Hasil untuk "History of the arts"

G. Cosentino, J. C. Tan, C. Gainey et al.

Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are cold, dense structures that are likely representative of the initial conditions of star formation. Many studies of IRDCs employ CO to investigate cloud dynamics, but CO can be highly depleted from the gas phase in IRDCs, which affects its fidelity as tracer. The CO depletion process is also of great interest in astrochemistry because CO ice in dust grain mantles provides the raw material for the formation of complex organic molecules. We study CO depletion towards four IRDCs to investigate its correlation with the H_2 number density and dust temperature, calculated from Herschel far-infrared images. We used ^ ̊m CO : J=1̊ightarrow0 and $2̊ightarrow1$ maps to measure the CO depletion factor, f_D, across IRDCs G23.46-00.53, G24.49-00.70, G24.94-00.15, and G25.16-00.28. We also considered a normalised CO depletion factor, f_D^ which takes a value of unity, that is, no depletion, in the outer lower-density and warmer regions of the clouds. We then investigated the dependence of f_D and f_D^ on the gas density, n_̊m H, and dust temperature, T_̊m dust. The CO depletion rises as the density increases and reaches maximum values of f_D^ in some regions with n_ ̊m H ≳3 ̊m cm although with significant scatter at a given density. We find a tighter, less scattered relation of f_D^ with temperature that rapidly rise for temperatures łesssim18:K. We propose a functional form f_D^ ̊m exp (T_0/ T_ ̊m dust -T_1 ) with T_0≃4:K and T_1≃12:K to reproduce this behaviour. We conclude that CO is strongly depleted from the gas phase in cold, dense regions of IRDCs. This means that if it is not accounted for, CO depletion can lead to an underestimation of the total cloud masses based on CO line fluxes by factors up to ∼5. These results indicate a dominant role for thermal desorption in setting near equilibrium abundances of gas-phase CO in IRDCs and provide important constraints for astrochemical models and the chemodynamical history of gas in the early stages of star formation.

Gebeyehu Temesgen Duressa, Tesema Ta’a, Deressa Debu

This article examines the Marxist concept of the national question and the analysis of Ethiopian reality during the Derg government (1974–1991). As the title indicates, this study explained the interplay between the Marxist concepts of national questions in general and analyzed how the nationalities questions in Ethiopia were treated under the Derg government (1974–1991) specifically. Since very recently, several studies have been done on nationalities questions particularly focusing on post-1991 ethnic-based federalism in Ethiopia. However, no attention is given to nationality issues in Ethiopia under the Marxist regime(Derg). To fill this gap, the researchers collected both primary and secondary sources. The collected data were then arranged, presented, and thoroughly examined. Ultimately, a qualitative research approach and a descriptive research design were used to interpret the data. Finally, the finding of this study concludes that the Derg regime failed to answer the nationalities question in Ethiopia based on Marxist-Leninist views. Therefore, although the Derg initially promised to answer the nationality question in Ethiopia, its promises did not go beyond words.

Ting Chen

F. J. Candel, P. Barreiro, M. Salavert et al.

The clinical evolution of patients infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on the complex interplay between viral and host factors. The evolution to less aggressive but better-transmitted viral variants, and the presence of immune memory responses in a growing number of vaccinated and/or virus-exposed individuals, has caused the pandemic to slowly wane in virulence. However, there are still patients with risk factors or comorbidities that put them at risk of poor outcomes in the event of having the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the different treatment options for patients with COVID-19, virus-targeted measures include antiviral drugs or monoclonal antibodies that may be provided in the early days of infection. The present expert consensus is based on a review of all the literature published between 1 July 2021 and 15 February 2022 that was carried out to establish the characteristics of patients, in terms of presence of risk factors or comorbidities, that may make them candidates for receiving any of the virus-targeted measures available in order to prevent a fatal outcome, such as severe disease or death. A total of 119 studies were included from the review of the literature and 159 were from the additional independent review carried out by the panelists a posteriori. Conditions found related to strong recommendation of the use of virus-targeted measures in the first days of COVID-19 were age above 80 years, or above 65 years with another risk factor; antineoplastic chemotherapy or active malignancy; HIV infection with CD4+ cell counts < 200/mm3; and treatment with anti-CD20 immunosuppressive drugs. There is also a strong recommendation against using the studied interventions in HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ nadir <200/mm3 or treatment with other immunosuppressants. Indications of therapies against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of vaccination status or history of infection, may still exist for some populations, even after COVID-19 has been declared to no longer be a global health emergency by the WHO.

E. C. K. Paterson, M. Schirmer, Y. Copin et al.

The Euclid mission will conduct an extragalactic survey over 15000 deg$^2$ of the extragalactic sky. The spectroscopic channel of the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) has a resolution of $R\sim450$ for its blue and red grisms that collectively cover the $0.93$--$1.89 $\micron;range. NISP will obtain spectroscopic redshifts for $3\times10^7$ galaxies for the experiments on galaxy clustering, baryonic acoustic oscillations, and redshift space distortion. The wavelength calibration must be accurate within $5$\AA to avoid systematics in the redshifts and downstream cosmological parameters. The NISP pre-flight dispersion laws for the grisms were obtained on the ground using a Fabry-Perot etalon. Launch vibrations, zero gravity conditions, and thermal stabilisation may alter these dispersion laws, requiring an in-flight recalibration. To this end, we use the emission lines in the spectra of compact planetary nebulae (PNe), which were selected from a PN data base. To ensure completeness of the PN sample, we developed a novel technique to identify compact and strong line emitters in Gaia spectroscopic data using the Gaia spectra shape coefficients. We obtained VLT/X-SHOOTER spectra from $0.3$ to $2.5$ \micron;for 19 PNe in excellent seeing conditions and a wide slit, mimicking Euclid's slitless spectroscopy mode but with 10 times higher spectral resolution. Additional observations of one northern PN were obtained in the $0.80$--$1.90$ \micron range with the GMOS and GNIRS instruments at the Gemini North observatory. The collected spectra were combined into an atlas of heliocentric vacuum wavelengths with a joint statistical and systematic accuracy of 0.1 \AA in the optical and 0.3 \AA in the near-infrared. The wavelength atlas and the related 1D and 2D spectra are made publicly available.

Euclid Collaboration G. F. Lesci, M. Sereno, M. Radovich et al.

We derived galaxy colour selections from Euclid and ground-based photometry, aiming to accurately define background galaxy samples in cluster weak-lensing analyses. These selections have been implemented in the Euclid data analysis pipelines for galaxy clusters. Given any set of photometric bands, we developed a method for the calibration of optimal galaxy colour selections that maximises the selection completeness, given a threshold on purity. Such colour selections are expressed as a function of the lens redshift. We calibrated galaxy selections using simulated ground-based $griz$ and Euclid $Y_ E J_ E H_ E $ photometry. Both selections produce a purity higher than $97$. The $griz$ selection completeness ranges from 30 to $84$ in the lens redshift range $z_ l $. With the full $grizY_ E J_ E H_ E $ selection, the completeness improves by up to $25$ percentage points, and the $z_ l $ range extends up to $z_ l =1.5$. The calibrated colour selections are stable to changes in the sample limiting magnitudes and redshift, and the selection based on $griz$ bands provides excellent results on real external datasets. Furthermore, the calibrated selections provide stable results using alternative photometric aperture definitions obtained from different ground-based telescopes. The $griz$ selection is also purer at high redshift and more complete at low redshift compared to colour selections found in the literature. We find excellent agreement in terms of purity and completeness between the analysis of an independent, simulated Euclid galaxy catalogue and our calibration sample, except for galaxies at high redshifts, for which we obtain up to 50 percent points higher completeness. The combination of colour and photo-$z$ selections applied to simulated Euclid data yields up to 95 completeness, while the purity decreases down to 92 at high $z_ l $. We show that the calibrated colour selections provide robust results even when observations from a single band are missing from the ground-based data. Finally, we show that colour selections do not disrupt the shear calibration for stage III surveys. The first Euclid data releases will provide further insights into the impact of background selections on the shear calibration.

Deroma, the Emilia-Romagna, Emilia-Romagna et al.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) affected 64.3 million people worldwide and contributed to 9.9 million years lived with disability globally in 2017. Despite its global relevance, there is a lack of comprehensive statistics on the prevalence, incidence, and burden of HF in developing Central Asian countries. This study aims to fill the gap and present the data for Kazakhstan, the largest Central Asian country. Methods HF cases were identified through the Unified National Electronic Healthcare System records for 2014-2021 using the appropriate ICD-10 codes. Descriptive and survival analyses were used to present demographics, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. The calculation of DALYs is done according to the WHO methods. The information on comorbid conditions based on respective ICD-10 codes was collected by merging the databases using unique deidentifying patient numbers. Results During the observation period between 2014-2021 years, 501,663 patients with HF were identified, of them 52% were females, 86% were older than 50 years of age, and 58% were of Kazakh ethnicity. Hypertension, history of cerebrovascular diseases, and myocardial infarction were present in 40%, 34%, and 22% of the cohort, respectively. The age and sex-specific incidence show that women have higher incidence before 30 years of age compared to men. In addition, incidence rates for both sexes and all age categories decreased in 2021 compared to 2014. The prevalence dramatically increased from 4393 people per million population (PMP) to 22,088 PMP, while mortality rates changed from 367 to 721 PMP during the observation period. In 2021, 2,964,062 age and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were lost due to HF in Kazakhstan. More than 2 million DALYs belong to years of life lost (YLLs). Conclusions The DALYs show high economic and social loss due to high mortality among patients. Healthcare policymakers should prioritize the enhancement of cardiac services and the mitigation of its risk factors. Key messages • This study highlights the high burden of heart failure in Kazakhstan, with over 2 million DALYs lost in 2021 alone. Healthcare policymakers must prioritize cardiac services and risk factor reduction. • Lack of comprehensive data on HF in Central Asia made it difficult to tackle the burden. This study fills this gap, presenting valuable information for policymakers to reduce social and economic loss.

E. Leuzzi, M. Meneghetti, G. Angora et al.

Huda Nassif, Ahlam Shuhail

لا شك في أن موضوع الحدّ يعد من الموضوعات المهمة في الفلسفة بصورة عامة و المنطق بــــصورة خاصة, و أول من هذَّب الحدّ و جعل لهُ باباً مستقلاً في المنطق هو الفيلسوف اليوناني أرسطو و وضع له أسس و قواعد و مبادئ يسير عليها, و الحدّ هو نوع من أنواع التعريف و لكن ليس أي تعريف يقع تحته و أنما نبين بــه حقيقه الاشياء و ماهيتها, و نرى تأثر عدد كبير من الفلاسفة و المفكرين و الفقهاء من أمثال الكندي و الفارابي و ابن رشد و أبن حزم و الغزالي....الخ بــــأرسطو حيث أعطوا أهمية للحد الارسطي لما له من أهمية في توضيح الكثير من المصطلحات والعلوم

S. Wang, H. Wang, M. Ng et al.

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): GE Healthcare. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) analysis using stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been shown to detect obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD); however, evaluation of its diagnostic performance has primarily been limited to single-center studies. AQUA-MBF (Assessment of QUAntitative MBF using stress CMR) is an international study with the goal of assessing the diagnostic performance of stress MBF for the detection of CAD. In this study, we aim to determine how stress MBF assessment compared against visual analysis (VA) of stress CMR images for the detection of CAD. Methods. 144 individuals (89 (62%) men, age 62±16 years, 97 (68%) hypertension, 54 (38%) diabetes, 92 (64%) hyperlipidemia) from 9 centers who underwent dual sequence stress CMR (1.5T or 3.0T GE Healthcare) and also had either a coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA, n=31), invasive coronary angiogram (ICA, n=95), or low pre-test probability for CAD (n=18) were included. CAD was defined as the presence of: (1) a stenosis ≥50% in the left main coronary artery or ≥70% in the 1 major vessel based on ICA or CTA or (2) an invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤ 0.8. Absence of obstructive coronary disease (NOCAD) was defined as a no history of myocardial infarction and stenosis 0.8, or a young individual with no cardiac risk factors. Myocardial perfusion imaging was performed during first pass perfusion of a gadolinium-based contrast agent following the administration of adenosine or regadenoson with a low-resolution image acquired to assess the arterial input function and 2–3 short axis slices acquired to assess myocardial perfusion. VA was performed by 2 experienced cardiologists who assigned a grade of 1–5 based on the probability a study was abnormal. Stress MBF values were determined for each of the 16 myocardial segments using Fermi deconvolution (CircleCVI). The global stress MBF was calculated as the average value of two segments with the lowest values from each of the three coronary artery territories. Unpaired t-test was used to compare stress MBF values between CAD vs NOCAD. Receiver-operating characteristics curves were used to determine diagnostic performance. Results. 60 patients had CAD (20: 1-vessel, 26: 2-vessel, and 14: 3-vessel) (Figure 1A) while 84 had NOCAD (Figure 1B). The global stress MBF in CAD was lower than in NOCAD (1.63±0.52ml/g/min vs 2.41±0.68ml/g/min, p<0.0001) (Figure 2A). Stress MBF had a higher AUC than VA (reader 1 – 0.83 vs 0.73, p = 0.07: reader 2–0.83 vs 0.71, p = 0.02). The optimal stress MBF cut-off value for detecting CAD was 2.05ml/g/min (Figure 2B). Conclusions. In this multicenter study, we show that global stress MBF reported as a single value can identify patients with CAD at least as accurately as VA performed by physicians experienced in the interpretation of stress CMR images.

Canada, The scope of

Abstract Background Understanding how the combination of unemployment and work disability affects future labour market pathways is important. We followed labour market pathways among those who were unemployed at the start of a sickness allowance spell. Methods Register data covered disability pensions (DP), rehabilitation spells, sickness allowance spells, unemployment spells and employment spells, retrieved for unemployed Finnish 18-58 years old persons who had a new sickness allowance spell in 2016. Sequence analysis and clustering were used to identify latent homogenous subgroups. Using multinomial regressions, demographic, socioeconomic, and disability-related covariates were examined. Results Preliminary analyses revealed six clusters with unique pathways and identities. 1) Unemployment; 2) Employment; 3) Rehabilitation spells, recurring disability and unemployment; 4) Unknown sources of income; 5) Permanent disability pension; and 6) Temporary disability pensions. Compared to the cluster with emphasis on return-to-work, other clusters were associated with less pre-LTSA employment days, having a pre-LTSA chronic illness, and a mental disorder. Conclusions Unemployed persons starting an LTSA have very different labour market pathways. For many, there are low chances for employment or regained work ability in the following years. Persons with poor health, long history outside employment, older age, low educational level and a mental disorder could benefit from targeted support. Key messages • Despite heterogeneous pathways found, for most of the unemployed, sickness allowance spells are followed by recurring unemployment, recurring sickness allowance, or disability retirement. • Since the unemployed with work disability rarely regain work ability in the following years, supporting their work ability is crucial in preventing permanent exclusion from working life.

Jyunki Aikawa, S. Ajimura, T. Akaishi et al.

We measured a set of π ± Σ ∓ , π 0 Σ 0 , and π − Σ 0 invariant mass spectra below and above the ¯ KN mass threshold in K − induced reactions on deuteron. We deduced the S -wave ¯ KN → π Σ and ¯ KN → ¯ KN scattering amplitudes in the isospin 0 channel in the framework of a ¯ KN and π Σ coupled channel. We find that a resonance pole corresponding to Λ (1405) is located at 1417.7 + 6 . 0 − 7 . 4 (fitting errors) + 1 . 1 − 1 . 0 (systematic errors) + [ − 26 . 1 + 6 . 0 − 7 . 9 (fitting errors) + 1 . 7 − 2 . 0 (systematic errors)] i MeV / c 2 , closer to the ¯ KN mass threshold than the value determined by the Particle Data Group.

D. Cook, J. Lee, A. Adamo et al.

We study the young star cluster populations in 23 dwarf and irregular galaxies observed by the HST Legacy ExtraGalactic Ultraviolet Survey (LEGUS), and examine relationships between the ensemble properties of the cluster populations and those of their host galaxies: star formation rate (SFR) density ($\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$). A strength of this analysis is the availability of SFRs measured from temporally resolved star formation histories which provide the means to match cluster and host-galaxy properties on several timescales (1-10, 1-100, and 10-100~Myr). Nevertheless, studies of this kind are challenging for dwarf galaxies due to the small numbers of clusters in each system. We mitigate these issues by combining the clusters across different galaxies with similar $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ properties. We find good agreement with a well-established relationship ($M_{V}^{brightest}$-SFR), but find no significant correlations between $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ and the slopes of the cluster luminosity function, mass function, nor the age distribution. We also find no significant trend between the the fraction of stars in bound clusters at different age ranges ($\Gamma_{1-10}$, $\Gamma_{10-100}$, and $\Gamma_{1-100}$) and $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ of the host galaxy. Our data show a decrease in $\Gamma$ over time (from 1-10 to 10-100~Myr) suggesting early cluster dissolution, though the presence of unbound clusters in the youngest time bin makes it difficult to quantify the degree of dissolution. While our data do not exhibit strong correlations between $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ and ensemble cluster properties, we cannot rule out that a weak trend might exist given the relatively large uncertainties due to low number statistics and the limited $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ range probed.

T. Moriya, C. Inserra, M. Tanaka et al.

Pair-instability supernovae are theorized supernovae that have not yet been observationally confirmed. They are predicted to exist in low-metallicity environments. Because overall metallicity becomes lower at higher redshifts, deep near-infrared transient surveys probing high-redshift supernovae are suitable to discover pair-instability supernovae. The Euclid satellite, which is planned to be launched in 2023, has a near-infrared wide-field instrument that is suitable for a high-redshift supernova survey. The Euclid Deep Survey is planned to make regular observations of three Euclid Deep Fields (40 deg2 in total) spanning the Euclid's 6 year primary mission period. While the observations of the Euclid Deep Fields are not frequent, we show that the predicted long duration of pair-instability supernovae would allow us to search for high-redshift pair-instability supernovae with the Euclid Deep Survey. Based on the current observational plan of the Euclid mission, we conduct survey simulations in order to estimate the expected numbers of pair-instability supernova discoveries. We find that up to several hundred pair-instability supernovae at z<~ 3.5 can be discovered within the Euclid Deep Survey. We also show that pair-instability supernova candidates can be efficiently identified by their duration and color that can be determined with the current Euclid Deep Survey plan. We conclude that the Euclid mission can lead to the first confirmation of pair-instability supernovae if their event rates are as high as those predicted by recent theoretical studies. We also update the expected numbers of superluminous supernova discoveries in the Euclid Deep Survey based on the latest observational plan.

V. Billa, Santosh Noronha, S. Bichu et al.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant global disruption, especially for chronic care like hemodialysis treatments. Approximately 10,000 end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients are receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) at 174 dialysis centers in Greater Mumbai. Because of the fear of transmission of infection and inability to isolate patients in dialysis centers, chronic hemodialysis care was disrupted for COVID-19-infected patients. Hence, we embarked on a citywide initiative to ensure uninterrupted dialysis for these patients. Materials and Methods: The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) designated 23 hemodialysis facilities as COVID-positive centers, two as COVID-suspect centers, and the rest continued as COVID-negative centers to avoid transmission of infection and continuation of chronic hemodialysis treatment. Nephrologists and engineers of the city developed a web-based-portal so that information about the availability of dialysis slots for COVID-infected patients was easily available in real time to all those providing care to chronic hemodialysis patients. Results: The portal became operational on May 20, 2020, and as of December 31, 2020, has enrolled 1,418 COVID-positive ESKD patients. This initiative has helped 97% of enrolled COVID-infected ESKD patients to secure a dialysis slot within 48 hours. The portal also tracked outcomes and as of December 31, 2020, 370 (27%) patients died, 960 patients recovered, and 88 patients still had an active infection. Conclusions: The portal aided the timely and smooth transfer of COVID-19-positive ESKD patients to designated facilities, thus averting mortality arising from delayed or denied dialysis. Additionally, the portal also documented the natural history of the COVID-19 pandemic in the city and provided information on the overall incidence and outcomes. This aided the city administration in the projected resource needs to handle the pandemic.

Dolgopiat, E. O.

Valuable document is entered into the scientific circulation — discussion and reception of sketches to the famous animated film of Yuri Norstein Skazka skazok, which became a milestone in the history of Soviet and Russian animation, reflected significant images of memory, culture, collective history.

Eman Adil Jaafar, Haya Abdul-Salam Jasim

This study examines the stylistic linguistic features of a collection of suicide notes retrieved from the online platform Reddit from the period (2012–2020). It aims to conduct a detailed corpus-based stylistic analysis. Furthermore, it aims at checking specific selected stylistic categories. The quantitative analysis was performed using WordSmith 8.0 software which helps to identify keywords in context. Keywords are indicators of the style of the language of the selected corpus. The analysis result indicated that the redditors in the online suicide corpus usually included simple words with fairly short sentences. Their writings tend to be less lexically diverse, concentrating on one or two themes with a lower TTR (type-token ratio), which indicated that their words were relatively repetitive. Online suicide notes show high frequency in using first-person singular pronouns, and concerning the distribution of content words, the verbs were the most frequently used part of speech, followed by nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Furthermore, the keywords list helps to reveal stylistic and linguistic elements.

Barbara Gawęcka

Tematem artykułu są klasycystyczne nagrobki cokołowe z pełnoplastyczną figurą leżącego dziecka. Na Powązkach znajduje się pięć tego typu obiektów z XIX w.: nagrobek Aleksandra Rzempołuskiego, Stefanii Wolskiej, Gabriela Józefa Komorowskiego, Romualda Krassowskiego i Wiktora Zeydlera. Na ich podstawie można prześledzić ciągłość w stosowaniu typu formalnego postaci nagiego, śpiącego dziecka w sztuce sepulkralnej. W dziełach antycznych poprzez symbolikę elementów umieszczanych w pobliżu postaci wskazywano, że śmierć jest jedynie snem. Na nagrobkach nowożytnych ukazywano różne symbole vanitas, które miały przypominać o nietrwałości ludzkiej egzystencji. W nagrobkach klasycystycznych, wśród zestawu przedmiotów trzymanych przez dziecko, był także krzyż jako znak zmartwychwstania — życia wiecznego.

Ornella Fasanelli

El siguiente artículo pone en discusión la intencionalidad del sincretismo religioso presente en la evangelización de México en el siglo XVI. En la simbiosis particular que se produce entre los elementos prehispánicos y la arquitectura europea cristiana, ¿puede hablarse de una disposición consensuada de estos elementos, es decir, autorizada por los frailes, o más bien evidencia un acto de rebeldía de los nativos para resguardar su cultura y creencia? Como caso de estudio fue seleccionado el registro fotográfico de cuatro piedras con relieves prehispánicos empotradas en cuatro edificios cristianos de Cuautitlán, Huaquechula, Cholula, y Tzintzuntzan. El escrito pretende ampliar el término sincretismo y explorar sus diferentes maneras de manifestarse en el periodo delimitado.

D. Cook, J. Lee, A. Adamo et al.

We present the star cluster catalogues for 17 dwarf and irregular galaxies in the HST Treasury Program ‘Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey’ (LEGUS). Cluster identification and photometry in this sub-sample are similar to that of the entire LEGUS sample, but special methods were developed to provide robust catalogues with accurate fluxes due to low cluster statistics. The colours and ages are largely consistent for two widely used aperture corrections, but a significant fraction of the clusters are more compact than the average training cluster. However, the ensemble luminosity, mass, and age distributions are consistent suggesting that the systematics between the two methods are less than the random errors. When compared with the clusters from previous dwarf galaxy samples, we find that the LEGUS catalogues are more complete and provide more accurate total fluxes. Combining all clusters into a composite dwarf galaxy, we find that the luminosity and mass functions can be described by a power law with the canonical index of −2 independent of age and global SFR binning. The age distribution declines as a power law, with an index of ≈− 0.80 ± 0.15, independent of cluster mass and global SFR binning. This decline of clusters is dominated by cluster disruption since the combined star formation histories and integrated-light SFRs are both approximately constant over the last few hundred Myr. Finally, we find little evidence for an upper-mass cut-off (<2σ) in the composite cluster mass function, and can rule out a truncation mass below ≈104.5M⊙ but cannot rule out the existence of a truncation at higher masses.