This paper reignites the debate over Locke’s one-act versus two-act account of knowledge and judgment, reassessing the recent inclination to discuss his theory within the justified true belief (JTB+) framework of Anglo-American analytic epistemology. After clarifying the key issues, it defends the one-act account by critically engaging with recent scholarship, highlighting weaknesses in the arguments of one-act proponents against the two-act account, and offering new counterarguments against the latter. Ultimately, it argues why situating Locke’s broader view of knowledge within a post-Gettierian epistemological framework is an ill-suited approach.
Yu. V. Mikhailova, A. D. Molchanov, A. A. Shelenkov
et al.
Relevance. Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes listeriosis, which represents a widespread infectious disease currently inflicting great damage to livestock production and posing a serious threat to human health.Aim. To analyze the population structure and assess the pathogenic potential of Listeria monocytogenes isolates isolated on the territory of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. A total of 79 listeria isolates were isolated from food products. Species identification and phenotypic analysis for antibiotic resistance were performed using VITEK MS system (bioMerieux, Marcyl’toile, France). Thirty-five antibiotic-resistant isolates were characterized by analysis of whole-genome sequencing data.Results. Whole genome sequences of thirty-five antibiotic-resistant Listeria monocytogenes isolates of food origin were analyzed. We determined clonal structure of this population and revealed a small number of antibiotic resistance determinants (fosX, tetM и сlpL), extensive set of virulence factors, as well as the presence of CRISPR/Cas systems. Most of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic line II and were divided into nine clonal complexes with the prevalence of CC121, which was one of the epidemiologically significant genetic clones. Two CC2 isolates belonging to the most pathogenic phylogenetic lineage I were also found. Thirteen isolates were characterized by the presence of putative CRISPR/Cas systems of IB and IIA types. All ST 121 isolates contained two types of identified adaptive immunity systems simultaneously in their genomes. Correlation analysis confirmed their functionality.Conclusion. We believe that the whole genome data obtained for the foodborne Listeria monocytogenes isolates will facilitate and complement further epidemiological studies of this pathogen, as well as the investigations of its genome variability in terms of the acquisition of various genetic elements associated with adaptation, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence. Moreover, the results of such studies will help to develop preventive measures to effectively solve problems associated with the bacterial contamination of animal products and ensure food safety in production conditions and the «farm-to-table» chain.
The problems of the influence of the second generation of myths on the consciousness of man and society are considered. The study is conditioned by the growing influence of the latest political and social myths, which are created on the basis of archetypes that formed the cultural foundations of modern civilisations. Crisis situations in society, when individuals in society are unable to explain the events taking place from the point of view of reason, intensify irrational factors in the interpretation of existence, which actualises the appeal to the philosophical understanding of modern mythogenesis.
The study shows that the creators of second-generation myths (newer myths that use the archetypes of first-generation myths) can have a different impact on society. By creating social myths, they can either help an individual to identify with a particular culture, social group, etc., contribute to unifying society, stabilising it and mobilising people’s efforts to achieve common goals, or lead to intolerance towards other groups in society. Destructive myth-making can be used by certain groups to destabilise and divide society.
Based on a study of the impact of modern myth-making on the consciousness of individuals and society, the author concludes that the destructive influence of second-generation myths can only be countered if individuals are better acquainted with the history, culture, customs and traditions of other nations, which will allow them to rationally explain the content of myths. A philosophical understanding of the content of myths helps to be critical of their content, to understand the hidden meanings of their symbols, and to recognise in whose interests certain views and concepts are imposed.
Relevance. In the Russian Federation, in recent decades, there has been a decrease in the incidence of hepatitis A (HA), at the same time, not only sporadic morbidity is registered, but also an outbreak. A decrease in the circulation of the HA virus affected the increase in the number of people without antibodies to the virus, which led to a shift in the incidence to older age groups and an increase in more severe forms of the disease. Hepatitis E (HE) is quite widespread in the world, and its specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis in some countries reaches 50.0%. HE has been registered in the Russian Federation only since 2013. only in certain territories, and the incidence rates are very low. In all likelihood, this indicates a hidden circulation of the HE virus in the Russian Federation. To understand the current epidemiological situation in the incidence of HA and HE, it is necessary to understand the current trends in the epidemic process of these infections. The purpose of this work was to compile an epidemiological characteristic of the incidence of hepatitis A and E in the population of the Russian Federation at the present stage for the formation of proposals for improving the system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of viral hepatitis A and E in the territory of the Russian Federation, including in federal districts, was carried out. The materials for the study were the forms of official statistical observation No. 2, 5, 6 and 23, as well as state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being» in the Russian Federation region for 2011–2020.Results. The conducted research allows us to compare the epidemic process of hepatitis A and E in the Russian Federation with other regions of the world. The intensity of the epidemic process of HA has significantly decreased, at the same time, there is an uneven distribution of morbidity in various federal districts. In the age structure of patients with HA, the highest incidence rates are observed among the child population and adolescents. The frequency of HA infection and a decrease in the specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis were revealed. Although the territory of the Russian Federation is not endemic for hepatitis E, this disease has taken root completely. The incidence of hepatitis E in the Russian Federation is at a sporadic level. The highest incidence of HE in the Russian Federation was observed among the adult population aged 18 years and older. The issue of carrying out preventive measures, including vaccination, remains relevant.Conclusion. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there is currently a steady trend of reducing the incidence of hepatitis A. However, children under the age of 14, adolescents, as well as nonimmune adults, among whom cases of diseases are registered, are still at risk. This requires adjusting the methods of preventing this infection, which is possible not only by improving sanitary and communal improvements, but also by vaccination within the national vaccination calendar, and not only for epidemic indications. The true incidence of HE today is obviously much higher than that recorded in official statistical forms, and this requires the introduction into clinical practice (especially at the polyclinic level) of modern available tests for detecting markers of the hepatitis E virus when examining patients with symptoms of liver damage, as well as the development of effective prevention methods.
У статті викладені результати дослідження історії виникнення уявлень про фізичний і соціальний простори в рамках європейської інтелектуальної традиції XVIII-XX ст. В роботі використані історико-порівняльний та феноменологічний методи. Точкою відліку нашого дослідження стала коротка експлікація апріорних підстав вчення про фізичний простір в межах трансцендентальної естетики І.Канта. Завдяки історико-порівняльному методу вдалося викласти історію поняття простору в контексті ранньої німецької (М.Вебер) і ранньої французької (Е.Дюркгейм) соціогуманітарної думки. Було показано, що соціологічний метод Е. Дюркгейма побудований на принципах класичного кантіанства з його вченням про речі в собі. У свою чергу М.Вебер, навпаки, відмовився від принципу речі в собі, оскільки його соціологічні погляди знаходилися під прямим впливом неокантіанства В.Віндельбанда і Г.Ріккерта. Стан питання в післявоєнний період викладено за допомогою порівняння понять соціального простору в феноменологічній соціології А.Шютца, П.Бергера і Т. Лукмана і в постструктуралізмі Г.Дебора, М.Фуко і П.Бурдьє. Феноменологічний метод сприяв виявленню трансцендентального аспекту в конструкції поняття соціального простору. У роботах М. Фуко було знайдено перші спроби визначення цифрового простору, викладені у вигляді метафори «дзеркала». Порівняльний аналіз соціального та цифрового простору продемонстрував трансформацію поняття «насильство». Соціальне насильство в соціальному просторі виникло в роздумах ситуаціоністів з приводу урбанізації, а цифрове насильство в цифровому середовищі є не насильством як таким, а відмовою від низки розумових операцій, фундаментальних для феноменологічного пізнання. У статті аргументовано положення про необхідність збереження поняття інтенційності для всебічного уявлення про зв’язок цифрового простору і свідомості людини.
Abstract Narrative-works are the lifeblood of femme scholarship. Through this medium, femmes write themselves into existence. In this article, I begin with my own story of femme and examine the backdrop of patriarchal femininity that positions pieces of me as being at odds, disjointed, and something needing to be reconciled. Indeed, many current frameworks and dominant framings for understanding femininity create disjunctures needing to be reconciled and fail to include diverse feminine perspectives in ways that constitute epistemic and hermeneutical injustices. Using my own femme becoming as a guide, I offer this process of femme reconcilement as a framework that can be applied to dislodge feminine normativity and challenge the assumptions researchers make about femininity within their work. In this article I highlight the importance of femme epistemologies; the importance of valuing feminine knowledge, and how the absented femme highlights the continued god-trick of objectivity. Here, I discuss how femme narratives can be used to bolster femme as theory and critical analytic. This situated knowledge holds the possibility to inform novel methodological frameworks and to substantially shift the way researchers think about femininity and feminine people.
This article furthers a sociomaterial framework to examine inter-organizational boundaries in government IT projects. It engages in a dialogue with the practice theory-based approach to boundary spanning and utilizes analytical tools and epistemologies drawn from the social studies of technology. It aims to contribute to a situated, material understanding of inter-organizational boundaries. We argue that boundaries in outsourcing relationships can be de facto enacted through definitions of what counts as relevant knowledge. Information systems have a key role in eliciting such definitions, thus establishing knowledge asymmetries and regimes of inclusion and exclusion. The article responds to the call to value the role of artefacts in IT research. Furthermore, it eventually shows that understanding knowledge asymmetries triggered at the micro-level of information systems can help to examine macro-scale transformations between the public and the private sectors. To illustrate the framework, two ethnographic case studies of governmental IT projects are discussed. The first case concerns a permit and licence submission service in Italy. The second case analyses a 20-year-long database integration carried on at the Dutch land registry. In the first case, information systems made relevant a form of knowledge developed by contractors; in the second case, the integration process valued knowledge developed in-house. Three sets of implications are drawn for the theory and practice of inter-organizational IT projects. To conclude, the article focuses on inter-organizational boundaries involving the public and the private sectors and foresees a novel interdisciplinary research direction at the confluence of information systems and political studies.
Feminist cultural studies and feminist theory in genealogies of fan studies are taken for granted. However, the implications of feminist methodological and epistemological frameworks within discussions of fan studies methodology are more often inferred than directly stated—or cited. Examining the parallel debates taking place around knowledge, power, and reflexivity within feminist theory, feminist cultural studies, and fan studies illustrates how key methodological approaches within fan studies are deeply grounded in feminist epistemology and ontology. Building on theorizations of the dual positionality of the acafan alongside feminist theorizations of self-reflexivity permits an exploration of how acafandom aligns with feminist methodological frameworks regarding researcher fragmentation and reflexivity. Emotion and affect are important concerns for acafan scholarship to address, as they align fan studies with feminist traditions of personal and autobiographical writing that privilege subjectivity as a legitimate source of knowledge. Explicitly reframing fan studies within this theoretical and methodological context augments the understanding of many of the fundamental beliefs and principles underpinning the production of knowledge within fan studies, and helps refine the critical language used to frame and describe scholarly methodologies.
Yana Volodymyrivna Zoska, Stanislav Lovych Katayev
В статті розглядаються результати аналізу демографічних та майнових характеристик голів об’єднаних територіальних громад на прикладі деяких східних областей України. Стверджується, що переважна більшість голів ОТГ були обрані зі складу колишніх голів сільських та селищних рад і інших керівників органів місцевої влади. Робиться висновок, що у процесі децентралізації оновлення влади в сільських громадах не відбулося і місцева еліта завдяки виборам в ОТГ закріпила свої керівні позиції.
“Gettier cases” have played a major role in Anglo-American analytic epistemology over the past fifty years. Philosophers have grouped a bewildering array of examples under the heading “Gettier case.” Philosophers claim that these cases are obvious counterexamples to the “traditional” analysis of knowledge as justified true belief, and they treat correctly classifying the cases as a criterion for judging proposed theories of knowledge. Cognitive scientists recently began testing whether philosophers are right about these cases. It turns out that philosophers were partly right and partly wrong. Some “Gettier cases” are obvious examples of ignorance, but others are obvious examples of knowledge. It also turns out that much research in this area of philosophy is marred by experimenter bias, invented historical claims, dysfunctional categorization of examples, and mischaracterization by philosophers of their own intuitive judgments about particular cases. Despite these shortcomings, lessons learned from studying “Gettier cases” are leading to important insights about knowledge and knowledge attributions, which are central components of social cognition.
A very broad conceptual diagram of the epistemology of the field of urban morphology is provided as a first step to illustrating the potential connections between different schools of thought. A study of the methods of generating knowledge in this field shows that there are many conceptual and methodological practices that are shared. This shared epistemology can become a basis for comparing the kinds of theories and knowledge generated by different schools of thought. The methods used, the bases for judging their validity, and the scope of enquiries are considered. A systematic definition of the elements that morphologists use for their interpretations is proposed.
Amanda Almeida Domingues, Maria Conceição da Costa
O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar a trajetória de colaboração internacional da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) e identificar os fatores internos à instituição e ao país, bem como os externos, que influenciaram as decisões e as mudanças em sua colaboração internacional. A metodologia do artigo está fundada na análise de relatórios anuais da FAPESP, em artigos científicos, livros e produções acadêmicas, na revista Pesquisa FAPESP, em informações disponíveis no website da instituição, na base de dados Biblioteca Virtual da FAPESP, bem como em entrevistas realizadas com alguns dirigentes. Argumentamos que as transformações ocorridas nos acordos e auxílios à colaboração internacional são consequências de conjunturas políticas e econômicas, nacionais e internacionais, vividas pela instituição nas últimas décadas e mostramos como cada uma dela afetou a colaboração internacional da FAPESP.
Neste ensaio discute-se o diálogo entre hipótese e experimentação na construção do conhecimento científico, explicitando as novas preocupações epistêmicas que se teve com o experimento, sobretudo no início dos anos 80. Apresenta-se, sucintamente, concepções da experimentação normalmente disseminadas no ensino de ciências. Através do conceito de experimentação exploratória, delineado por Steinle, discorre-se sobre a distinção explicitada por Reichenbach entre os contextos da descoberta e da justificativa evidenciando, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, pertinentes objeções a essa dicotomia à luz da moderna filosofia da ciência.
An assessment of the current toxocariasis situation in the Russian Federation was made. Several data sources have been examined for this purpose - statistical materials on the toxocariasis incidence of the Russian population in 2008 - 2012, the Regional Services on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance State reports concerning the administrative territories in 2010 -2012 about the sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the population, the results of their own research and the published data. Nowadays, in different regions of the Russian Federation, there is considerable variation in toxocariasis incidence values. On a number of areas located in similar climatic conditions and landscape-geographical zones recorded both low and high levels of morbidity, the most pronounced among children. Antibodies to toxocara detected in different climatic zones of the population, the proportion of seropositive, according seroepidemiological studies is 5.4 - 33.6% of adults and 11.8 - 35.2% among children. It is concluded that the incidence of toxocariasis significantly higher reported rates of statistical observation. The need to develop a guidance document, reflecting the diagnostic value of clinical and laboratory signs of toxocariasis and epidemiological evidence for screening for toxocariasis threatened populations.