, en el que se combinan capacidades de herramientas como diagramas de Ishikawa, evaluaciones con análisis de modos y efectos de fallos (FMEA por sus siglas en inglés) y árboles de fallos. Un aspecto distintivo de este documento es la diversidad de códigos empleados para lograr esta aplicación. El código SECURE-MR-FMEA, ofrece, entre otras capacidades la posibilidad de generar mapas de procesos, en forma de diagramas de Ishikawa, realizar evaluaciones basadas en FMEA y generar árboles de fallos de los subprocesos y de las causas que generan los modos de fallos (MF) de cada uno. El documento es amplio en la ilustración de tales capacidades y en el enfoque crítico del estado del arte de estas tareas aplicadas a PMCRI, planteando el desarrollo de nuevos indicadores y facilidades gráficas a nivel de subproceso, etapa, MF y causa, lo que ayuda a la implementación de las medidas de defensa que se aplican a los contribuyentes más importantes tras este análisis sistemático, lo que permite ganar en eficacia y eficiencia en la toma de decisiones, para la mejora de la calidad y seguridad en dichas prácticas.

Débora Grandón Valenzuela

El artículo examina el sistema de producción capitalista desde la perspectiva de la economía feminista, evidenciando que este modo de producción se ha sustentado en el trabajo no remunerado y no visibilizado de las mujeres. Así pues, además de una división social del trabajo, existe una división sexual del trabajo que opera como estructuración basal de la sociedad, lo que produce y reproduce ocupaciones generizadas, entre ellas, las consideradas femeninas –como el trabajo doméstico o el de cuidados-. Estas han constituido el sostén del capitalismo, al garantizar las condiciones básicas para la subsistencia. Se reflexiona así sobre el lugar que las ocupaciones tienen en la reproducción de relaciones de género que permiten que sostengamos una economía falo/capitalo-céntrica. De esta forma, se busca abordar un problema económico y político mediante el examen crítico de aquellas ocupaciones feminizadas e invisibles, mostrando el lugar fundamental que ocupan en la reproducción de las condiciones de vida, haciéndolas posibles.

Daniel Francisco Barroso Guzmán, Antonio Torres Valle, Joaquín de Jesús Obregón Luna et al.

A partir de una revisión de la bibliográfica y fuentes metodológicas de análisis de la percepción del riesgo, el artículo expone el resultado del estudio realizado en trabajadores que ocupan puestos de alto riesgo, en la División Territorialde la Empresade Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S. A. (Etecsa) en la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus. Material y método: Como instrumento de medición se utilizó la metodología de evaluación de percepción de riesgo ocupacional (Epro) desarrollada en Cuba en 2009 y contenida en el software Riskpercep. Resultado: El análisis de los resultados obtenidos en las diferentes variables estableció que las más influyentes como factores condicionantes de las violaciones registradas en materia de seguridad vial y del trabajo fueron: baja percepción de riesgos determinadas por la baja comprensión del riesgo, actitudes temerarias y negligentes, los altos beneficios recibidos en términos de bienes, servicios e ingresos monetarios; así como su relación con la alta demanda (intensidad) de trabajos. Conclusiones: Finalmente se propone desarrollar un programa de capacitación adecuado para el incremento de la percepción del riesgo en los trabajadores.

L. Ruud

Arable land is covering less than 3% of the total area of Norway, and is partly situated north from the Arctic Circle. The remaining part is mainly forests and mountains. The history of the Norwegian people and agriculture was hence a history about poverty. Before the industrial revolution in the middle of the 17th century, the population lived on small farms where they grew what they needed for their self-sufficiency. Farmers made their own farm buildings and equipment according to their own ideas and regional traditions. The buildings were small, specialized and normally had a short lifespan. Typical building materials were timber and stone. Indoor climate was far from good. The total workload was high, however, the work force was large as a lot of people lived on the farms.From approx. 1850 a big change took place in Norway as industrial products became available. A lot of people moved to the cities (or immigrated to USA) to live from industry or trade. The cities became a new market for agricultural products, the farmers got an income (as cash) and could buy “modern” factory built farm equipment. As people left the countryside for a better life (!?) in the city, farmers also had to select more efficient solutions to be able to run their farms with less hands involved. The monetary housekeeping also made it possible to loan money. Loan money was invested in more robust buildings, better solutions, e.g. for taking care of the manure and for storing food etc. As these buildings were more expensive, different productions were gathered in fewer buildings. What was called the “unity building” became the new standard. In those buildings, the manure was typically stored in the cellar, animals were kept on the main floor, and food was stored above there again. The gravity became the farmers “helping hand”. A great improvement in work load, animal welfare, hygiene and production was achieved, and traditional housing methods were soon forgotten, however, the debt increased.In the years after world war II, the spread of electricity and combustion motors made room for another change; mechanization replacing manual work and gravity. Milking machines replaced hand milking, and feed and manure work were mechanized using mass-produced equipment.Today mechanization has developed into automation, and at the same time market forces has multiplied production volumes. The unity barn is also replaced with wide one-level buildings. The normal situation today, is also that one person is normally running several farms. Hence, to raise new buildings the work load is too big for the farmer, and the result is that he have to buy both building materials as well as hands to build – and the debt is increasing even more…

J. Ashton

In the year that celebrates the 70th anniversary of the ‘national treasure’ that is the National Health Service, this meeting of the Manchester Medical Society is more than timely. The origins of the NHS are rooted in the fight for social justice which runs not only in Manchester, Liverpool and the NorthWest but across the industrial and commercial north of the country. Next year here in Manchester, we will be commemorating the bi-centenary of the Peterloo Massacre in which 15 people, including one John Ashton, protesting about the poor social conditions and lack of suffrage, were slaughtered in a cavalry charge. This was a defining moment in the development of our democracy, the extension of suffrage and in due course to the extension of public services for the whole population. On 5 July 1948, Aneurin Bevan, Minister of Health and midwife of the NHS inaugurated its first hospital, The Park, in Davyhulme in Trafford; and today, as we speak, former Health Minister and now elected Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham is leading the charge for devolution and integration in partnership with the borough councils of this major conurbation. Along the M62 in Liverpool, William Henry Duncan, the country’s first full-time Medical Officer of Health pioneered a dynamic Victorian town hall based public health movement. His work has in recent years inspired a renaissance of public health going far beyond this region, a renaissance of importance when we come to looking at what the future holds in the next 70 years, not least with the long overdue move to devolution of government in arguably the most centralised country in Europe. This talk will be in two parts. In the first, I will draw on my recent Lancet article of Nicholas Timmins’ formidable review of the first 70 years of the NHS to set the scene and identify some key challenges [1]. These challenges must be addressed if our grandchildren are to be able to benefit from the NHS and the Welfare State in their later years. In the second part, I will lay out my own conclusions based on a lifetime within the NHS and my experiences of trying to ensure that a balanced approach to prevention, treatment and care underpin the pursuit of social justice within a whole systems set of arrangements and characterised by visionary local leadership. On 1 December 1942, queues stretched from his Majesty’s Stationery Office along High Holborn in London. By lunchtime all copies of Sir William Beveridge’s ground breaking report, Social Insurance and Allied Services [Cmnd 6404] had been sold. It was much the same story elsewhere. In Liverpool, my father secured the two volume report that today takes pride of place in my study. Beveridge’s report sits alongside work by others who have guided me in my career: Brian Abel Smith, Douglas Black, Ann Cartwright, Karen Dunnell, Margot Jeffries, Jerry Morris, Richard Titmuss, Peter Townsend and many others associated with the London School of Economics and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In the introduction to his report, Beveridge enunciated three principles that provided a framework for all that was to follow. First, in supporting the importance of learning from past experience, he spelled out that sectional interests (of doctors), should not be allowed to stand in the way of what was ‘a revolutionary moment in world history....a time for revolutions, not for patching’. Second, he was clear that social insurance – the focus of his terms of reference from Prime Minister Winston Churchill – was only one part of a comprehensive policy of social progress, before going on to declaim his most famous and Bunyonesque passage:

Dan Morgenstern-Kaplan, Ariel Cohen-Welch, Rodrigo Fonseca-Portilla et al.

Background: Handwriting is an essential part of human communication. Its successful development is decisive for its personal and academic future. One of its most important components is the grip of the pen, of which there are 5 standard variants. The correct calligraphic education has a very important role in the generation of writing habits and a better legibility. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of correlation between variables, the aim was to correlate calligraphic education with many variables. The data was collected with a survey and a calligraphic test. Results: The sample consisted of 80 subjects between the ages of 18-30. No statistically significant correlation was found between legibility and years of calligraphic education, gender, age, dominant hand, GPA and preferred font. The only significant correlation was found between legibility and the use of one standard grips of the pen and an alternative (p=0.01). Discussion: 77.5% of the subjects had good legibility in the calligraphic test and no correlation was found between legibility and most of the variables on the study. However, the association between legibility and the use of the standard grips was found, in comparison with people that do not use one of those grips. Conclusions: Handwriting legibility is a multi-factor influenced skill, and calligraphic education during childhood is decisive to develop it properly. Nevertheless, the study showed no association between the length of the education and legibility, and a correlation between the use of an alternative pen grip and a worse result in the calligraphic test.

Pamela Elena Caro-Vines

La actual hegemonía anglosajona en las definiciones sobre ocupación, evidencia escaso conocimiento y visibilización de los saberes que emergen en el quehacer de la Terapia Ocupacional (TO) local, por lo que esta investigación busca comprender los saberes sobre ocupación desde la praxis de los Terapeutas Ocupacionales (TTOO) en la Región de La Araucanía. La metodología es constructivista, cualitativa, descriptiva, con diseño de teoría fundamentada. Participan tres informantes claves, se utiliza entrevista semiestructurada con guión temático; el análisis es descriptivo, axial y selectivo, basado en codificación, comparación constante y triangulación entre informantes. Los resultados indican que los saberes están formados por un núcleo de contenidos esenciales asumido y compartido entre TTOO y emerge la palabra “hacer” como código común; que las características del contexto local influyen en estas comprensiones y contribuyen a ampliar las interpretaciones de ocupación; que los saberes se expresan y configuran en la praxis de TO (procesos TO, dar conocer/validar y docencia) y en las acciones y argumentos en los que subyace la comprensión de ocupación de los TTOO. Se concluye que los saberes sobre ocupación están implícitos y naturalizados en el quehacer cotidiano de TO, en las comprensiones que nutren y determinan su praxis, configurando saberes situados que promueven una praxis pertinente y tensiona el predominio de perspectivas globales. Sin embargo, se vislumbra un abismo epistemológico entre el discurso hegemónico anglosajón academicista con atractivas propuestas teóricas y pretensiones de definiciones universales, y saberes locales que emergen anclados en contextos particulares de la praxis de TO en chilena.

Javiera Aubert, Lorena Berenguer, María Jesús Cofré et al.

This study explores the occupational participation of children with Epydermolisys Bullosa (E.B.) dystrophic and junctional in the educational area, which because of their health condition, are considered as student with Special Educational Needs (SEN). With the aim to know how satisfactory is the integration and whether it has the necessary support, the study carried out, through a qualitative and exploratory focus, on three selected cases with the established selection criteria. Through a pragmatic analysis of data obtained during the field work, the Short Child Occupational Self Assessment (S.C.O.P.E.) is used, from the Model of Human Occupation (M.O.H.O.), some conclusions emerge, which are structured and based on the model announced. The importance and relevance of studying this subject from Occupational Therapy is given by the pertinence of the intervention and contribution to E.B. in people who live this condition, even though it as a low incidence in general population from an epidemiological perspective, because they need a multidisciplinary and integral intervention to mitigate the impact caused by thedisease in all occupational areas.

Wu Shaowei, Deng Furong, Wei Hongying et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ambient air pollution has been associated with activation of systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability and increased plasma homocysteine, but the chemical constituents behind the association are not well understood. We examined the relations of various chemical constituents of fine particles (PM_2.5) and biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and homocysteine in the context of traffic-related air pollution.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A panel of 40 healthy college students underwent biweekly blood collection for 12 times before and after their relocation from a suburban campus to an urban campus with changing air pollution contents in Beijing. Blood samples were measured for circulatory biomarkers of high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble platelet selectin (sP-selectin), and total homocysteine (tHcy). Various air pollutants were measured in a central air-monitoring station in each campus and 32 PM_2.5 chemical constituents were determined in the laboratory. We used three different mixed-effects models (single-constituent model, constituent-PM_2.5 joint model and constituent residual model) controlling for potential confounders to estimate the effects of PM_2.5 chemical constituents on circulatory biomarkers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found consistent positive associations between the following biomarkers and PM_2.5 chemical constituents across different models: TNF-α with secondary organic carbon, chloride, zinc, molybdenum and stannum; fibrinogen with magnesium, iron, titanium, cobalt and cadmium; PAI-1 with titanium, cobalt and manganese; t-PA with cadmium and selenium; vWF with aluminum. We also found consistent inverse associations of vWF with nitrate, chloride and sodium, and sP-selectin with manganese. Two positive associations of zinc with TNF-α and of cobalt with fibrinogen, and two inverse associations of nitrate with vWF, and of manganese with sP-selectin, were independent of the other constituents in two-constituent models using constituent residual data. We only found weak air pollution effects on hs-CRP and tHcy.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results provide clues for the potential roles that PM_2.5 chemical constituents may play in the biological mechanisms through which air pollution may influence the cardiovascular system.</p>

J. Pierce

P. Rosenfeld, L. Feng