Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Andrew Iskauskas, Max Knobbe, Frank Krauss et al.

We apply, for the first time, Bayes Linear Emulation and History Matching to the calibration of non-perturbative models in Monte Carlo event generators. In contrast to the usual approach of "Monte Carlo tuning", History Matching does not result in best-fit plus ellipsoidal parameter uncertainty estimates but instead identifies all parameter space regions that are consistent with data. This approach leads to a systematic and robust quantification of parametric uncertainties in the models, especially in those challenging cases where different, possibly disjoint, regions of parameter space deliver similar results, which are usually not properly treated with current methodology. We highlight the power of this method with the hadronisation models available through Sherpa: the built-in cluster fragmentation Ahadic and string fragmentation through an interface to Pythia.

Deogratias Tuyisingize, Lars Kulik, Delagnon Assou et al.

ABSTRACT The diversity and composition of mammal communities are strongly influenced by human activities, though these relationships may vary across broad scales. Understanding this variation is key to conservation, as it provides a baseline for planning and evaluating management interventions. We assessed variation in the structure and composition of Afrotropical medium and large mammal communities within and outside protected areas, and under varying human impact. We collected data at 512 locations from 22 study sites in 12 Afrotropical countries over 7 years and 3 months (2011–2018) with 164,474 camera trap days in total. Half of these sites are located inside protected areas and half in unprotected areas. The sites are comparable in that they all harbor at least one great ape species, indicating a minimum level of habitat similarity, though they experience varying degrees of human impact. We applied Bayesian Regression models to relate site protection status and the degree of human impact to mammal communities. Protected area status was positively associated with the proportion of all threatened species, independent of the degree of human impact. Similarly, species richness was associated with area protection but was more sensitive to human impact. For all other attributes of the mammal communities, the pattern was more complex. The influence of human impact partially overrides the positive effects of protected area status, resulting in comparable mammal communities being observed both within protected areas and in similarly remote locations outside these areas. We observed a common pattern for large carnivores, whose probability of occurrence declined significantly with increasing human impact, independent of site protection status. Mammal communities benefit from sustainability measures of socio‐economic context that minimize human impact. Our results support the notion that conservation of mammalian species can be achieved by reducing human impact through targeted conservation measures, adopting landscape‐level management strategies, fostering community engagement, and safeguarding remote habitats with high mammal diversity.

Jingyang Ke, Feiyang Wu, Jiyi Wang et al.

Traditional approaches to studying decision-making in neuroscience focus on simplified behavioral tasks where animals perform repetitive, stereotyped actions to receive explicit rewards. While informative, these methods constrain our understanding of decision-making to short timescale behaviors driven by explicit goals. In natural environments, animals exhibit more complex, long-term behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations that are often unobservable. Recent works in time-varying inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aim to capture shifting motivations in long-term, freely moving behaviors. However, a crucial challenge remains: animals make decisions based on their history, not just their current state. To address this, we introduce SWIRL (SWitching IRL), a novel framework that extends traditional IRL by incorporating time-varying, history-dependent reward functions. SWIRL models long behavioral sequences as transitions between short-term decision-making processes, each governed by a unique reward function. SWIRL incorporates biologically plausible history dependency to capture how past decisions and environmental contexts shape behavior, offering a more accurate description of animal decision-making. We apply SWIRL to simulated and real-world animal behavior datasets and show that it outperforms models lacking history dependency, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This work presents the first IRL model to incorporate history-dependent policies and rewards to advance our understanding of complex, naturalistic decision-making in animals.

Ewoud Wempe, Amina Helmi, Simon D. M. White et al.

We study the mass growth histories of the halos of Milky Way and M31 analogues formed in constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group. These simulations constitute a fair and representative set of $Λ$CDM realisations conditioned on properties of the main Local Group galaxies, such as their masses, relative separation, dynamics and environment. Comparing with isolated analogues extracted from the TNG dark-matter-only simulations, we find that while our M31 halos have a comparable mass growth history to their isolated counterparts, our Milky Ways typically form earlier and their growth is suppressed at late times. Mass growth associated to major and minor mergers is also biased early for the Milky Way in comparison to M31, with most accretion occurring 1 - 4 Gyr after the Big Bang, and a relatively quiescent history at later times. 32% of our Milky Ways experienced a Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES)-like merger, while 13% host an LMC-like object at the present day, with 5% having both. In one case, an SMC- and a Sagittarius-analogue are also present, showing that the most important mergers of the Milky Way in its Local Group environment can be reproduced in $Λ$CDM. We find that the material that makes up the Milky Way and M31 halos at the present day first collapsed onto a plane roughly aligned with the Local Sheet and Supergalactic plane; after $z \sim 2$, accretion occurred mostly within this plane, with the tidal effects of the heavier companion, M31, significantly impacting the late growth history of the Milky Way.

Karolina Bielenin-Lenczowska

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak w języku odsłaniają się różne formy zaangażowania i solidarności względem uchodźców i uchodźczyń z Ukrainy oraz jak ta solidarność bywa wybiórcza. Autorka przygląda się dynamicznie zmieniającym się elementom krajobrazu społeczno-językowego w podwarszawskim małym mieście po wybuchu pełnoskalowej wojny w Ukrainie. Bazując na etnograficznych badaniach terenowych, obserwacji, wywiadach oraz działalności wolontariackiej, autorka poddaje analizie językowe i pozajęzykowe znaki obecności uchodźców z Ukrainy oraz różnorodne formy wsparcia.

Славомир Штобрин

There is proposed the analysis of conceptual foundations in researching of Poles’ national character on materials of Julian Leopold Ochorowicz (1850-1917) scientific heritage connected with philosophical and pedagogical implications of his ideas. Ochorowicz’s contribution to interdisciplinary approach on Poles’ national character is emphasizing. The heuristically potential of this approach is explicated using reconstruction and systemizing of his views, which had played a significant role in determining intentionality in discussions on the matter «What philosophy do Poles need?” for the successful self-statement in their national being. Critically evaluating of this experience there is combined with verifying of his theoretical assumptions that should be actual also in Ukrainian social and cultural contexts. Ochorowicz belongs to the group of outstanding Polish scholars with wide scientific interests and original achievements. This article presents his research on history perceived as a collective psychological process. In Poland, Ochorowicz should be regarded as a precursor of psychohistory. An important role in his conception is played by the theory of the so-called residual symptoms, on the basis of which he developed the concept of Poles’ national character with its educational implications. The question about the rudiments of our national character sharpens in border situations, in which those traits, previously presented in a declarative form, are verified. The strength of a nation is encoded in the irreal sphere, i.e. in the sphere of values around which people group themselves.

Damian Kasprzyk

The paper attempts to answer the question about the conditions for the implementation of regionalist ideas within the Jewish community across Polish territories, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author identifies internal variations within this community, delineating diverse stances towards local character and varied circumstances surrounding the practice of regionalist endeavours. The text presents statements (declarations) made by Diaspora representatives, testifying to their attachment to the land (place) of their birth, as well as activities that can be regarded as an emanation of such a relationship. Furthermore, the profiles of several enthusiasts with Jewish roots, pursuing their regional interests in various places in the Republic of Poland and at different moments in its history, are presented. The categories of nostalgia, sentiment, establishing roots, and the concept of a “little homeland” are also highlighted.

Jarosław R. Marczewski

Biskup Władysław Goral należy do grona 108 beatyfikowanych polskich męczenników II wojny światowej. Jako lubelski biskup pomocniczy został w 1939 r. skazany przez niemiecki sąd nazistowski na karę śmierci, zamienioną następnie na dożywotnie więzienie. Wobec niekompletnych danych źródłowych, po długiej dyskusji naukowej, utrwalił się pogląd, że jego śmierć nastąpiła pomiędzy lutym a kwietniem 1945 r. w obozie koncentracyjnym Sachsenhausen, gdzie był więziony przez ponad pięć lat. Dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na ten temat podważa nowo odkryty dokument z niemieckich archiwów. Są to zeznania Hansa Appela, współwięźnia z KL Sachsenhausen, który 21 kwietnia 1945 r. miał wraz z bp. Goralem zostać przewieziony do obozu koncentracyjnego w Ravensbrück. W artykule została zweryfikowana wartość ostatnio odnalezionego dokumentu. W rezultacie postawiono hipotezę o zamordowaniu bp. Gorala w Ravensbrück pomiędzy 21 a 29 kwietnia 1945 r. i przedstawiono argumentację przemawiającą za nowymi okolicznościami jego śmierci.

Kathrin van Bremen, Miłosz Parczewski, Malte Monin et al.

<b>Introduction:</b> War in Ukraine prompted an enormous refugee influx into Europe, including approximately 4200 people with HIV. The unique healthcare features of Ukrainian refugees living with HIV were compared between two infectious disease departments in Bonn, Germany, and Szczecin, Poland. <b>Methods:</b> This is a retrospective study on 161 people living with HIV (PLWH) refugees from Ukraine seeking care in Bonn (n = 30) and Szczecin (n = 131) between April 2022 and May 2023. Demographic, virologic, immunologic, and coinfection data were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> The majority of the studied individuals were female: 64% (n = 84) in Szczecin and 60% (n = 18) in Bonn. The main HIV transmission mode was heterosexual sex in 73.5% (n = 114). All were on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on arrival, primarily on the TLD regimen (TDF/3TC/DTG) (68.4%, n = 106). In Germany, cART was most frequently switched to BIC/TAF/FTC in 83.4% (n = 25); in Poland, the most common combination was TDF/FTC + DTG (58%, n = 76). A prevalence of replicating hepatitis C was in 11.7% (n = 15), and that for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) was in 4.7% (n = 4). History of past tuberculosis was reported in 16.9% (n = 14, Poland, and n = 7, Germany). Follow-up after 6 months showed immunological reconstitution with a mean increase of CD4+ of 10 (IQR: −69.5–120.5) cells/µL in Poland and 51.5 (IQR: −22.5–135.5) cells/µL in Germany; <i>p</i> = 0.04. Virologic suppression (<40 HIV-RNA/mL) was high in care entry (n = 62; 98%) for Poland, and n = 26 (92.6%) for Germany, and suppression was achieved in the majority of patients in the 6-month control (89.7% in Poland vs. 95.7% in Germany). <b>Conclusions:</b> Health challenges posed by war migration extend beyond HIV to coinfections as HBV, HCV, and tuberculosis give an indication for a broader search for coinfections, often less common in the new country.

Akash Gupta, Ivaxi Sheth, Vyas Raina et al.

With the recent emergence of powerful instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), various helpful conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been deployed across many applications. When prompted by users, these AI systems successfully perform a wide range of tasks as part of a conversation. To provide some sort of memory and context, such approaches typically condition their output on the entire conversational history. Although this sensitivity to the conversational history can often lead to improved performance on subsequent tasks, we find that performance can in fact also be negatively impacted, if there is a task-switch. To the best of our knowledge, our work makes the first attempt to formalize the study of such vulnerabilities and interference of tasks in conversational LLMs caused by task-switches in the conversational history. Our experiments across 5 datasets with 15 task switches using popular LLMs reveal that many of the task-switches can lead to significant performance degradation.

Aušra Navickienė

- To recognise the exceptional role of the first Eastern European printer Francysk Skaryna in the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, intercultural relations, the pro-European society of the neighbouring Belarusian society, and the development of Lithuanian statehood, the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania proclaimed the year 2022 as the Year of Francysk Skaryna. The most important scientific event of the year was the international scientific conference initiated by the Department of Book, Media and Publishing Studies of the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University and the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and entitled Francysk Skaryna and the Renaissance Book Culture: Skaryna’s Little Traveller’s Book Turns 500 which took place on 22–23 September 2022. In collaboration with foreign and Lithuanian partners – the global Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP), the Charles University in Prague, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, and the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences – the organisers succeeded in brin­ging together researchers from fifteen European and North American countries representing a variety of academic schools. In order to cover such a wide field of interdisciplinary research, the conference was attended by world-class experts in Renaissance book culture and scholars of Skaryna as the guest speakers: Dr. Alexandra Gillespie from the University of Toronto Mississauga, Prof. Dr. James Raven from the Universities of Essex, Cambridge and Trondheim, Habil. Dr. Alexander Grusha, Associate Professor Habil. Dr. Ilya Lemeshkin from the Charles University in Prague, and Habil. Dr. Sergey Temchin from the Institute of Lithuanian Language. During the two days, in eight sessions, scholars of communication and information, and researchers of ancient literature, language and history addressed questions concerning prominent figures of Renaissance printing culture and the phenomena of the creation, publishing, production, dissemination and reception of print media, the first post-incunabula of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the culture of the manuscript book in the Grand Duchy and other European regions, the spread of printing in Europe, and the special features of print media culture in the Grand Duchy, institutional and private libraries, reading and readers, the dissemination of books in society, and the manuscript and printed heritage of the Grand Duchy and its communication. In response to the invitation, distinguished guests and sponsors participated in the opening of the conference. The conference participants were greeted by Head of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė, the President of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Academician Prof. Habil. Dr. Juras Banys, the Rector of Vilnius University, Prof. Dr. Rimvydas Petrauskas, the President of the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing, the world’s leading organisation in such scholarship, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shef Rogers from the University of Otago in New Zealand (the fifth president of SHARP who continues his cooperation with the organisers of the Vilnius Book Studies Conferences), and Dr. Małgorzata Stafanowicz-Pecela, Director of the Polish Institute in Vilnius and Counsellor of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Vilnius. This anniversary-related scientific event continued the tradition of interdisciplinary conferences on book studies in Vilnius. It became the nineteenth international conference initiated by book scholars of Vilnius University and the third conference in Vilnius organised in cooperation with SHARP. It was also the first academic event to gain the status of a Vilnius Municipality-sponsored event. The hybrid mode of the conference delivery, simultaneous translation, and the rich social programme of the event helped the organisers reach a wide multilingual audience of participants and create an environment conducive to informal scholarly communication, which is important for networking, planning collaborations, and sharing research ideas. This 80th volume of Knygotyra (Book Science), the international academic journal of Vilnius University, is thematic. It publishes scholarly articles on Skaryna studies and Renaissance book culture developed by the authors on the basis of their conference presentations. It also publishes materials relating to the discussion about the time and place of the printing of Skaryna’s Little Traveller’s Book (Malaya podorozhnaya knizhica) which took place during the conference. We hope that this volume will serve as a means of introducing international scholarly audiences to the latest insights of Skaryna studies and scholars of Renaissance book culture from different schools of thought, the achievements of international research in the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the approach to Skaryna’s publishing as a European and humanist activity and as a phenomenon of Renaissance European book culture.

Małgorzata Karkocha

Pieczka Adam, Dumańska-Słowik Magdalena, Kierczak Jakub

Among nearly 6,000 minerals approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), 34 have been discovered on Polish territory. The article describes the history of these discoveries and the procedure for submitting and approving new minerals. It is noted that the vast majority of the new species found in Poland were described by or in cooperation with Polish mineralogists. Three minerals from the list were described in the 19th century, and seven in the 20th century, while most discoveries took place as early as the 21st century. This is a result of (i) the new equipment acquired by the Polish research units enabling accurate structural and chemical studies of minerals, and (ii) fruitful cooperation between mineralogists from Polish and foreign research centers. This is a very labour-intensive and time-consuming process that is not always successful. It is clear that the discoveries of new minerals are important not only for sciences but also for the economy. They provide information on the mineral-forming processes and are the source of valuable elements (e.g. Nb, Ta - nioboholtite, żabińskiite; Tl- thalliomelane and Sc- scandio-winchite, heflikite) that are often critical in modern industries.

Nicolas Perreaux

This article examines the importance of graphic representations in the social sciences, and particularly in (medieval) history, taking as its starting point a reflection by {É}tienne-Jules Marey, a physiologist and pioneer of 19th-century photography and cinema. Marey believed that the visual should replace language in many fields. Indeed, the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an exponential multiplication of visual media, particularly with the advent of digital technology. However, this ''graphics revolution'' has not affected all disciplines equally. Significant differences remain between scientific fields such as astrophysics, anthropology, chemistry and medieval history, despite their shared commitment to describing dynamic processes and changes of state. Yet, while historians have already digitized a large part of the cultural heritage from Antiquity to the 10th-13th centuries, exploration of this corpus using visualizations remains limited. There is therefore untapped potential in this field.This article begins by outlining a typology and quantification of the past and potential roles of visual representations in medieval history. It examines two distinct intellectual approaches: 1. the use of visuals to support a scientific discourse (majority) and 2. the construction of a historical discourse based on observations made from visual figures with the aim of modeling phenomena invisible to the naked eye. The author thus examines the use of ''images'' in medievalism, focusing on the annual volumes of the Soci{é}t{é} des historiens m{é}di{é}vistes de l'enseignement sup{é}rieur (SHMESP), up to 2006. Two other parts of the text look at the still-rare forms of visual representation in medieval history, particularly those with a ''heuristic vocation'', using iconographic objects, parchments, buildings and digitized texts. The article suggests various visualization techniques, such as network analysis, the creation of ''stemmas 2.0'' and interactive chronologies, which could benefit the discipline. These methods could potentially profoundly change our understanding of ancient societies, by showing the dynamic relationships between different aspects of these societies. One of the most important advances expected from these visual methods is a better understanding of the patterns of development in medieval Europe, which varied from region to region. The hypothesis is that the scarcity of heuristic graphics in medieval history stems from the relationship with ancient documents and the historical method based on narration and exemplarity. The article thus questions the value of ''visual modelling'' in medieval history, and highlights the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of this approach in the humanities and social sciences. Finally, the text invites us to reflect on the nature and functioning of heuristic visual devices, by comparing medieval ''images'' and contemporary scientific visuals. In both cases, the point is to materialize the invisible in order to show something that exists beyond the visual. The author suggests that this way of approaching visuals could play a growing role in the decades to come, particularly in the field of data science.

Guy Tennenholtz, Nadav Merlis, Lior Shani et al.

We introduce Dynamic Contextual Markov Decision Processes (DCMDPs), a novel reinforcement learning framework for history-dependent environments that generalizes the contextual MDP framework to handle non-Markov environments, where contexts change over time. We consider special cases of the model, with a focus on logistic DCMDPs, which break the exponential dependence on history length by leveraging aggregation functions to determine context transitions. This special structure allows us to derive an upper-confidence-bound style algorithm for which we establish regret bounds. Motivated by our theoretical results, we introduce a practical model-based algorithm for logistic DCMDPs that plans in a latent space and uses optimism over history-dependent features. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on a recommendation task (using MovieLens data) where user behavior dynamics evolve in response to recommendations.

Javier Iranzo-Sánchez, Jorge Civera, Alfons Juan

Simultaneous Machine Translation is the task of incrementally translating an input sentence before it is fully available. Currently, simultaneous translation is carried out by translating each sentence independently of the previously translated text. More generally, Streaming MT can be understood as an extension of Simultaneous MT to the incremental translation of a continuous input text stream. In this work, a state-of-the-art simultaneous sentence-level MT system is extended to the streaming setup by leveraging the streaming history. Extensive empirical results are reported on IWSLT Translation Tasks, showing that leveraging the streaming history leads to significant quality gains. In particular, the proposed system proves to compare favorably to the best performing systems.

James Taylor, Colin Devey, Morgane Le Saout et al.

During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment.

Adrian Łukasz Cieślik

Na lata 1909–2004 przypadła w Dobrej praca sióstr zakonnych ze zgromadzenia Służebniczek Bogarodzicy Dziewicy Niepokalanie Poczętej, zwanych potocznie Służebniczkami Dębickimi. Artykuł niniejszy traktuje o ich pracy – niezwykle skromnej, acz tak bardzo potrzebnej dla wspólnoty parafialnej – siostry troszczyły się w tym czasie o chorych, ubogich, pomagały starszym, pracowały przy parafii, troszcząc się o wygląd kościoła i stan bielizny kościelnej, prowadziły katechezę, a przede wszystkim prowadziły ochronkę dla dzieci, co było głównym ich celem i zadaniem. W artykule zostały ukazane także trudności, z jakimi siostry się zmagały, a wszystko oparte zostało o materiały archiwalne pozostałe po siostrach oraz o ich wspomnienia. Artykuł jest nowatorski, gdyż porusza zagadnienia dotąd nieopracowane.

Michał Smułczyński

The PiS party, which has been in power in Poland since October 2015, has completely subjugated the public television TVP. Every day, it runs the state propaganda, whose symbol has become the headlines in the main Polish news called Wiadomości (The News). Germany, along with the opposition and the EU, is most often attacked in them. Headlines such as “Germany does not want a strong Poland”, “Brussels, Berlin and the opposition are against Poland”, “The opposition and Germany want to punish Poland” are not uncommon and are jokingly called paski grozy (horror headlines) by internet users. The aim of this article is to examine selected headlines in relation to the linguistic persuasion strategies that serve to reinforce the negative image of Germany in Poland on the one hand, and lead to the heating up of anti-German emotions on the other. A headline is understood here as a short sentence or sentence ellipsis that has a visual character and fulfils an introductory function for the right journalistic material. The character and communication pragmatic role of such headlines coincide with those known from the press. The corpus comprises 34 headlines coming from the period of 2016–2019 and was divided into four domains with regard to the topics touched upon in them: Politics, History, Society or Economy. In the analysis, elements related to the linguistic expression of reality assessment were taken into account. Four groups of these elements were distinguished: words and expressions independent of the author, interrogative sentences, evaluative elements at the system and sentence level, and evaluative elements referring to the external linguistic context. The analysis shows that with the help of the evaluation elements at the system and sentence level, connotations and implicatures, Germany and Germans were presented in a clearly unfavourable light. In eight headlines, negative information was implied, five headlines contained negative connotations, and in six headlines other negatively charged evaluation elements were added to neutral terms. Finally, in seven headlines, lexemes occur that have exclusively a hostility-increasing role. Only 3 headlines were classified as neutral.

Meng-Hua Zhu, Natalia Artemieva, Alessandro Morbidelli et al.

The importance of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) to track planetary late accretion has long been recognized. However, the precise nature of the Moon's accretional history remains enigmatic. There exists a significant mismatch of HSE budgets between the Earth and Moon, with the Earth disproportionally accreted far more HSEs than the Moon did. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain this conundrum, including the delivery of HSEs to Earth by a few big impactors, the accretion of pebble-sized objects on dynamically cold orbits that enhanced the Earth's gravitational focusing factor, and the "sawtooth model" with much reduced impact flux before ~4.10 Gyr. However, most of these models assume a high impactor retention ratio f (fraction of impactor mass retained on the target) for the Moon. Here, we performed a series of impact simulations to quantify the f-value, followed by a Monte Carlo procedure enacting a monotonically decaying impact flux, to compute the mass accreted into lunar crust and mantle over their histories. We found that the average f-value for the Moon's entire impact history is about 3 times lower than previously estimated. Our results indicate that, to match the HSE budget of lunar crust and mantle, the retention of HSEs should have started ~ 4.35 Gyr ago, when most of lunar magma ocean was solidified. Mass accreted prior to 4.35 Gyr must have lost its HSE to the lunar core, presumably during the lunar mantle crystallization. The combination of a low impactor retention ratio and a late retention of HSEs in the lunar mantle provide a realistic explanation for the apparent deficit of Moon's late accreted mass relative to the Earth.