Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Volkan Öztekin

The route of C Street, the main transport artery of the ancient city of Side, between the Main Gate and the Theatre buildings, is called C1. The square, located at the point where C1 Street provides access to the Main Gate and largely covered by modern settlements today, constitutes the subject of this article. In line with the archaeological data, it is understood that C1 Street provided direct access to the Main Gate in the first planning, but later, as a result of the arrangements made in the eastern portico, the area was expanded in an asymmetrical plan type and the Square was formed. In Late Antiquity, however, the square was known by a different name. While it is known that two inscriptions recovered from the vicinity of the square include the expression ‘Forum of Arcadius’, the location of the forum could not be determined with certainty, although different suggestions have been made by researchers regarding the location of the forum. However, the research conducted at C1 Street Square will add a new aspect to the debate on this issue. It is known that there were areas built or redesigned to honor the Emperor and his subjects in agoras or squares on avenues, especially the Emperor Forums located on the Mese in the capital Constantinople. Considering the location of the epigraphic finds, it is highly probable that the C1 Street Square, located southwest of the Main Gate, was identified as the Forum of Arcadius in Late Antiquity.

Desiderio Parrilha Martínez

En su diálogo Eudemo Aristóteles desarrolla dos argumentos contra la teoría del “alma armonía” como ampliación de la crítica heredada de Platón. El primero de ellos no aparece en el Fedón ni vuelve a aparecer entre los argumentos que Aristóteles emplea posteriormente en De anima. Esta singularidad argumental viene acompañada por la dificultad interpretativa que ofrece el texto, puesta de manifiesto por la crítica contemporánea. Nuestro artículo pretende mostrar que este argumento original del período de juventud se basa en las “privaciones parciales o defectivas” de las obras de madurez, dentro del contexto de las “privaciones de potencia activa”.

Amanda Potter, Hunter Gardner

Short preface to the special edition of Thersites.

Danilo Marco Campanaro

Over the last few decades, a critical revision of prior scholarship concerning Roman domestic space has led to the reappraisal of the traditional account of the atrium suggesting a possibility for this space to be ‘unroofed’. Accordingly, scholars have proposed to look for a convergence of impulses previously cultivated in isolation combining new theoretical frameworks, and a careful examination of the material evidence. Concurrently, a renewed interest in the structure of logical reasoning has identified the inference to the best explanation (IBE) as an effective method to build unitary hypotheses from complex and multifarious sets of data in a transparent way. This paper illustrates how the methodology described can effectively be used to address issues concerning the roofing of the atrium. In particular, it applies a novel IBE-based model to the case study of the House of the Greek Epigrams and presents a 3D reconstruction as a result.

Ken Dowden

Atalanta provides a significant case study for the historical development of Greek myth. Myth stands in a complex relationship to history, in which the localisation of any myth plays a key role, an important lesson we learn from Otfried Müller. The Atalanta mythology, splintered into different locations, but sharing genealogical and initiatory functions, shows how population movement in the (mythopoeic) Mycenaean age resulted in Sagenwanderung involving Boiotia, Arkadia and Aitolian Kalydon. There may also be traces of pre-Greek elements in the proper names of the mythology.

Cédric BRÉLAZ

Drawing on the publication of a dozen of new inscriptions during the past fifteen years, the article examines the administrative, financial and fiscal implications of patrolling the countryside (phylake tes choras) in Greek cities of Asia Minor during the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods. Due to the lack of permanent institutions dealing with the policing of their rural territories and because of cash shortage, Hellenistic cities, and sometimes kings themselves, were forced to find various and complex solutions to set up and fund such a service. These included the granting of tax exemptions to inhabitants of rural settlements policing the countryside, the hiring under contract of private persons who would take care of patrolling in exchange for payment, or the leasing of the service by contractors who would be allowed to collect taxes in order to refund themselves. Thanks to a recently published inscription from Thessaly as well as a passage from Polyaenus’ Stratagems, the paper reassesses the provisions related to this issue included in the alliance treaty between Miletos and Herakleia and raises the question as to the extent to which guards were actually involved with tax collection. During the Imperial period, officials known as paraphylakes were appointed by cities throughout the provinces of Asia Minor to deal with public security in the countryside. Newly published evidence from various cities of Asia Minor, in particular from Phrygian Hierapolis, sheds new light on the funding of patrolling, on the economic duties of paraphylakes, as well as on the impact on rural communities of the benefactions, as well as of the abuses, of these officials. The paper argues that, although they were active in the countryside, paraphylakes were not responsible for the collection of taxes, contrary to dekaprotoi, who emerged about the same time during the first century CE. Even if Roman provincial administration relied on these two offices as far as law enforcement and tax collection at the local level were concerned, they were not created by Roman power and should rather be seen as another proof of the autonomy Greek cities enjoyed under imperial rule.

Miguel Ángel González Manjarrés

Se analiza la técnica de composición de Rodrigo de Castro en un capítulo del De universa muliebrium morbōrum medicīna (1.3.5). Se pretende conocer cómo Castro maneja sus fuentes y qué procedimientos usa para ensamblar sus materiales. La técnica de Castro se basa en la reelaboración y reubicación de datos tomados de fuentes variadas (en especial los Gynaeciōrum libri), con el fin de ofrecer un texto claro, ordenado, manejable y útil. Conocer ese modo de composición permite valorar mejor las aportaciones reales de esta obra sobre ginecología y obstetricia.

F. J. Molina, Francisco Glicerio Conde Mora, F. Martín-Casañas

espanolA lo largo de la historia la salud y la enfermedad han sido motivo de preocupacion para los hombres. Esta situacion provoco que se crearan espacios arquitectonicos que sirvieran para reconquistar la primera y dejar atras la segunda. Son muchos los ejemplos de edificios, los hospitales, que se han construido, unos con caracter temporal y otros definitivos. Los primeros vienen de lamino del mundo grecorromano que sentaron las bases para los posteriores. Pero a medida que lo mistico daba paso a la ciencia las necesidades cambiaron. Poco a poco, se fueron adaptando los espacios para crear las condiciones mas idoneas que facilitaran laceracion y el cuidado de los enfermos. Uno de los ejemplos mas interesantes, y que es considerado punto de partida, es la intervencion que realiza Florence Nightingale primero en el Hospital de St.Thomas y posteriormente en el Hospital Herbert en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En ellos, ciencia, arquitectura y salud se dan la mano para caminar juntas y lograr asi su objetivo: curar y cuidar a los enfermos. EnglishThroughout history, health and illness have been of concern to men. This situation led to the creation of architectural spaces that served to reconquer the first and leave the second behind. There are many examples of buildings, hospitals, that have been built, some temporarily and others permanent. The former come from the hand of the Greco-Roman world that laid the foundations for the later ones. But as the mystical gave way to science the needs changed. Little by little, the spaces were adapted to create the most suitable conditions that would facilitate the healing and care of the sick. One of the most interesting examples, and which is considered a starting point, is the intervention carried out by Florence Nightingale first at St. Thomas Hospital and later at Herbert Hospital in the second half of the 19th century. In them, science, architecture and health go hand in hand to walk together and thus achieve their goal: to cure and care for the sick. portuguesAo longo da historia, a saude e a doenca preocupam os homens. Esta situacao levou a criacao de espacos arquitetonicos que serviram para reconquistar o primeiro e deixar o segundo para tras. Existem muitos exemplos de edificios, hospitais, que foram construidos, alguns temporarios e outros permanentes. Os primeiros vem das maos do mundo greco-romano que lancou as bases para os posteriores. Mas, a medida que o mistico deu lugar a ciencia, as necessidades mudaram. Aos poucos, os espacos foram sendo adaptados para criar as condicoes mais adequadas que facilitassem a cura e o cuidado dos enfermos. Um dos exemplos mais interessantes, e que e considerado um ponto de partida, e a intervencao realizada por Florence Nightingale primeiro no Hospital St. Thomas e depois no Hospital Herbert na segunda metade do seculo XIX. Neles, ciencia, arquitetura e saude caminham juntas para caminharem e assim atingirem seu objetivo: curar e cuidar dos enfermos.

Daniel Robbins

Blomberg addresses a broad set of reasons for rejecting Christianity collated from engagement with atheistic voices, grouped into ten major headings. While addressing objections to Christianity, it seems his primary audience is Christian seminarians who might not suspect how often they will need to engage these questions in their ministry nor how severely certain parishioners may feel them. He offers answers to objections from a distinctly New Testament perspective, limiting his discussion thereby. The chapters may be grouped along three main concerns: doctrinal, textual, and evaluative. Given the smorgasbord of topics, I will offer comments on a selection of chapters within each heading. The first doctrinal chapter addresses the unevangelized and Hell (ch. 2). While he takes natural revelation as sufficient to condemn, he commends an inclusivist reading of Romans 2 (following Wesley, Dunn, Moo) as envisaging unevangelized Gentiles being acquitted for living faithfully in accordance with what light they did receive. Chapter 3, ‘Slavery, Gender Roles and Same-Sex Sexual Relations’, argues for a canonical progression toward the abolition of slavery (e.g. 1 Cor 7:21 and Philemon), for a moderate complementarianism while allowing for faithful egalitarian views, and argues against the practice (rather than orientation) of same-sex sexual acts among Christians. Other chapters address: Miracles (ch. 4); Violence in the Bible (ch. 6); and Prayer and Predestination (ch. 7). Textual chapters address: comparison of the Gospels with Greco-Roman myths (ch. 5) and apparent contradictions in the Gospels (ch. 8). Chapter 9 addresses the transmission of texts, arguing against Ehrman’s model of rapid copying and discarding of used texts in light of the preservation practices in ancient libraries. Recent projects (SBLGNT, Tyndale House) offering an alternative approach to text criticism have resulted in final products overwhelmingly similar to that of UBS/Nestle-Aland editions. All of this, argues in favor of faithful preservation, rather than reckless transmission. Two evaluative chapters bookend the work, asking: How can a good God permit such evil? (ch. 1); Is the Christian life desirable? (ch. 10). In ch. 1, he answers that God began dealing with evil through the cross of Christ, will put evil down in the final judgment, and is currently undoing the effects of evil through Christians working good throughout world history. What suffering persists is a feature of God’s patience to bring salvation to others, while also maturing believers. The breadth of topics Blomberg tackles is highly commendable, demonstrating his own mastery of secondary literature and teaching. Rather than offering comprehensive or in-depth scholarly arguments, he offers balanced arguments as one way of answering such objections. This is fitting for an intellectual primer aimed at ministerial training or college students. However, many ministers find that the intellectual work offered by Blomberg is often preliminary to the more personal and searching aspects of pastoral care. His responses represent an academic and irenic evangelical response from a well-established New Testament scholar, and thus provide a worthy resource.

K. Bosse

Blomberg addresses a broad set of reasons for rejecting Christianity collated from engagement with atheistic voices, grouped into ten major headings. While addressing objections to Christianity, it seems his primary audience is Christian seminarians who might not suspect how often they will need to engage these questions in their ministry nor how severely certain parishioners may feel them. He offers answers to objections from a distinctly New Testament perspective, limiting his discussion thereby. The chapters may be grouped along three main concerns: doctrinal, textual, and evaluative. Given the smorgasbord of topics, I will offer comments on a selection of chapters within each heading. The first doctrinal chapter addresses the unevangelized and Hell (ch. 2). While he takes natural revelation as sufficient to condemn, he commends an inclusivist reading of Romans 2 (following Wesley, Dunn, Moo) as envisaging unevangelized Gentiles being acquitted for living faithfully in accordance with what light they did receive. Chapter 3, ‘Slavery, Gender Roles and Same-Sex Sexual Relations’, argues for a canonical progression toward the abolition of slavery (e.g. 1 Cor 7:21 and Philemon), for a moderate complementarianism while allowing for faithful egalitarian views, and argues against the practice (rather than orientation) of same-sex sexual acts among Christians. Other chapters address: Miracles (ch. 4); Violence in the Bible (ch. 6); and Prayer and Predestination (ch. 7). Textual chapters address: comparison of the Gospels with Greco-Roman myths (ch. 5) and apparent contradictions in the Gospels (ch. 8). Chapter 9 addresses the transmission of texts, arguing against Ehrman’s model of rapid copying and discarding of used texts in light of the preservation practices in ancient libraries. Recent projects (SBLGNT, Tyndale House) offering an alternative approach to text criticism have resulted in final products overwhelmingly similar to that of UBS/Nestle-Aland editions. All of this, argues in favor of faithful preservation, rather than reckless transmission. Two evaluative chapters bookend the work, asking: How can a good God permit such evil? (ch. 1); Is the Christian life desirable? (ch. 10). In ch. 1, he answers that God began dealing with evil through the cross of Christ, will put evil down in the final judgment, and is currently undoing the effects of evil through Christians working good throughout world history. What suffering persists is a feature of God’s patience to bring salvation to others, while also maturing believers. The breadth of topics Blomberg tackles is highly commendable, demonstrating his own mastery of secondary literature and teaching. Rather than offering comprehensive or in-depth scholarly arguments, he offers balanced arguments as one way of answering such objections. This is fitting for an intellectual primer aimed at ministerial training or college students. However, many ministers find that the intellectual work offered by Blomberg is often preliminary to the more personal and searching aspects of pastoral care. His responses represent an academic and irenic evangelical response from a well-established New Testament scholar, and thus provide a worthy resource.

A. Bausi, M. Friedrich, M. Maniaci

Emilia Di Rocco

I. Galambos

1. Balbir, Nalini (Paris, EPHE) Functions of Multiple Texts Manuscripts in India: the Jain Case The Jain manuscript culture is one of the most productive in India. The issue of multiple texts manuscripts, which are numerous and diverse in this religious tradition, has never been really addressed although it is a reality which can be observed first in palm leaf manuscripts (11th-14th centuries) and then in paper manuscripts (14th c. onwards). They raise practical problems for which the authors of manuscript catalogues have to take editorial decisions, as we will show. The main part of the paper, however, will focus on the functions of these manuscripts, the ways the selections are made and what they tell us about dynamics of knowledge. Examples will be taken mainly from the areas of liturgical texts and canonical scriptures. 2. Buzi, Paola (Sapienza University of Rome) The Ninth-Century Coptic Book Revolution and the Emergence of MTMs It is a matter of fact that until the end of the eighth century multiple-text manuscripts are not common in the Coptic tradition, the Nag Hammadi codices (third-fourth cent.) being an exception that can be explained with the specific necessities of the milieu in which they were produced. We will try to investigate the cultural reasons of the emergence of the miscellaneous Coptic codices, the cultural centres where they were produced, and the finalities for which they were created. The paratextual and graphical devices used in this new kind of books will be also taken into consideration. Lastly, some case-studies will be analysed more in details, such as some examples of monothematic miscellanies. 3. Crawford, Matthew (Melbourne, Australian Catholic University) The Eusebian Canon Tables as a Corpus-Organizing Paratext within the Multiple-Text Manuscript of the Fourfold Gospel If multiple-text manuscripts are an attempt at “corpus organization”, the mere compilation of multiple texts within a single physical artefact does not always suffice to accomplish this goal. In fact, it may sometimes only make more acute the need for further disambiguation among its constituent parts. So it was for a codex containing the fourfold gospel, as a result of the distinct literary problem posed by the tetraevangelium. At some point in the midthird century, for the first time the gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were placed together in a single codex, forming an MTM that would eventually become a standard feature of the diverse array of Christian traditions in late antiquity and beyond. Yet these four texts were in some ways so similar to one another, and yet each distinct, that readers were prone to confuse them, effectively eliding the distinct contribution they each made to the collective corpus. This confusion also occurred at the scribal level, as can be seen in the tendency of scribes to conflate the texts in the process of copying new manuscripts. Hence, this was an MTM that required some further means of clarifying the relationship of these four texts to one another, something, that is, to stabilize and codify the diversity of the component parts. To meet this challenge in the early fourth century the Christian bishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea created an ingenious marginal apparatus that numbered passages within each gospel consecutively and then collated these numbers in ten tables according to how the passages in each gospel related to those from the other three. The resulting “Canon Tables” were without precedent in the prior Greco-Roman literary tradition, and so represented the first numerically based crossreferencing system for a corpus of texts. Understandably then, the Canon Tables became wildly popular and within three centuries were being copied in gospelbooks from Ethiopia to Armenia to Ireland. This paper will argue that it was precisely the literary problem posed by the fourfold gospel as an MTM that led to this remarkable advance in information technology. That is, the Eusebian Canon Tables were a paratext created to order and so make harmonious the potentially confusing and ambiguous textual data contained in this unique MTM. 4. Déroche, François (Paris, EPHE) The Prince and the Scholar. About the Use of Miscellanies in Late Medieval Morocco Two miscellanies in the Escorial collection share some texts that could be defined as “classics” in their own field. However, the ownership turns to be quite different in these two cases. What do the two manuscripts tell us about their owners, the organisation of the material within the manuscript and the use of miscellanies in a Late Medieval Moroccan context? 5. Divizia, Paolo (Brno, Masaryk University) Textual Units of Transmission vs. Texts. Normalizing Apparent Anomalies and Particular Cases in Textual Transmission When studying the transmission of a text we usually tend to focus on that text, as if the identity of text and textual unit of transmission were taken for granted. This might be the case, but it has to be proved. A significant shared innovation proves the connection of two or more witnesses only in the exact point where it occurs, or better it is an argument whose strength is at its maximum in the exact point where it occurs and then becomes more and more feeble in proportion to the distance from that point, unless other such shared innovations are found in different sections of the "text" that is being studied. The boundary of such a proof does not necessarily correspond with the boundary of the text: it can be narrower than that of the text (if a change of model has occurred in the transmission) or it can be wider (if two or more consecutive texts have been copied together from the same model). While only the first phenomenon can occur in single-text manuscripts, multi-text manuscripts can present both phenomena and show how a research focused on the modern concept of text can be misleading. 6. Dobronravin, Nikolay (Saint Petersburg State University) A Fluid Standard: Text Selection in the kundi Manuscript Books in Brazil The kundi type of manuscripts in West Africa has been described as “small note book for any serious students / a library for senior scholars for the preservation of their special documents” (Aliyu Muhammad Bunza 2007). All the surviving manuscript books used by the African Muslims in nineteenthcentury Brazil also belong to the kundi tradition in both format and contents. The selection of texts in these manuscripts is apparently based on a fluid standard. A Brazilian kundi includes shorter Qur’anic suras of the Qur’an as well as Qur’anic quotations used as prayers. Besides, the abracadabra and non-Arabic prayers as well as Islamic literary quotations are also found in such manuscripts. The selection of quotations demonstrates that the West African kundi legacy was preserved in the New World. 7. Doležalová, Lucie (Prague, Charles University) Selection, Association, and Memory: Personal MTMs in Late Medieval Bohemia Using examples of the work of specific authors/compilers from Bohemia (e.g., Ulricus Crux de Telcz, d. 1504, or Mattheus Beran, d. 1461, both Augustinian Canons, the former of Třeboň, the latter of Roudnice nad Labem), this paper argues that late medieval MTMs reflect the ways in which their creators processed the information boom of the time and that they contain manifestations of important mental processes of knowledge organization, namely selection and order, association, and memory. Did these authors/compilers write primarily for themselves or did they try to make the books approachable to other readers? What was their conception of communicability and coherence? And how can we know that – that is, what strategies do we use to specify the overall intention behind MTMs and the level of their coherence, and with what implications? 8. Galambos, Imre (Cambridge University) Multiple Text Manuscripts from Medieval China Among the vast collection of manuscripts recovered from the Buddhist cave complex near the city of Dunhuang, there are numerous examples of single manuscripts containing several distinct texts. Some of these are written in the same hand, indicating a conscious effort to bring existing sources into a single collection or anthology, while others are written by different people and may date to different times. This paper will focus on a particular subset of such manuscripts, namely the ones copied by students as writing exercise, as it is evidenced either by the colophons or the types of texts. My aim is to demonstrate that in such cases the motivation for the production of such single-manuscript collections and their social function are more important for understanding the nature of the collections than the texts themselves. Consequently, even if the texts seem to be completely unrelated in terms of their content, they still have a close connection by virtue of how they were produced. 9. Gillespie, Alexandra (University of Toronto) Bookbinding as Codicology Medieval English Manuscripts and the Case of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales The central argument of this paper is that the study of bookbinding tends, at least in late medieval European codicology, to be adjacent to but not fully integrated in a broad investigation of the medieval book. Surviving books almost always contain some evidence of their early history as bound (or unbound) objects—from unused stitching holes to the wear and tear associated with fascicular or ‘booklet’ production. And yet this evidence is often excluded from discussions of the production, assembly, distribution or conceptualization of manuscripts. In order to demonstrate how fruitful a codicological practice that took better account of bookbinding might be, I will consider the case of two of the earliest manuscripts of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS 392D and Cambridge University Library, MS Dd.4.24. My focus will be evidence of preparation of both books for the bindery and the interruption of t

S. Herrero

RESUMENEl nacimiento en la Antigua Roma de niños con rasgos sexuales masculinos y femeninos a la vez, los llamados andróginos o hermafroditas, eran considerados como un gravísimo prodigio. Su expiación, necesaria para el restablecimiento de las buenas relaciones entre los hombres y los dioses, quedó en manos exclusivamente de mujeres: ancianas, matronas y virgines.PALABRAS CLAVE: Antigua Roma, Matrona, prodigio, expiación, andróginoABSTRACTThe birth in ancient Rome of children with both male and female sexual features, so-called androgynes or hermaphrodites, was regarded as a an extraordinary phenomenon. Their expiation, necessary for the restoration of good relations between men and gods, remained exclusively in the hands of women: old women, midwives and virgines.KEY WORDS: Ancient Rome, midwife, prodigy, expiation, androgynus BIBLIOGRAFÍAAbaecherly Boyce, A. (1937), “The expiatory rites of 207 B. C.”, TAPhA, 68, 157-171.Allély, A. 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La bisexualité dans l´antiquité gréco-romaine”, en L´Androgyne, Paris, Albin Michel, 31-61.Brisson, L. (1997), Le sex incertain. Androgynie et hermaphroditisme dans l´Antiquité gréco-romaine, Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Caerols, J. J. (1991), Los Libros Sibilinos en la historiografía latina, Madrid, Editorial Complutense.Cantarella, E. (2002), Bisexuality in the Ancient World, New Haven CT, Yale University Press.Cantarella, E. (2005), “The Androgynous and Bisexuality in Ancient Legal Codes”, Diogenes, 52, 5, 5-14.Cid López, R. M. (2007), “Las matronas y los prodigios. Prácticas religiosas femeninas en los ‘márgenes’ de la religión romana”, Norba, 20, 11-29.Cousin, J. (1942-1943), “La crise religieuse de 207 av. J.-C.”, RHR, 126, 15-41.Crifò, G. (1999), Prodigium e diritto: il caso dell’ermafrodita, Index, 27, 113-120.Champeaux, J. (1996), “Pontifes, haruspices et décemvirs. L´expiation des prodiges de 207”, REL, 74, 67-91.Dasen, V. (2005), “Blessing or portents? Multiple births in ancient Rome”, en K. Mustakallio, J. Hanska, H.-L. Sainio, V. Vuolanto (éds.), Hoping for continuity.Childhood, education and death in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae XXXIII), Rome, 72-83.Delcourt, M. (1958), Hermaphrodite. Mythes et rites de la bisexualité dans l´antiquité classique, Paris, PUF.Delcourt, M. (1966), Hermaphroditea. Recherches sur l´être double promoteur de la fertilité dans le monde classique (Coll. Latomus 86), Bruxelles, Latomus.Doroszewska, J. (2013), “Between the monstrous and the Divine: Hermaphrodites in Phlegon of Tralles´Mirabilia”, Acta Ant. Hung, 53, 379–392.Freyburger, G. (1977), “La supplication d´actions de grâces dans la religion romaine archaïque”, Latomus, 36, 283-315.Freyburger, G. (1988), “Supplication grecque et supplication romaine”, Latomus, 47, 3, 501-525.Garland, R. (1995), The Eye of the Beholder. Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World, London, Duckworth.Graumann, L. A. (2013), “Monstrous Births and Retrospective diagnosis: the case of Hermafrodites in Antiquity”, en Chr. Laes, C.F. Goodey, M. Lynn Rose (eds.), Disabilities in Roman antiquity: disparate bodies, a capite ad calcem (Mnemosyne, supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, 356), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 181-210.Guittard, Ch. (2004), “Les prodiges dans le livre XXVII de Tite-Live”, Vita Latina, 170, 56-81.Halkin, L. (1953), La supplication d´action de grâces chez les Romains, Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Lake, A. K. M. (1937), “The Supplicatio and Graecus Ritus”, en R.P. Casey, S. Lake- A.K. Lake (eds.), Quantulacumque: Studies Presented to Kirsopp Lake, London, Christophers, 243-251.Louis, P. (1975), Monstres et monstruosites dans la biologie d’Aristote, en J. Bingen, G. Cambier, G. Nachtergael (éd.), Le monde grec: pensée, litterature, histoire, documents. Hommages à Claire Préaux, Bruxelles, Éditions de l´Université de Bruxelles, 277-284.Mac Bain, B. (1982), Prodigy and expiation: a study in Religion and Politics in Republican Rome (Coll. Latomus 117), Bruxelles, Latomus.Maiuri, A. (2012), “Deformità e difformità nel mondo greco-romano”, en M. Passalacqua, M. De Nonno, A. M. Morelli (a cura di), Venuste noster. Scritti offerti a Leopoldo Gamberale (Spudasmata 147), Zurich, Georg Olms Verlag, 526-547.Maiuri, A. (2013), “Il lessico latino del mostruoso”, en I. Baglioni (a cura di), Monstra. Costruzione e Percezione delle Entità Ibride e Mostruose nel Mediterraneo Antico (Religio Collana di Studi del Museo delle Religioni “Rafaele Pettazzoni”), Roma, Quasar, Vol.II, 167-177.Mazurek, T. (2004), “The decemviri sacris faciundis: supplication and prediction”, en C.F. Konrad (ed.), Augusto augurio. Rerum humanarum et divinarum commentationes in honorem Jerzy Linderski, Stuttgart, Steiner Verlag, 151-168.Mineo, B. (2000), “L´anneé 207 dans le récit livien”, Latomus, 52, 512-540.Monaca, M. (2005), La Sibilla a Roma. I libri sibillini fra religione e politica, Cosenza, Giordano.Montero, S. (1993), “Los harúspices y la moralidad de la mujer romana”, Athenaeum. 81, 647-658.Montero, S. (1994), Diosas y adivinas. Mujer y adivinación en la Roma antigua, Madrid, Trotta.Montero, S. (2008), “La supplicatio expiatoria como factor de cohesión social”, en N. Spineto (a cura di), La religione come fattore di integrazione: modelli di convivenza e di scambio religioso nel mondo antico. Atti del IV Convegno Internazionale del Gruppo di Ricerca Italo-Spagnolo di Storia delle Religioni Università degli Studi di Torino (29-30 sept. 2006), Alessandria, Edizioni dell´Orso.Moussy, C. (1977), “Esquisse de l’histoire de monstrum”, RÉL, 55, 345-369.Péter, O. M. (2001), “Olim in prodigiis nunc in deliciis. Lo status giuridico dei monstra nel diritto romano”, en G. Hamza, F. Benedek (hrsg.), Iura antiqua-Iura moderna. Festschrift für Ferenc Benedek zum 75. Geburtstag, Pecs, Dialóg Campus Kiadó, 207-216.Sandoz, L. Ch. 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Christopher Stray

J.C. Stobart’s two books, The Glory that was Greece (1911) and The Grandeur that was Rome (1912), were published at the same historical moment as the Loeb Classical Library (1912). Like it they were aimed at a new readership interested in classical antiquity but without Latin or Greek, but adopted very different strategies: the Loebs were small and cheap, while Stobart’s books were monumental, expensive and heavily illustrated volumes. Stobart aimed to provide lucid and approachable texts which commented on their illustrations, while clinging to the traditional view of Classics as a source of eternal value that resisted the change and relativity characteristic of the late nineteenth century. His publisher Frank Sidgwick, son of a celebrated classical teacher, turned from Classics to English literature, and so belonged to a transitional generation in which Latin and Greek were marginalised. Stobart’s two books stood out among contemporary popularising literature as large, expensive and beautifully produced Gesamtkunstwerke.

María Luisa Harto Trujillo

Vargas compuso en 1711 una gramática latina, que pretendía imponer como método de enseñanza en las escuelas jesuitas. Su objetivo era completar y sustituir las gramáticas más populares en la España de su época: El Arte Reformada del P. de la Cerda, el De institutione del P. Álvares y, especialmente, la Minerua del Brocense, obra que empe-zaba a extenderse con gran vigor por la península y por toda Europa.

Víctor Maqque

espanolLa doctora Sabine MacCormack, una historiadora de estudios clasicos y andinos, ha legado su extraordinaria biblioteca al Ins-tituto de Pastoral Andina (iPA) en el Peru. La profesora Sa-bine fue reconocida por su labor academica ejemplar, por sus imprescindibles libros y numerosos articulos sobre la compleja historia colonial de los Andes. Su trayectoria de Alemania al Rei-no Unido y luego a los Estados Unidos ha sido tan significativa como la magnitud de sus investigaciones del mundo clasico gre-corromano y la Latinoamerica colonial. Sus colegas y amigos, reflexionando sobre su tragico fallecimiento, han coincidido en la importancia de un examen intelectual exhaustivo de mundos aparentemente desconectados como el que Sabine llevo a cabo. Los aportes de Sabine, sin embargo, continuan vibrantes en los numerosos seguidores de sus estudios y en la colosal biblioteca personal que con tanto esmero atesoro y organizo y que ahora se encuentra en el Peru.Allpanchis, ano xliv n.83-84, 1.er y 2.do semestres, 2019, pp. 287-298. issn0252 - 8835 EnglishDr. Sabine MacCormack, a historian of Classics and of the Andes, left her extraordinary library to the Instituto Pastoral Andina (IPA) in Peru. Professor MacCormack was recognized by her exemplary scholarship, her books, and numerous articles examining the complex history of colonial Andes. Her trajec-tory from Germany to England, and then to the United States was as significant as the scope of her studies from the classic Greco-Roman to the Andean world. Her colleagues and friends on mourning her tragic death reflected on the importance of a comprehensive intellectual inquiry into the seemingly deta-ched societies that MacCormack studied. The contributions of MacCormack, however, continue thriving on the number of followers of her studies and her carefully collected and curated library that is now located in Peru

Joaquín Velázquez Muñoz

Ainura Kurmanaliyeva, N. Aljanova, M. Manassova

In their paper "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan," Ainura Kurmanaliyeva, Nurlykhan Aljanova and Mira Manassova discuss the cultural features of the Great Silk Road as a marginocentric dialogic location. Among the ancient cities in the territory of Kazakhstan, the paper focuses on the city of Otrar. The city dated from the Persian Empire, when it was known as Fārāb, meaning irrigated lands. Otrar was the birth-place of philosopher and scientist Al Farabi, also known as the 'second teacher' after Aristotle, an important influence on Avicenna and Maimonides. Al Farabi's works can be said to tend a bridge between Eastern and Western philosophical and political systems, connecting also a wide range of disciplines. The last part of the paper discusses the project "Revival of the Great Silk Road" which provides an opportunity for Kazakhstan to implement the advantages of its geographical position, aiming at the modernization of existing cultural sites along the Silk Road, rediscovered as intercultural locations, as well as supporting the creation of jobs and the improvement of living standards in local areas. Ainura Kurmanaliyeva, Nurlykhan Aljanova and Mira Manassova, page 2 of 10 "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan" CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 20.2 (2018): Thematic Issue The One Asia Foundation and its Cooperation and Peace-Making Project. Ed. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate Ainura KURMANALIYEVA, Nurlykhan ALJANOVA and Mira MANASSOVA The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan This paper contributes to the goals of the One Asia Community by pointing out the historical features of The Great Silk Road as a transcontinental bridge between Europe and Asia for many centuries. The Great Silk Road connected peoples, communities and cultures from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, linking territories as well as artistic and spiritual cultures for the first time in the history of mankind. It facilitated the exchange of material assets and trade, as well as the development of crafts, the establishment of new settlements, and the interaction of entire cultural systems. Today, the area continues to play an important role in various industries and communication. The Great Silk Road strongly influenced the territories through which it passed. In the case of this paper, the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan has particular features that can be traced back to those ancient commercial routes and ways of life. The cities along the route retain their status as monuments of ancient civilizations, bearing an important historical and cultural weight, significant for the genetic memory of the Kazakh people. The area that today occupies the Republic of Kazakhstan was both the scene of constant struggles for the possession of territories, and a point of contact between very diverse communities. In particular, this paper will explore the city of Fārāb, also known as Otrar, birthplace of Abu Nasr Muhammad Al-Farabi, one the earliest Islamic intellectuals who contributed to the inter-cultural dialogue of East and West with the transmission of Greek doctrines of Plato and Aristotle to the Muslim world. It would be unfair to reduce the importance of the Great Silk Road in the history of world civilization solely to the silk trade, when its impact was much wider and varied. Trade caravans and diplomatic embassies travelled along the Road, carrying not just Eastern and Western goods, but also cultural and spiritual values. Temples and houses of worship are among the first monuments that contemporary travellers can still find in sites such as Kashgar, Taraz, or Samarkand when they visit today (Nasyrov, Po torgovym putyam 55). The Silk Road not only makes available a variety of ancient sites and cities for today's visitors. Throughout several historical periods, it facilitated contacts between different peoples, and allowed these cultures to penetrate each other. The Silk Road also served as an inexhaustible channel for various kinds of innovations, enabling a great number of achievements in terms of material cultural and spiritual heritage. Indeed, the Silk Road is the historical proof of more than 2000-years of contacts between the East and the West. It also testifies to the possibility of creating of world house of culture as well as a commitment to tolerance and cultural diversity. The first exchanges along the Great Silk Road date from the second half of the 2century BCE, as evidenced in Chinese and Greco-Roman sources. However, cultural, spiritual, political and economic ties had already started in the Neolithic period and in the early agricultural civilizations of the Bronze Age. The Silk Road emerged as a system of caravan routes of various lengths. Caravans were able to travel an average of 23-26 km every day (Baipakov 135; Srednevekovye goroda na Velikom shelkovom puti 135). The intercontinental route was ten thousand kilometres long, the continental Ainura Kurmanaliyeva, Nurlykhan Aljanova and Mira Manassova, page 3 of 10 "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan" CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 20.2 (2018): Thematic Issue The One Asia Foundation and its Cooperation and Peace-Making Project. Ed. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate several thousand, and the local routes only a few kilometres long. There were also smaller paths, mountain trails, hunting grounds and farming pastures. These routes maintained at times a busy transit, serving as an essential strategic road, strengthened by powerful fortifications in a number of nodal points. Contacts along the Great Silk Road gave rise to unique towns and city-states, comprising important architectural pieces and monuments, and functioning as stop-over locations for the travelling caravan groups. The internal structure of these cities clearly reflects the traditional socio-economic system of the settlements and historic centres, promoted along the network of routes. Their layout offers clues to the functions and purpose of the ancient buildings located within the urban centres, whose features were shared across distinct civilizations, from Europe to China, and from the Maghreb to the Indian subcontinent (Nasyrov 55). These sites also provide evidence of the multivalent structures of human communication and knowledge transfer across time and space. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, great efforts are invested in the restoration and protection of these sites. These efforts are also the result of cooperation among other countries in the region, with the support of the world community, as acknowledged by the president of the republic N. Nazarbayev in his message to the nation "Kazakhstan-2030" (see ). The restoration of the Great Silk Road and its ancient landmarks serves Kazakhstan to rehabilitate its identity prior to the years of Soviet rule. It also helps to familiarize the contemporary local population, as well as other communities in Asia and the world, with the original life style of Kazakh nomadic civilizations and the origins of architectural sites and cities. Thus, the restoration of these sites carries information about the cultures of the original Turkic tribes that inhabited the territory, ensuring the continuity of Kazakh heritage and its important contribution to the world's heritage as well. Cities, like people, have their past and present. Not knowing their past, it is difficult to understand their current state and future development. For this reason, it is important to bring to public awareness the cultural characteristics of great number of ancient and medieval cities on the territory of Kazakhstan, as this can contribute to give an idea of Kazakh culture today, a friendly society whose territory has served as point of encounter of many ancient peoples. Many ancient and medieval cities of Kazakhstan disappeared from the earth as a result of wars or natural disasters. Those that remained, preserved the foundations of their economic activity, special political and legal status and topographic signs, some of which can be traced back to this day and interpreted under cross-cultural lens. Indeed, the territory of Kazakhstan in Central Asia was crossed by many of the various caravan routes and paths that formed part of the network of the Great Silk Road. Interaction among cultures took the form of large-scale trading operations, diplomatic agreements and military alliances, but also of cultural exchanges which included two important ground-breaking events: the spread of alphabetic writing and almost alongside it, the expansion the world monotheist religions which emerged from the biblical texts, Judaism, Christianism and Islam. Although the impact of settled civilizations and urban landscapes was decisive, the role of nonsedentary cultures and nomadic societies cannot be underestimated. In general, nomads, among them Ainura Kurmanaliyeva, Nurlykhan Aljanova and Mira Manassova, page 4 of 10 "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan" CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 20.2 (2018): Thematic Issue The One Asia Foundation and its Cooperation and Peace-Making Project. Ed. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate especially the Turkic tribes, Indo-Iranian (or proto-Indo-Europeans), and the Arabs, developed many products, techniques and ideas still used in everyday life by the global community. Scholars such as Lev Gumilev have indicated the importance of the achievements of Turks and Mongols and their cultural legacy. For example, "male clothes, especially trousers and pants, were invented by ancient nomads. The zip first appeared between 200 and 400 years ago in Central Asia. The first two-wheeled wooden cart evolved from the original o

bernarda zupanek, Philip Mason

This paper considers three specific artifact sets and mortuary practices occurring in the Roman south-eastern Alpine world from the first to third centuries ad. These are the ‘Norican-Pannonian’ costume set, the ‘Norican-Pannonian’ barrow phenomenon, and the Latobici ‘House’ urns. These funerary practices and objects have generally been interpreted as expressions of ethnic, social, and gender identities and as spatial boundaries connected with pre-Roman groups in the area. While current interpretations see the presence of Roman material culture as reflecting the Roman conquest, organization, and administration of the provinces—i.e. debates on Romanization that often concentrate on dichotomies between pre-Roman socio-political groups vs. ‘Romans’; civilians vs. soldiers; and elites vs. non-elites—this paper seeks to re-examine earlier explanations by drawing attention to the facets of personal and group identities that may be reflected upon (or negotiated) through these phenomena.