Hasil untuk "Industrial electrochemistry"

X. Dai, Zhiwei Gao

Lida Xu

Livia Alexandra Dinu, Catalin Parvulescu, Octavian Gabriel Simionescu et al.

In this study, we present the fabrication and characterization of a miniaturized, single-chip electrochemical sensor implemented on a silicon/silicon dioxide platform. The device incorporates a nanocrystalline graphite (NCG) working electrode and gold reference and counter electrodes, all monolithically integrated on the same substrate. This configuration provides a compact and reliable sensing architecture, combining the electrochemical advantages of carbon with the precision and reproducibility of microfabrication. A molecularly imprinted biopolymer (MIP) layer for glyphosate (GLY) detection was subsequently formed by electrodepositing chitosan (CS) in the presence of the target analyte, directly onto the NCG surface. The resulting sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, allowing indirect detection of GLY at concentrations as low as 0.015 ppb. Validation tests demonstrated excellent recovery rates in spiked water samples, highlighting the sensor’s potential for environmental monitoring applications. This integrated platform offers a promising approach for the sensitive, portable, and cost-effective detection of GLY residues.

Christoph Drießen, Jun Yin, Maximilian Schinagl et al.

This study uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate coupled effects of mechanical deformation depth and size on impedance responses of large-format prismatic lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Stepwise out-of-plane deformations were applied using hemispherical impactors of two different diameters (30 mm and 180 mm), representing localized and global mechanical loading while maintaining consistent contact conditions. Cells were deformed to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of the internal short-circuit deformation depth, with EIS measurements conducted at each level. Relative changes of measured impedance parameters and fitted equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters were analyzed. Results show that localized deformation decreases charge transfer resistance ΔR₁ up to 8.0% and total impedance ΔZ up to 1.6%, indicating enhanced charge mobility due to internal structural damage. In contrast, global compression increases ohmic resistance ΔR₀ up to 2.1% and ΔZ up to 2.0%, likely due to reduced separator porosity. Phase angle ΔPhase showed opposite trends under localized and global loading, reflecting different capacitive responses. These results reveal that deformation depth and size significantly influence EIS measurements, with non-linear interactions and transition points indicative of irreversible damage. These results support the use of EIS as a non-destructive diagnostic tool for identifying mechanical damage in LIBs.

J. R. Camargo, L. O. Orzari, D. Araújo et al.

Abstract The monitoring of species of medical, environmental, and industrial interests has been urgently demanded. Several times, the necessity of point of care and/or point of use is important to obtain precise and rapid quantification, in which wearable and flexible disposable electrochemical sensors and biosensors have been great alternatives. In this context, a short review describing the main advances in the fabrication and development of conductive inks for the construction of miniaturized and disposable electrochemical devices is presented. Electrochemical devices developed from conductive inks have been an innovative system that promotes flexibility for the design of the electrodes. The growing increase in the number of researches regarding the development of inks is driven by the search for simplicity, low-cost, less waste generation, mass production, and environmentally friendly manufacturing methods. The present review focuses on alternative conductive inks and their compounds, binders, and conductive materials for electrochemistry. The binder such as varnishes, natural resins, and natural polymeric compounds will be presented, once they promote the dispersion of conductive material, as well as the adhesion on the substrate. Special attention is given to conductive materials. We highlight some nanostructured materials such as platinum, silver, and gold nanoparticles, due to their great conductivity and extensive use to develop electrochemical sensors. Inks and electrodes from carbon-based materials are also discussed, such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and graphene. The biocompatibility of these materials, especially important for wearable sensors, will also be approached. Finally, we present new perspectives on the development of sensors and biosensors using conductive inks.

N. Nasirpour, N. Nasirpour, M. Mohammadpourfard et al.

Abstract Since the introduction of ionic liquids (IL) in 1914, there has been a growing interest in this class of materials, because of their unique properties. Ionic liquids are organic salts, melting below 100 °C, and are generally non-volatile and nonflammable. By combination of different anions and cations, a large number of ionic liquids can be synthesized. The extraordinary characteristics of ILs and the possibility of synthesizing large number of ILs make them as an appropriate medium for various chemical processes and applications. In this review, first, we give a brief overview on IL important physical properties, and then we look into different IL applications, considering recent studies and findings and the future prospects of using IL in each application. This review gives a reader a complete knowledge about various ILs application all together. In addition, it reveals the areas of application which will grow in future and can gain industrial importance. ILs applications in separation processes, lignocelluloses pretreatment, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), biocatalytic reactions, lubrication and electrochemistry are discussed.

Klemen Pirnat, Uroš Javornik, Nerea Casado et al.

Abstract Polyphenol or multihydroxybenzene compounds show great potential as electrode material for organic batteries. Among them, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroxybenezene is the best candidate as a high‐specific capacity material due to its potential to exchange up to four electrons. To further corroborate this, we synthesized a model compound and carry out electrochemical characterization. Quasi‐reversible redox behavior, similar to other hydroxybenzene materials, was obtained in an acidic aqueous electrolyte. The four electron exchange was further confirmed by using reduced and oxidized model compounds, which showed comparable electrochemical behavior. Additionally, we prepared insoluble nano sized polymer based on poly(2,3,4,5‐tetrahydroxystyrene) which was used as a cathode material in an organic battery. Initial results suggested that these tetrahyroxybenzene polymers are very promising for proton batteries in acidic aqueous electrolytes, whereas their performance in lithium batteries is limited.

Chao Zhao, Xinyu Wu, Tianqi Cheng et al.

Marine biofouling poses significant challenges for maritime industries, leading to increased maintenance costs and ecological disturbances. While Cu-based biocide coatings are effective in combating biofouling, they raise environmental concerns and have limited lifespans. This has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives inspired by marine organisms, such as haloperoxidases (HPOs) found in certain algae, which can convert H2O2 and Br− in seawater into HOBr to mitigate biofouling. However, the practical implementation of HPOs is limited by their stability and cost. Nanozymes like CeO₂ have emerged as promising alternatives; however, conventional coating methods—typically involving the replacement of Cu-based biocides with CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in resin—restrict their exposure to H2O2 and Br⁻, resulting in significant activity loss. This study presents a simple method for mass-producing CeO2 NPs embedded in free-standing porous carbon as HPO mimetics. The optimized sample demonstrates exceptional HPO-like activity and antibacterial performance. Most importantly, we have shown that these HPO mimetics can be directly grown on steel surfaces during preparation, eliminating the need for a dispersant. This direct coating technique effectively addresses the challenges associated with conventional resin method, facilitating the development of a sustainable antibacterial and antifouling coating with preserved activity.

M. Paidar, V. Fateev, K. Bouzek

Abstract This review is devoted to membrane electrolysis, in particular utilizing ion-selective membranes, as an important part of both existing and emerging industrial electrochemical processes. It aims to provide fundamental information on the history and development, current status and future perspectives of membrane electrolysis. An overview of the history of electromembrane processes is given with the focus on brine electrolysis since it is the predominant electrochemical industrial technology utilizing ion-selective membranes. This is followed by a summary of the wide range of hydrogen-based energy conversion processes with different degrees of maturity, i.e. water electrolysis and fuel cells, which promise to become the next generation of major electromembrane processes. The overview of the state-of-the-art is rounded off by a number of smaller-scale processes utilizing ionically conducting solid electrolytes and ion-selective membranes that are already commercially available. The article concludes by considering potential future developments in this exciting field of electrochemistry.

Tariq Ali, Haiyan Wang, Waseem Iqbal et al.

Electro‐organic synthesis has attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical science, medicinal chemistry, and future industrial applications in energy storage and conversion. To date, there has not been a detailed review on electro‐organic synthesis with the strategy of heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the most recent advances in synthesizing value‐added chemicals by heterogeneous catalysis are summarized. An overview of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes as well as paired electrocatalysis is provided, and the anodic oxidation of alcohols (monohydric and polyhydric), aldehydes, and amines are discussed. This review also provides in‐depth insight into the cathodic reduction of carboxylates, carbon dioxide, CC, C≡C, and reductive coupling reactions. Moreover, the electrocatalytic paired electro‐synthesis methods, including parallel paired, sequential divergent paired, and convergent paired electrolysis, are summarized. Additionally, the strategies developed to achieve high electrosynthesis efficiency and the associated challenges are also addressed. It is believed that electro‐organic synthesis is a promising direction of organic electrochemistry, offering numerous opportunities to develop new organic reaction methods.

Benjamin B. Hoar, Weitong Zhang, Yuanzhou Chen et al.

In electrochemical analysis, mechanism assignment is fundamental to understanding the chemistry of a system. The detection and classification of electrochemical mechanisms in cyclic voltammetry set the foundation for subsequent quantitative evaluation and practical application, but are often based on relatively subjective visual analyses. Deep-learning (DL) techniques provide an alternative, automated means that can support experimentalists in mechanism assignment. Herein, we present a custom DL architecture dubbed as EchemNet, capable of assigning both voltage windows and mechanism classes to electrochemical events within cyclic voltammograms of multiple redox events. The developed technique detects over 96% of all electrochemical events in simulated test data and shows a classification accuracy of up to 97.2% on redox events with 8 known mechanisms. This newly developed DL model, the first of its kind, proves the feasibility of redox-event detection and electrochemical mechanism classification with minimal a priori knowledge. The DL model will augment human researchers’ productivity and constitute a critical component in a general-purpose autonomous electrochemistry laboratory.

Syed Shaheen Shah, M. N. Shaikh, M. Y. Khan et al.

Nanotechnology has transformed the world with its diverse applications, ranging from industrial developments to impacting our daily lives. It has multiple applications throughout financial sectors and enables the development of facilitating scientific endeavors with extensive commercial potentials. Nanomaterials, especially the ones which have shown biomedical and other health‐related properties, have added new dimensions to the field of nanotechnology. Recently, the use of bioresources in nanotechnology has gained significant attention from the scientific community due to its 100 % eco‐friendly features, availability, and low costs. In this context, jute offers a considerable potential. Globally, its plant produces the second most common natural cellulose fibers and a large amount of jute sticks as a byproduct. The main chemical compositions of jute fibers and sticks, which have a trace amount of ash content, are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This makes jute as an ideal source of pure nanocellulose, nano‐lignin, and nanocarbon preparation. It has also been used as a source in the evolution of nanomaterials used in various applications. In addition, hemicellulose and lignin, which are extractable from jute fibers and sticks, could be utilized as a reductant/stabilizer for preparing other nanomaterials. This review highlights the status and prospects of jute in nanotechnology. Different research areas in which jute can be applied, such as in nanocellulose preparation, as scaffolds for other nanomaterials, catalysis, carbon preparation, life sciences, coatings, polymers, energy storage, drug delivery, fertilizer delivery, electrochemistry, reductant, and stabilizer for synthesizing other nanomaterials, petroleum industry, paper industry, polymeric nanocomposites, sensors, coatings, and electronics, have been summarized in detail. We hope that these prospects will serve as a precursor of jute‐based nanotechnology research in the future.

Peter M. Schneider, Kathrin L. Kollmannsberger, Dr. Cristiana Cesari et al.

Abstract To reduce the costs of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the amount of Pt necessary to drive efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) should be minimized. Particle nanostructuring, (nano‐)alloying, and metal‐doping can yield higher activities per Pt mass through tailoring catalysts owning a high number of active sites and precise electronic properties. In this work, the atom‐precise [NBnMe3]2[Co8Pt4C2(CO)24] (Co8Pt4) cluster is encapsulated and activated in a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐8, which unlocks the access to defined, bare Pt−Co nanoclusters, Co8±xPt4±yNC@ZIF‐8, for the fabrication of highly active ORR catalysts. Upon controlled C‐interfacing and ZIF‐8‐digestion, Co‐doped Pt NPs (Pt27Co1) with a homogenous and narrow size distribution of (1.1±0.4) nm are produced on Vulcan® carbon. Restructuring of the Pt27Co1/C catalyst throughout the ORR measurement was monitored via high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The measured ORR mass activity of (0.42±0.07) A mgPt−1 and the specific activity of (0.67±0.06) mA cmECSA−2 compare favourably with the catalyst obtained by direct C‐interfacing the pristine Co8Pt4 cluster and with state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C reference catalysts. Our results demonstrate the potential of ZIF‐8‐mediated Pt−Co NP synthesis toward devising ORR catalysts with high Pt‐mass activity.

Kwankao Karnpakdee, Dr. Daniel Kracher, Dr. Roland Ludwig

Abstract Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is applied as a bioelectrocatalyst in biosensors because its mobile cytochrome domain is capable of direct electron transfer. This study investigates the electron transfer mechanism of CDH molecules embedded in the polycation polyethyleneimine (PEI), which has been reported as a current‐boosting component of CDH‐based biosensors. By immobilizing different concentrations of CDH and its isolated cytochrome domain in PEI films, we found that increasing concentrations of cytochrome enhanced the film conductivity (up to 251±8 mS cm−1) through improved electron transfer between the protein redox centers. The increased electrical conductivity of the film contacts CDH molecules at a greater distance from the electrode. The cross‐linker poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether improves the packing and contacting of the cytochrome domains, whereas glutaraldehyde reduces the current obtained. Deglycosylation of CDH enhances the conductivity of enzyme‐polymer films by up to 34 %, implying a higher number of productive electron‐hopping events between cytochrome domains due to enhanced mobility or reduced shielding. By balancing negative charges on the CDH surface at neutral and alkaline pH, PEI increases the interdomain electron transfer and the electrical film conductivity. The resulting increased current output is relevant for in vivo bioanalytical applications.

O. García-Rodríguez, E. Mousset, H. Olvera-Vargas et al.

Abstract This review proposes an insight into the prospects of electrochemistry for the treatment of highly concentrated effluents in three sections. The first section of this review presents an overview of electrochemical water treatment strategies adapted to these very specific waste streams, including the influence of operating conditions, electrode materials and processes (with special emphasis on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation). The second part provides the engineering parameters to ensure successful upscaling of electrochemical processes in terms of modeling mass transport, charge transfer and hydrodynamics, reactor designs and energy requirements. This section also addresses process combinations, where electrochemistry could complement traditional methods of treatment, in order to improve the overall efficiency of the integrated system. Finally, the last section focuses on the nature, characteristics and challenges inherent to highly concentrated wastewater, divided into five categories: industrial wastewater (e.g., pharmaceutical, electronics, chemical, food-processing), hypersaline effluents (e.g., reverse osmosis concentrates), solutions contaminated with a mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants (e.g., leachate, mining), highly viscous solution (or non-Newtonian liquid) (e.g., sludge) and solutions of high chemical oxygen demand load but with low pollutant content (e.g., from soil washing). Graphical abstract

L. Bieniasz

The appearance of computers has led to considerable changes in research practices of natural sciences, including electrochemistry. The current status of the computerization in electrochemistry is briefly discussed, with the conclusion that the progress in this area is not as fast as in other natural science disciplines. Some postulates are formulated, referring to the education of young generations of electrochemists, that might bring improvements.

Senthilnathan Selvaraj, Mathew K. Francis, P. Balaji Bhargav et al.

2D semiconductor material, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS _2 ), with unique properties similar to that of graphene, is considered as a potential candidate for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications. In the current work, MoS _2 was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using sodium molybdate and thiourea as precursors. The calculated band gap values of MoS _2 grown at 200 °C and 180 °C were 2.1 eV and 1.98 eV, respectively. Flower like morphology was observed from FESEM analysis. Multi layered structure of MoS _2 was confirmed from the difference the peak value obtained for A _1g and E ^1 _2g vibrational modes observed from Raman spectra. The reusability of the synthesized MoS _2 was analyzed against MB dye degradation. The pristine MoS _2 removed ∼98% of the dye molecules from the water under the minimum wattage (20 W) of visible light in 180 min. The catalyst retained good stability even after the third degradation, confirming the reusability of MoS _2 . The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the grown MoS _2 nanostructures. The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria used in present study were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus serius . Investigation of the antibacterial activity of MoS _2 against these four different pathogens was carried out in detail and the resistance function was measured.

Geesoo Lee

The dynamic behavior and thermal performance of a high-power, high-energy-density lithium-ion battery for urban air mobility (UAM) applications were analyzed by using an electro-thermal model. To simulate the behavior of pouch-type nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) lithium–ion batteries, a battery equivalent circuit with a second order of resistance–capacitance (RC) elements was employed. The values of the RC models were determined by using curve fitting based on experimental data for the lithium-ion battery. A three–dimensional model of the lithium-ion battery was created, and a thermal analysis was performed while considering the external temperature and flight time under a 20 min load condition. At an external temperature of 20 °C, the heat generation increased proportionally to the square of the current as the C–rate increased. For 3C, the reaction heat source was 45.5 W, and the average internal temperature of the cell was 36 °C. Even at the same 3C, as the external temperature decreased to 0 °C, the increase in internal resistance led to a greater reaction heat source of 58.27 W, which was 36.9% higher than that at 20 °C. At 5C, the maximum operating time was 685.6 s. At this point, the average internal temperature of the cell was 59.8 °C, which allowed for normal operation. When the C–rate of the battery cell reached 8, which was the momentary maximum high-discharge condition, the temperature sharply rose before the state of charge (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) reached 0. With an average internal cell temperature of 80 °C, the maximum operating time became 111.9 s. This met the design requirements for urban air mobility (UAM) in this study.

G. A. Cerrón-Calle, T. Senftle, Sergi Garcia-Segura

Environmental electrocatalysis has a wide range of applications at the water-energy nexus and will play a key role in mitigating climate change. Performance and selectivity of electrochemical processes are driven by specific electrocatalyst interactions with electroactive species and by-products. Research advances and competitive translation to higher technology readiness levels depend on the identification of suitable electrocatalytic materials. Theoretical modeling can guide electrocatalyst discovery, engineering, and design, which can overturn typical trial-and-error approaches for material discovery in favor of a hypothesis-driven and strategic tailored synthesis approach to electrocatalysts development. In this current opinion, we present an overview of some of the virtues of density functional theory and microkinetic modeling as tools for reinforcing our understanding of complex charge transfer processes in environmental electrochemistry

Si‐Xuan Guo, Cameron L. Bentley, Minkyung Kang et al.

ConspectusElectrochemical reduction of the greenhouse gas CO2 offers prospects for the sustainable generation of fuels and industrially useful chemicals when powered by renewable electricity. However, this electrochemical process requires the use of highly stable, selective, and active catalysts. The development of such catalysts should be based on a detailed kinetic and mechanistic understanding of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), ideally through the resolution of active catalytic sites in both time (i.e., temporally) and space (i.e., spatially). In this Account, we highlight two advanced spatiotemporal voltammetric techniques for electrocatalytic studies and describe the considerable insights they provide on the eCO2RR. First, Fourier transformed large-amplitude alternating current voltammetry (FT ac voltammetry), as applied by the Monash Electrochemistry Group, enables the resolution of rapid underlying electron-transfer processes in complex reactions, free from competing processes, such as the background double-layer charging current, slow catalytic reactions, and solvent/electrolyte electrolysis, which often mask conventional voltammetric measurements of the eCO2RR. Crucially, FT ac voltammetry allows details of the catalytically active sites or the rate-determining step to be revealed under catalytic turnover conditions. This is well illustrated in investigations of the eCO2RR catalyzed by Bi where formate is the main product. Second, developments in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) by the Warwick Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group provide powerful methods for obtaining high-resolution activity maps and potentiodynamic movies of the heterogeneous surface of a catalyst. For example, by coupling SECCM data with colocated microscopy from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) or atomic force microscopy, it is possible to develop compelling correlations of (precatalyst) structure-activity at the nanoscale level. This correlative electrochemical multimicroscopy strategy allows the catalytically more active region of a catalyst, such as the edge plane of two-dimensional materials and the grain boundaries between facets in a polycrystalline metal, to be highlighted. The attributes of SECCM-EBSD are well-illustrated by detailed studies of the eCO2RR on polycrystalline gold, where carbon monoxide is the main product. Comparing SECCM maps and movies with EBSD images of the same region reveals unambiguously that the eCO2RR is enhanced at surface-terminating dislocations, which accumulate at grain boundaries and slip bands. Both FT ac voltammetry and SECCM techniques greatly enhance our understanding of the eCO2RR, significantly boosting the electrochemical toolbox and the information available for the development and testing of theoretical models and rational catalyst design. In the future, it may be possible to further enhance insights provided by both techniques through their integration with in situ and in operando spectroscopy and microscopy methods.