Hasil untuk "Environmental effects of industries and plants"

R. Peixoto, P. Rosado, D. C. A. Leite et al.

The symbiotic association between the coral animal and its endosymbiotic dinoflagellate partner Symbiodinium is central to the success of corals. However, an array of other microorganisms associated with coral (i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and viruses) have a complex and intricate role in maintaining homeostasis between corals and Symbiodinium. Corals are sensitive to shifts in the surrounding environmental conditions. One of the most widely reported responses of coral to stressful environmental conditions is bleaching. During this event, corals expel Symbiodinium cells from their gastrodermal tissues upon experiencing extended seawater temperatures above their thermal threshold. An array of other environmental stressors can also destabilize the coral microbiome, resulting in compromised health of the host, which may include disease and mortality in the worst scenario. However, the exact mechanisms by which the coral microbiome supports coral health and increases resilience are poorly understood. Earlier studies of coral microbiology proposed a coral probiotic hypothesis, wherein a dynamic relationship exists between corals and their symbiotic microorganisms, selecting for the coral holobiont that is best suited for the prevailing environmental conditions. Here, we discuss the microbial-host relationships within the coral holobiont, along with their potential roles in maintaining coral health. We propose the term BMC (Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals) to define (specific) symbionts that promote coral health. This term and concept are analogous to the term Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosphere (PGPR), which has been widely explored and manipulated in the agricultural industry for microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere and directly or indirectly promote plant growth and development through the production of regulatory signals, antibiotics and nutrients. Additionally, we propose and discuss the potential mechanisms of the effects of BMC on corals, suggesting strategies for the use of this knowledge to manipulate the microbiome, reversing dysbiosis to restore and protect coral reefs. This may include developing and using BMC consortia as environmental “probiotics” to improve coral resistance after bleaching events and/or the use of BMC with other strategies such as human-assisted acclimation/adaption to shifting environmental conditions.

S. Smetana, E. Schmitt, A. Mathys

Abstract The lack of protein sources in several parts of the world is triggering the search for locally produced and sustainable alternatives. Insect production is recognized as a potential solution. This study is a life cycle assessment (LCA) of food industry side streams transformation via Hermetia illucens into intermediate products applicable for feed and food purposes. It relies on attributional modelling for the estimation of the most impacting stages of insect production and on consequential modelling for the estimation of potential benefits or risks for the agri-food system. The consequential LCA included effects on the market, associated with upstream increase in feed (increase in commercial feed production) or downstream availability of insect product (substitution of fertilizer, protein concentrate for feed or chicken meat). Attributional and consequential LCAs are followed by sensitivity analyses, which identify the most promising directions towards sustainable insect production and estimate the magnitude of impact reductions if those directions are pursued by the industry. Analyses of the existing pilot process largely correspond with other findings in the literature, indicating fresh insect biomass is almost twice more sustainable than fresh chicken meat. Produced at pilot scale, protein concentrate (insect meal) while being competitive against animal-derived (whey, egg protein, fishmeal) and microalgae, has higher environmental impacts than plant-based meals. Further scenarios illustrate strategies for more sustainable use of environmental resources providing guidance for producers and funding agencies to direct the industry to an impact profile that is lower, than many existing protein sources.

Danial Abdollahdokht, Yunhao Gao, Sanaz Faramarz et al.

Pesticides are classified into several groups based on their structure, including fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, bactericides, and rodenticides. Pesticides are toxic to both humans and pests. For pest control, a very small amount of pesticides reach their target pests. Therefore, nearly all pesticides move through the environment and exert adverse effects on beneficial biota and public health. These chemicals pollute the water, soil, and atmosphere of the ecosystem. Agricultural workers in greenhouses and open fields, exterminators of house pests, and workers in the pesticide industry are occupationally exposed to pesticides. Pesticide exposure in the general population primarily happens through the consumption of food and water contaminated with pesticide residues; however, substantial exposure can also occur outside or inside the house. Currently, intelligent, responsive, biodegradable, and biocompatible materials have attracted considerable interest for the formulation of green, safe, and efficient pesticides. It was indicated that utilizing nanotechnology to design and prepare targeted pesticides with an environmentally responsive controlled release via chemical modifications and compounds offers great potential for creating new formulations. Furthermore, biopesticides include microbial pesticides, which are naturally happening biochemical pesticides. In addition, pesticidal substances generated by plants with added genetic materials, i.e., plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs), have emerged. Based on the foregoing evidence, various types of pesticides are summarized in this review for the first time. Here, new pesticides including nano-pesticides and biopesticides are discussed while focusing on the most recent findings on targeted and safe nano-formulated biopesticides and nano-pesticides. Graphical Abstract

Obasanjo Joseph Oyedele, Mark C.J. Stoddart

Yongyao Fu, Jiajia Ren, Ruyan Guo et al.

Lilium leichtlinii var. Maximowiczii is a new type of edible lily with important nutritional and economic value. However, it is prone to lodging, and its bulb often follows the roots. To obtain better lily germplasms, different concentrations of colchicine were used to induce the growth of L. leichtlinii var. Maximowiczii seeds. The identification was conducted via plant morphology, chromosomal ploidy analysis, and ISSR molecular markers. The best induction effect was achieved by treating seeds with 0.15% colchicine for 48 h, with a seedling variation rate of 31.67%. After 17 months of cultivation, 11 mutant plants (Nos. 1−11) survived. The No. 2 plant grew rapidly and flowered earlier than the control plants. The No. 3 plant was significantly dwarfed, and its leaves became wider. Flow cytometry and root tip squash analysis revealed that the No. 3 plant was aneuploid, with 38 chromosomes in the root tip cells; the other plants were diploids, with 24 chromosomes. Microscopic observation revealed that the size of leaf epidermal cells and guard cells increased in the No. 3 plant, and the stomatal density significantly decreased, consistent with the characteristics of the polyploid plants. Additionally, ISSR marker analysis revealed significant differences in the No. 2 plant at the molecular genetic level compared with the control, with a variation rate of 18.99%. These results provide a reference for lily mutant breeding using the seeds by colchicine induction and the basis for further research on the early flowering mechanism in lily.

Tai Nguyen Quoc, Nhan Nghiem Phuc, Ngoc-Hong Duong

Green packaging, branding, and eco-labeling are among the rising green marketing initiatives from food industry businesses that promote a sustainable brand image to potential consumers; this study examines the relevance of these two green marketing strategies on Vietnamese young consumers' attitudes and behaviors regarding their food choices. Based on the Stimulus – Organism – Response (S-O-R) model, the current research investigates factors affecting young Vietnamese consumers' perceptions of these green marketing strategies. To validate the model, 308 responses from a face-to-face survey were analyzed using the partial least squares method structural modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings suggest that while green packaging and branding may not significantly affect cognitive attitude, eco-labeling can be a powerful marketing tool for businesses to use on their products. This research finding offers actionable insights for companies to reconsider their marketing strategies regarding green products in the Vietnamese food market.

Syamsinar, Halmar Halide, Aini Suci Febrianti et al.

The snow cover in Jayawijaya, Papua, Indonesia, has been rapidly declining due to various climatic factors, posing significant threats to both the ecosystem and local culture. This research focused on the analysis of the impact of weather factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, and wind speed) on the decrease in snow cover in Mt. Jayawijaya. Using the datasets from 2013 to 2022, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to ascertain the predictors for snow cover loss. The findings indicated that out of all the weather factors, relative humidity and wind direction were the most important, with a p-value of 0.005 and 0.032, respectively. The regression model indicates that higher humidity increases snow sublimation, while wind direction brings warm air that accelerates snow melting. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (r = 0.81) between the observed snow cover decline and the model, with an RMSE of 20.70 ha. These findings contribute to the understanding of how atmospheric factors interact with snow dynamics in tropical regions and can aid in future conservation efforts for Jayawijaya’s snow cover.

M. Amritha Gunawardena, Erandathie Lokupitiya

The pros and cons of the organic and conventional systems of pineapple cultivation have not been studied extensively. Non-consideration of full crop cycle and non-incorporation of environmental externalities are among the other gaps in research. The present study therefore compared Conventional Cultivation System (CCS) and Organic Cultivation System (OCS) of pineapple grown in Sri Lanka using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) under five impact categories considering system boundary from gate-to-gate and the full crop cycle. Economic analysis was conducted to determine the best system considering positive and negative externalities. Results showed 87% reduction of Global Warming Potential and 89% reduction of Eutrophication Potential under OCS. Higher toxicity potentials were reported under CCS while OCS resulted in zero toxicity. The net benefit for the farmer under OCS was higher. When the externalities were incorporated, the OCS showed a net gain of USD 8208 per ha while the CCS was no longer beneficial (USD -21,162 per ha). The study proposes economic instruments to incentivise farmers and emphasises the need to minimise adverse impacts of pesticides in sensitive locations. The study also highlights the potential of LCA studies when coupled with monetary values in guiding policy to incentivise farmers towards sustainable pineapple production.

Thomas Bøker Lund, Bente Halkier

Reducing the current level of meat consumption would reap significant environmental benefits. However, a consumer transition towards more plant-rich eating is lagging, and the social sciences have had limited success in understanding behavioural change in this area. Here, we advocate a research agenda focussing on the role social networks could play in encouraging consumers to eat less meat. We present main research directions in social network theory and highlight the distinction between simple and complex behavioural domains of which food and eating practices are an example of the latter. To illustrate one way in which social network insights can contribute to meat reduction research, we then present results from a questionnaire-based study of Danish consumers. We examine the association between an individual's personal network and reduced meat consumption. In line with assumptions, we show that, for a complex domain such as food and eating practices, exposure from multiple network sources is central to behavioural adoption. However, multiple network exposure is predominantly important for the initial decision to eat less meat. A narrower network of personal contacts become more central during the implementation stage. We end by outlining future research directions for social network research regarding meat reduction.

S. Sagar, Arjun Singh, Jyoti Bala et al.

S. Morais, F. Costa, M. Pereira

Metals occur naturally in the earth's crust, and their contents in the environment can vary between different regions resulting in spatial variations of background concentrations. The distribution of metals in the environment is governed by the properties of the metal and influences of environmental factors (Khlifi & Hamza-Chaffai, 2010). Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, approximately 30 metals and metalloids are potentially toxic to humans, Be, B, Li, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, W, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, and Bi. Heavy metals is the generic term for metallic elements having an atomic weight higher than 40.04 (the atomic mass of Ca) (Ming-Ho, 2005). Heavy metals enter the environment by natural and anthropogenic means. Such sources include: natural weathering of the earth’s crust, mining, soil erosion, industrial discharge, urban runoff, sewage effluents, pest or disease control agents applied to plants, air pollution fallout, and a number of others (Ming-Ho, 2005). Although some individuals are primarily exposed to these contaminants in the workplace, for most people the main route of exposure to these toxic elements is through the diet (food and water). The contamination chain of heavy metals almost always follows a cyclic order: industry, atmosphere, soil, water, foods and human. Although toxicity and the resulting threat to human health of any contaminant are, of course, a function of concentration, it is well-known that chronic exposure to heavy metals and metalloids at relatively low levels can cause adverse effects (Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry [ATSDR], 2003a, 2003b, 2007, 2008; Castro-Gonzalez & Mendez-Armenta, 2008). Therefore, there has been increasing concern, mainly in the developed world, about exposures, intakes and absorption of heavy metals by humans. Populations are increasingly demanding a cleaner environment in general, and reductions in the amounts of contaminants reaching people as a result of increasing human activities. A practical implication of this trend, in the developed countries, has been the imposition of new and more restrictive regulations (European Commission, 2006; Figueroa, 2008).

Muhammad Altin Massinai, Muhammad Fawzy Ismullah Massinai, Erfan Syamsuddin

Karst is geomorphologically composed of limestone. However, limestone is very susceptible to weathering due to the influence of water, which can cause land subsidence. The resistivity method is often used to determine the potential for land subsidence, while geotechnical methods are commonly considered capable of juxtaposing with resistivity methods to support interpretation accuracy. The current research was conducted to determine the potential for land subsidence in the karst area in Lappae, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The resistivity method utilizes a dipole-dipole configuration, and the geotechnical parameters used are uniformity coefficient, curvature coefficient, water content, shear angle, and cohesion. The results obtained can be classified into northern and southern areas. The classification of these areas is based on the resistivity results, which show very high resistivity values        (> 4800 Ωm) in the southern part. This value is assumed to be a feature of the cave. Caves are predominantly distributed in the southern part. The five geotechnical parameters show that the northern part, which was composed of massive limestone (150-1600 Ωm), is a stable area, though it is highly prone to landslides. As for the southern part, geotechnical parameters suggest that the presence of caves is the primary factor contributing to the very high potential for landslides in this region. These results indicate that, based on the evaluation of this location, it is not feasible for land use. In addition, in spite of the low cost and rapid methods, the combination of these methods shows good results.

Mirjam Visser, Jan Schoormans

To reduce energy consumption of households, many appliances contain eco-settings, which when used, reduce energy consumption. However, the effectivity of the eco-settings in reducing energy consumption is hardly tested. Other design for sustainable behaviour strategies like coercion and feedback might be more effective. To test the effectivity of these three design for sustainable behaviour strategies in reducing the energy consumption of washing machines a 2 × 2 factorial design experiment is conducted. A total of 779 European washing machine users were asked to set washing machine controls for three laundry baskets on one of four control panels. The results showed that eco-settings of the washing machines were used for only 15% of the laundry cycles. Respondents presented with coercion or feedback controls consumed 15% less energy compared to those who were allowed to decide whether to use eco-settings. Few people understood the relation of water temperature and the duration of washing machine programs on energy consumption. Feedback can support their decision processes and prevent unintentional and unsustainable settings. Our research shows that energy efficient washing machines are not necessarily leading to energy reductions because eco-settings are only used in a minority of cases. In this survey, only 6% of the potential 44% savings was realised. The results suggest it would be more effective to always use energy efficient settings, preferably together with feedback and scripting of program menus that solicit the use of short cold cycles. For energy efficiency to be effective, a product must be designed for sustainable behaviour of the user./

A. Rosyidah, M.W. Lestari and N. Syam

Phytoextraction and phytostabilization are the most consistent patterns or mechanisms of action of phytoremediation. One of the elements influencing the mechanism of action of heavy metal absorption by plant species is Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pattern of phytoremediation in water spinach and spinach due to the addition of EDTA in the soil. The treatments tested by factor 1 were water spinach (T1) and spinach (T2), and factor 2 was the concentration of EDTA consisting of 3 levels, 0, 3, and 6 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times on five sample plants. Furthermore, growth evaluation was carried out in the first six days after planting and conducted every 3 days. It was carried out on variables such as changes in plant height, leaves area, total root length, Pb content in the soil, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, shoot, seeds, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that water spinach and spinach had different mechanisms of action due to the application of EDTA in Pb-contaminated media. Furthermore, water spinach and spinach have a mechanism of phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. Therefore, spinach is safer than water spinach when grown in Pb-polluted land.

Dharna Tiwari, Gautam Mehra and Nidhi Gauba Dhawan

The informal sector has been at India’s core of recycling WEEE for the last few decades. They do not have the scientific knowledge of processing e-waste and use acid baths and heat treatment to extract precious metals. The existing processes used by informal actors lead to a serious impact on their health as well as the environment. The introduction of advanced recycling technology for mitigating the hazardous effects on the environment and human health is as important as the development of technology for new-age electronic products. The social, economic, and environmental benefits to the informal sector can ensure formalized livelihoods in e-waste recycling by ensuring access to technology. The paper highlights how setting up a recycling facility and capacity building of the informal sector solves the problem of informality and its associated social, economic, and environmental evils, which will benefit the sector as a whole.

Priyanka Mary Sebastian and K. V. Bhaskara Rao

Waste generation is becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena due to the increase in population and living standards of life. Dioxin and Dioxin-related compounds are a set of hazardous chemicals that are ubiquitously distributed. Polychlorinated dioxins are introduced into our surroundings by both spontaneous and induced activities like combustion, incineration of waste, recycling of e-waste, and paper and pesticide manufacturing. They are chloroaromatic compounds that are found to be lethal and possess carcinogenic properties and are one of the primary examples of persistent environmental pollutants (POP). Removal of these compounds from the environment is very challenging due to their recalcitrant nature. An alternative technique is the use of microbial technology which includes the use of bacteria and fungi to detoxify the dioxins that are considered to be a more effective, economical, and environmentally sustainable alternative. Different microbial interactions were studied for their degradation potential. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans (PCDD/F) are found to be degraded by bacteria by adopting either aerobic or anaerobic pathways and the details regarding the diversity, distribution, bioremediation potential, metabolic pathway have been analyzed. This review provides an overview of the source of contamination, its potential toxicity assessment, and various bioremediation techniques that are employed are discussed in detail. It also highlights the nanoremediation technique - a promising tool in which nanoparticles are used in the treatment of toxic organic pollutants.

GENG Wenxuan, ZHAO Junye, RUAN Jiwei et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted planting can improve in the precise management of protected horticultural crops while also alleviating the increasingly prevalent problem of labor shortage. As a typical representative of labor-intensive industries, the strawberry industry has a growing need for intelligent technology. To assess the regulatory effects of various AI strategies and key technologies on strawberry production in greenhouse, as well as provide valuable references for the innovation and industrial application of AI in horticultural crops, four AI planting strategies were evaluated. Four 96 m2 modern greenhouses were used for planting strawberry plants. Each greenhouse was equipped with standard sensors and actuators, and growers used artificial intelligence algorithms to remotely control the greenhouse climate and crop growth. The regulatory effects of four different AI planting strategies on strawberry growth, fruit yield and qualitywere compared and analyzed. And human-operated cultivation was taken as a reference to analyze the characteristics, existing problems and shortages. Each AI planting strategy simulated and forecast the greenhouse environment and crop growth by constructing models. AI-1 implemented greenhouse management decisions primarily through the knowledge graph method, whereas AI-2 transferred the intelligent planting model of Dutch greenhouse tomato planting to strawberry planting. AI-3 and AI-4 created growth and development models for strawberries based on World Food Studies (WOFOST) and Product of Thermal Effectiveness and Photosynthesis Active Radiation (TEP), respectively. The results showed that all AI supported strategy outperformed a human-operated greenhouse that served as reference. In comparison to the human-operated cultivation group, the average yield and output value of the AI planting strategy group increased 1.66 and 1.82 times, respectively, while the highest Return on Investment increased 1.27 times. AI can effectively improve the accuracy of strawberry planting management and regulation, reduce water, fertilizer, labor input, and obtain higher returns under greenhouse production conditions equipped with relatively complete intelligent equipment and control components, all with the goal of high yield and quality. Key technologies such as knowledge graphs, deep learning, visual recognition, crop models, and crop growth simulators all played a unique role in strawberry AI planting. The average yield and Return on Investment (ROI) of the AI groups were greater than those of the human-operated cultivation group. More specifically, the regulation of AI-1 on crop development and production was relatively stable, integrating expert experience, crop data, and environmental data with knowledge graphs to create a standardized strawberry planting knowledge structure as well as intelligent planting decision-making approach. In this study, AI-1 achieved the highest yield, the heaviest average fruit weight, and the highest ROI. This group's AI-assisted strategy optimized the regulatory effect of growth, development, and yield formation of strawberry crops in consideration of high yield and quality. However, there are still issues to be resolved, such as the difficulty of simulating the disturbance caused by manual management and collecting crop ontology data.

Zizhen Zhou, Yu Xu and Zhen Dai

The pollution status of surface sediments in the Luhun drinking water reservoir in the central of China was analyzed and evaluated, and three sampling points were selected for this study. The results showed that the organic matter content of the Luhun reservoir was as high as 5.2%, which was at a high level. The analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, and their components showed that the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution in Luhun reservoir was in the medium pollution level, among which the ion-exchange state of nitrogen component and the strong-alkali extraction state of phosphorus component accounted for a relatively high risk of release into the overlying water. The results showed that the bioavailability index of Pb and Cr was as high as 0.73 and 0.62, which was of big pollution risk. Generally speaking, the sediment of Luhun reservoir had a high risk of pollution to the overlying water. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for urban safe water supply and provide support for water quality improvement.

Lincheng Liu, H. Zuo, Wen-guo Liu et al.

M. von Cossel, Canesia Amarysti, H. Wilhelm et al.

Excessive cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) as a biogas substrate has fired debate about potential land‐use change effects of bioenergy cropping systems. Cup plant ( Silphium perfoliatum L.) is a perennial biogas crop that provides more environmental services than maize. This study investigated (i) how to replace maize with cup plant as a biogas substrate in a large‐scale biogas plant located in southwest Germany, and (ii) how to optimize the energy and material cycles of such a biogas plant given the new feedstock. The biogas plant produces 1000 m3 biogas per hour with plans for it to be combined with a large dairy farm (1000 dairy units). It was found that the substitution of maize with cup plant as a biogas substrate results in a methane yield reduction of 10% to 20% due to lower biomass yields. However, there exists a strong potential to increase both biomass yields and biogas substrate quality of cup plant by optimizing establishment procedures and better genotypes. Furthermore, cup plant provides food and shelter for open land animals, including birds and insects, and could hence be a suitable alternative to maize for large biogas plants, being more environmentally beneficial. Extracting proteins from cup‐plant biomass could also help replace soy with locally produced protein for feeding cattle. Hydrothermal carbonization is a promising tool for closing nutrient cycles and for extracting phosphate from digestate, but more research is needed before it can be put into practice. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.