Hasil untuk "English literature"

Pedro Carvalho Araújo, Carolina Chaves Ramos, Daniela Barros de Oliveira

Background/Objectives: Sleep is essential to human health, playing a vital role in physical and mental well-being. Sleep disorders can lead to significant health complications, such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes, obesity, and depression. In Brazil, plants such as passionflower (<i>Passiflora</i> spp.), chamomile (<i>Matricaria chamomilla</i> L.) and mulungu (<i>Erythrina</i> spp.) are widely used in folk medicine for their sleep-promoting properties. This article reviews the existing literature on the sleep-promoting effects of these plants, focusing on the Brazilian context and popular knowledge of their use. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted, including scientific articles in English and Portuguese from PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases. Ethnobotanical studies documenting the traditional use of these plants in Brazil and clinical and preclinical research on their sleep-promoting effects were included. Results: The juice and infusion of the leaves and fruits of passionflower are mainly used to treat anxiety and insomnia, chamomile flower tea is used for its sedative effects, and mulungu bark decoctions are used for their sedative and anxiolytic properties. These popular uses are supported by scientific studies demonstrating the efficacy of these plants in treating insomnia, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: The recognition of traditional knowledge and the inclusion of these plants in RENISUS highlights their importance for public health in Brazil. However, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety and ensure their safe integration into modern medicine.

Yazid Khatib, Rudenko P.A.

Abstract. Peste des petits ruminants is endemic in many parts of the world, including the Middle East. In the Middle Eastern countries, this disease causes significant economic losses, since small ruminant breeding in this region is a source of income for poor people. The aim of the work was to review the English-language literature on the spread of peste des petits ruminants in the Middle East and the economic impact of this disease. The article provides general data on the disease, including the features of the molecular genetic differences of the PPRV virus. A brief description of the program for the global eradication of PPR by 2030 is given. The significance of the spread of PPR in the Middle East countries from the socio-economic aspect is determined. The PPR situation is considered for each of the countries participating in the PPR GEP roadmap for the Middle East region, including Egypt and Turkey. The results of self-assessment of the Middle East countries from the standpoint of their implementation of the PPR GEP program are presented. At the end of the study, the authors concluded that the main problems hindering the implementation of the international program for the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants by 2030 include insufficient funding, deficiencies in surveillance, underreporting of actual disease incidence, difficulties in identifying and monitoring petits ruminants, insufficient vaccination coverage, and gaps in awareness and compliance among farmers.

Ifdil Ifdil, Muhammad Fahli Zatrahadi, Darmawati Darmawati et al.

The integration of expertise in counseling with a deep comprehension of contemporary technology is essential. Developing a sustained method is crucial for creating a practical framework to address the psychological ramifications associated with the escalating complexities of global challenges. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the use and challenges of online counseling (e-counseling) for global issues using the systematic literature review (SLR) method. The search was carried out in the Scopus database to obtain 637 documents after limitations in the year of publication, starting in 2020–2023. Another limitation was the use of the English language, and after quality assessment, a 25-article document analysis was conducted. The results showed that e-counseling was critical in addressing challenges and impacted many individuals in different regions. According to NVivo analysis, the practical implementation of online counseling (e-counseling) encountered several challenges, such as using potentially vulnerable technology, constraints within interpersonal relationships, and incorporating different methods.

Akhil Joshi, Sai Teja Erukude, Lior Shamir

With the availability of a virtually infinite number of text documents in digital format, automatic comparison of textual data is essential for extracting meaningful insights that are difficult to identify manually. Many existing tools, including AI and large language models, struggle to provide precise and explainable insights into textual similarities. In many cases, they determine the similarity between documents as reflected by the text, rather than the similarities between the subjects being discussed in these documents. This study addresses these limitations by developing an n-gram analysis framework designed to compare documents automatically and uncover explainable similarities. A scoring formula is applied to assigns each of the n-grams with a weight, where the weight is higher when the n-grams are more frequent in both documents, but is penalized when the n-grams are more frequent in the English language. Visualization tools like word clouds enhance the representation of these patterns, providing clearer insights. The findings demonstrate that this framework effectively uncovers similarities between text documents, offering explainable insights that are often difficult to identify manually. This non-parametric approach provides a deterministic solution for identifying similarities across various fields, including biographies, scientific literature, historical texts, and more. Code for the method is publicly available.

Mina Azizi, Kourosh Saberi, Shahab Moradkhani

We live in a world where linguistic diversity is rapidly dwindling. Many living languages are expected to become extinct during the next century. The speakers' attitude toward vernacular languages is the most crucial factor influencing a language's survival or death. Kermanshah, located in western Iran, is a multilingual city that speaks Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian. In such societies, evaluating the linguistic attitude of a society's people toward a language variety and its speakers can provide insight into the future survival or decline of language types. To present an accurate and scientific image of the state and situation of these linguistic varieties, the Matched-guise test, one of the indirect ways of evaluating language attitude, was utilized in this study. Purposive sampling was used to select 80 participants, including 40 women and 40 males from Kermanshah aged 20 to 40 and 40 to 60, respectively. The results revealed that, in that order, Standard Persian, Kurdish, and Kermanshahi Persian had the highest to lowest positive attitudes. Women favored Standard Persian over men, whereas men favored Kurdish over Standard Persian. When the effect of age on linguistic attitude was evaluated, no significant difference was observed. IntroductionLanguage plays a vital role in human personal and social lives, shaping beliefs, emotions, and attitudes towards mother tongue and other languages. Linguistic attitude, defined as emotional disposition towards languages (Crystal, 1997), can lead individuals to prefer one language over another due to various social, cultural, economic, historical, and identity factors. This preference can impact language survival or decline, with attitudes towards vernacular languages crucial for their preservation. Kermanshah, a city in western Iran with speakers of Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian, exemplifies this dynamic, where assessing linguistic attitudes influences the preservation or marginalization of languages within the community.Generally, to assess speakers' attitudes towards different language varieties, direct or indirect methods are used. However, there is a limited number of studies conducted within Iran that employ direct or indirect methods to gauge speakers' linguistic attitudes. In most studies conducted in Iran, the focus has predominantly been on the status and use of language varieties within various linguistic communities. The only internal study that employed an indirect method and Matched Guise Test is the study by Pirouzfar and Eliasi (2014). In contrast to internal studies, foreign studies mostly rely on indirect methods and utilize Matched Guise Test. Lambert's Matched Guise Test, introduced in 1960, gauges attitudes toward language variations in bilingual groups. Participants hear recordings of the same speaker using different accents or styles and rate their personality, social status, and other traits, revealing how language impacts social perceptions.MethodologyThe study utilized the Matched-Guise Test to investigate the status and dynamics of Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian in Kermanshah. A purposive sampling method was employed to select 80 participants, evenly distributed between genders and age groups (20-40 and 40-60). Data collection involved a proficient speaker recording passages in each language variety, using a neutral tone to prevent bias. The passages were excerpts from "The Selfless Farmer," lasting approximately two minutes each. Participants listened to the recordings and answered 12 questions afterward.Results The findings of this study indicate that multilingual speakers residing in the city of Kermanshah have different language attitudes towards three common language varieties, namely Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian. The average language attitude scores were 2.741 for Standard Persian, 2.613 for Kurdish, and 2.484 for Kermanshahi Persian, respectively. In this order, Standard Persian, Kurdish, and Kermanshahi Persian had the highest to lowest positive attitudes. Women favored Standard Persian over men, whereas men favored Kurdish over Standard Persian. When the effect of age on linguistic attitude was evaluated, no significant difference was observed.Discussion and ConclusionAttitude towards Standard Persian: The research findings show that multilingual speakers in Kermanshah have a more positive attitude towards Standard Persian, with an average language attitude of 2.741. Persian has held a prominent position as the lingua franca in Iran since the Saffarid Iranian dynasty. This status has been reinforced by Persian's role as the language of education, media, and government in contemporary times. The longstanding historical and contemporary significance of Persian as the national intermediary and official language in Iran helps explain the favorable attitude towards it among multilingual speakers in Kermanshah.     Attitude towards Kurdish: In recent years, there has been a shift in attitudes towards Kurdish language, with it being viewed more positively after Standard Persian. This change is attributed to an increasing focus on ethnic identity and local languages, particularly in regions where non-Persian-speaking groups are predominant. Historically, local languages were seen as barriers to progress, leading to their neglect and eventual replacement by Persian. However, there's now a growing pride and awareness among speakers of indigenous languages, leading to efforts to preserve their linguistic heritage. This signifies a shift from past attitudes towards greater recognition and appreciation of linguistic diversity.     Attitudes towards Kermanshahi Persian: The average language attitude towards Kermanshahi Persian is lower compared to Standard Persian and Kurdish. Kermanshahi Persian, recognized as a dialect of the Persian language, exhibits differences in various linguistic aspects from Standard Persian. Recent decades have seen a decline in its significance, marked by a decrease in its speaker population. Factors contributing to this decline include the Iraq-Iran War, which prompted migration, and the increasing dominance of Standard Persian in practical domains within Kermanshah. These reasons collectively contribute to the diminished status of Kermanshahi Persian, resulting in a less favorable language attitude when compared to Standard Persian and Kurdish.     Language attitude and gender: Research indicates that women and men exhibit different language preferences and choices, with women often favoring standard and prestigious languages or varieties, while men lean towards indigenous varieties. This behavior is attributed to societal power dynamics and historical discrimination against women, leading them to adopt standard language varieties to improve their social status. In multilingual societies, women tend to gravitate towards "correct" or "prestigious" linguistic forms, reflecting their efforts to escape social inequalities. This gender difference in language attitudes was evident in the study, where men showed a more positive attitude towards Kurdish, while women favored Standard Persian (Tehran Persian), indicating significant differences based on gender.     Language attitude and age: The study explores the relationship between language attitude and age, noting that behavioral patterns, including linguistic behavior, vary among age groups in human societies. Research across linguistic communities indicates that speakers exhibit distinct linguistic behavior at different ages, with patterns evolving throughout life. However, when evaluating the impact of age on linguistic attitude in this study, no significant difference was observed.

Dewi Christa Kobis, F. Ari Anggraini Sebayang, Muh Hasan Basri

This study focused on analyzing Minahasa famous folklores called Toar Lumimuut and Sigarlaki Limbat. Despite just being folklores in the past, due to their popularity, they have been preserved officially in writings and have been considered as local treasure of Minahasa. In order to give them better spot in revitalization due to globalization that give more pressure to the local culture, it is necessary to take specific action to preserve and revitalize them. This study was conducted by gaining data through library research and interview, then analyzed by literary criticism called world literature by David Damrosch. There were five Minahasa local people who participated in the interview. Both of them are males while the other three are females. It is found that both folklores suit the three characteristics to be called world literature. They both are available in several translations, they are refracted in other literary worlds around the world, and they are popular and their scripts have been digitalized by official governments. The acts of comparing these two literary works through world literature perspectives are considered necessary in conveying to the Minahasa young generation and even globally that the local folklores can be classified as world literature as well and becomes the local and national treasure that should be appreciated, respected, and reserved.

Daniel Teshome Gebeyehu, Leah East, Stuart Wark et al.

Abstract Background The emergence of COVID-19 has resulted in health, socio-economic, and political crises. The overall health impact of this disease can be measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) which is the sum of the life years lost due to disability (YLDs) and the years life lost due to premature death (YLLs). The overarching objective of this systematic review was to identify the health burdens of COVID-19 and summarise the literature that can aid health regulators to make evidence-based decisions on COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Methods This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. DALYs-based primary studies were collected from databases, manual searches, and included studies’ references. The primary studies published in English language, conducted since the emergence of COVID-19, and using DALYs or its subsets (years life lost due to disability and/or years life lost due to premature death) as health impact metrics, were the inclusion criteria. The combined disability and mortality health impact of COVID-19 was measured in DALYs. The risk of bias due to literature selection, identification, and reporting processes was assessed using the Joanna Bridges Institute critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE Pro tool. Result Of the 1459 identified studies, twelve of them were eligible for inclusion in the review. The years life lost due to COVID-19 related mortality was dominant over the years life lost due to COVID-19 related disability (disability times from the onset of COVID-19 to recovery, from diseases occurrence to mortality, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19) in all included studies. The long-term consequence disability time and the pre-death disability time were not assessed by most of the reviewed articles. Conclusion The impact of COVID-19 on both the length and quality of life has been substantial and has been causing considerable health crises worldwide. The health burden of COVID-19 was greater than other infectious diseases. Further studies focussing on issues examining increasing preparedness for future pandemics, public sensitization, and multi-sectorial integration are recommended.

Laura Alonso-Díaz, Gemma Delicado-Puerto, Francisco Ramos et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted societal structures worldwide. In the educational realm, the forced closure, and subsequent reopening of school settings disrupted the personal and professional lives of administrators, teachers, parents, and students. Two groups of Spanish stakeholders affected by the return to face-to-face instruction during the pandemic were the University of Extremadura’s student teachers and their mentors during the practicum, as student teaching is known in Spain. This study investigated 28 student teachers’ and 26 mentors’ responses to a questionnaire enquiring on the main challenges resulting from the pandemic, as well as student teachers’ contributions to the classroom during this difficult time. Cualitative software was used to analyze participants’ responses allowed us to identify four main themes: attitudes; classroom management issues; adaptations and restrictions; and academic–experiential modifications. Overall, the findings revealed student teachers’ and mentors’ positive opinions about their joint work experience and about student teachers’ logistical and technological support.

Farida Fitriana, Phoebe Pallotti

Objective: To investigate effect of iron supplementation on the risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in non-anaemic pregnant women. Methods: A literature search was conducted using three categories of terms with its synonyms or related words: “iron”, “supplement”, “hypertensive disorders in pregnancy” through MEDLINE (OVID), CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov, and manual search of references was used in seven potential resources. The inclusion criteria were randomized control trials (RCTs), published in English, full-text available, having healthy pregnant women without anaemia for study participants, and having hypertensive disorders in pregnancy at the end of pregnancy as the outcome. The risk of bias assessment tool was used for quality appraisal. Meta-analysis was conducted by calculating the fixed and random effects of the odds ratio (OR) for iron supplementation among non-anaemic pregnant women compared with the incidence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The range of the study’s estimation accuracy was reflected by a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Four RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that iron supplementation possibly had no effect on the incidence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07; P=0.30), gestational hypertension (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.69-2.73; P=0.36) as well as on the development of preeclampsia (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.71-2.97; P=0.31). Conclusions: Iron supplementation has no effect on the incidence of hypertension in non-anaemic pregnant women. In general, there is a lack of evidence for the association between iron supplementation and the incidence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy among non-anaemic pregnant women, and further studies are needed.

Eduardo B Cruz, Helena Donato, Daniela Costa et al.

Introduction Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition worldwide and it is responsible for high healthcare costs and resources consumption. It represents a challenge for primary care services that struggle to implement evidence-based practice. Models of care (MoCs) are arising as effective solutions to overcome this problem, leading to better health outcomes. Although there is growing evidence regarding MoCs for the management of LBP patients, an analysis of the existing body of evidence has not yet been carried out. Therefore, this scoping review aims to identify and map the current evidence about the implementation of MoCs for LBP in primary healthcare. Findings from this study will inform policy makers, health professionals and researchers about their characteristics and outcomes, guiding future research and best practice models.Methods and analysis This protocol will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidelines for scoping reviews. Studies that implemented an MoC for LBP patients in primary healthcare will be included. Searches will be conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro, Scopus, Web of Science, grey literature databases and relevant organisations websites. This review will consider records from 2000, written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Two researchers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles and abstract data. Data extracted will include the identification of the MoC, key elements of the intervention, organisational components, context-specific factors and patient-related, system-related and implementation-related outcomes.Ethics and dissemination As a secondary analysis, this study does not require ethical approval. It will provide a comprehensive understanding on existing MoCs for LBP, outcomes and context-related challenges that may influence implementation in primary healthcare, which is meaningful knowledge to inform future research in this field. Findings will be disseminated through research papers in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at relevant conferences and documentation for professional organisations and stakeholders.

Lars Almquist, Sarah Cusworth Walker

Abstract Background Youth experiencing homelessness have disproportionate contact with the criminal legal system. This system contact represents a critical inflection point for enhancing risk or opportunities for stabilization; however, the policy and scholarly traditions examining the criminal legal system have not traditionally incorporated housing or other social determinants as a central focus of intervention. Methods We conducted a scoping review using PRISMA-ScR guidelines to examine how the research literature is currently addressing housing within the context of youth involvement in the legal system. Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, and Academic Search Complete. Google Scholar was used to identify papers not indexed in the academic databases of interest. Database searches were conducted between September and December 2019 and articles were restricted to those published in English between the year 2000 and 2019. Key study components extracted included demographic information regarding each sample, type of article, study methodology, direction of effects of interest, outcome measures and primary findings, as well as theoretical frameworks engaged by the authors. Results The search results returned 2154 titles for review. After screening all 2154 titles, 75 met eligibility for inclusion. Abstract reviews were conducted for all 75 papers. 36 abstracts met eligibility criteria and underwent full-text review. Ultimately, 29 articles satisfied eligibility criteria and were included in this scoping review. Conclusions Publications are primarily focused on the social epidemiology of risk factors and behaviors determining youth justice contact, but relatively less so on studies of interventions targeting youth delinquency, crime reduction, or recidivism that included housing support. The lack of continuity in theorizing from epidemiology to applied science in this area represents a gap in the literature that is likely reducing the effectiveness of interventions to interrupt patterns of legal system contact for youth. Integrating a public health framework that emphasizes the upstream social determinants leading to contact with the youth justice system would represent a paradigm shift for the field that would have beneficial effects on long term health outcomes for youth.

Ewelina Czubacka, Sławomir Czerczak, Małgorzata Mirosława Kupczewska-Dobecka

Over the past years, many legitimate concerns have been raised about the effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as an endocrine disruptor, especially on reproduction. The aim of this publication is to critically review the literature related to the developmental and reproductive toxicity of DBP in animals. Several electronic databases were systematically searched until 2019. Studies were qualified for the review if they: linked exposure to DPB with reproduction, were published in English after 1990, and were conducted on animals. In the studies of the testicular effects of DBP on experimental animals, the most common effects of exposure included reduced fertility, atrophic changes in male gonads, degenerative changes in the epididymis, as well as a reduction in sperm count and motility, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, poor sperm quality and other genital defects (decreased testicular weight, delayed spermatogenesis, Leydig cell aggregation, impaired Sertoli cell maturation, and significant inhibitions of testicular enzymes). The embryotoxic effects of DBP on laboratory animals included mainly an increase in fetal resorption and a decrease in live births. The teratogenic effects of DBP also manifest as skeletal malformations in fetuses, malformations of male gonads and other genital effects. On the basis of the literature data, it is clearly demonstrated that DBP shows anti-androgenic effects; however, there are also reports confirming its weak estrogenic effect. Additionally, lower doses cause more adverse effects than the highest dose, which is an important fact because of the widespread environmental exposure to DBP. The studies clearly confirm that DBP is an endocrine disruptor. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(1):15–37

Syarifuddin Dollah, Muh. Farid Sehuddin, Geminastiti Sakkir

E- learning is a system or concept of education that utilizes information technology in teaching and learning. One of them is Padlet, which is an internet site that allows people and other users to collaborate on text, photos, links or other content. Each of these collaborative spaces called a “wall” that can be used as a personal bulletin board. Tecahers and companies generally use Padlets to encourage creative multimedia conversation and exchange of opinions. So, this media is expected to be useful for teachers and students in narrative writing learning class. This study is the quasi experimental research that aimed to know the effect and the correlation of the implementation of Padlet to the students’ achievement and motivation in writing. The implementation Padlet as independent variables and the students’ achievement and motivation in writing as a dependent variable. The population in this research is all second grade students in one of senior high school at Makassar that consist of eight classes. One class took as a control group and one class as an experiment group through cluster random sampling technique. The data of the research was obtained by the study results test on the subject of the velocity reaction for pre-test and post-test and questionnaire. Based on analysis of inferential statistics for writing achievement, the P = 0.001, and for motivation, the P = 0,012 and it less than  = 0,05 was obtained, it is means that the implementation Padlet is significantly influence to the students’ motivation and achievement in writing of the second grade senior high school students’ on the material subject of writing.

Farhad Seraji, Zahra Bayat, Hamed Abbasi Kasani et al.

Background: Using links to provide additional audio or video content can enhance learners’ engagement with the learning content and keep them active in the learning process. This study aimed to compare the impacts of two different forms of multimedia presentation, namely ‘text in image adjacency’ and ‘text linked to image’, on learning and retention in a course entitled the Sciences. Methods: This was a randomized trial research. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 31 fourth grade elementary school students in Malayer (Iran) in the 2014-2015 academic year. They were randomly assigned to control (N=15) and intervention (N=16) groups. Three researcher-made achievement tests (pre-test, post-test, retention test) were used to collect data. The expert opinions of seven teachers were consulted to assess the validity of the questions and the CVR of their opinions was found to be 98%. The reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha as well as the raters’ opinions, and the coefficients stood at 73%, 85%, and 60%, respectively. Also, Multimedia software was used to prepare the content of chapter 12 (Circulatory System) for the experiment. It was presented to the students in two forms: text linked to image (hidden hyperlink) and text in image adjacency. The control group was provided with text in image adjacency and the intervention group with text linked to image (hidden hyperlink). Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, repeated measures ANOVA, F, and ANCOVA tests in SPSS 19 software. Results: The research findings showed that in the group in which multimedia content was presented with text linked to image, learning scores significantly increased from (5.28±3.74) in the pre-test to (11.36±3.98) in the post-test and (12.40±4.44) in the retention test (P=0.001). Also, in the control group receiving multimedia content in the form of text in image adjacency, learning values also significantly increased from (3.70±3.64) in the pre-test to (10.46±4.77) in the post-test and (12.60±3.62) in the retention test (P=0.001). However, there was no difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of learning gains (F(1, 27)=0.014, P=0.906). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of learning retention (F(1, 24)=0.292, P=0.594). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that a new form of spatial contiguity (i.e., text linked to image via hyperlinks) is as effective in learning as presenting textual content in image adjacency. This is a new finding contributing to the development of spatial contiguity principle.

Ramesh Venkatesh, Naresh K Yadav, Shivani Sinha et al.

We present a case of a 37-year-old gentleman with a rare diagnosis of Torpedo maculopathy (TM). We describe the multimodal imaging features of torpedo maculopathy using adaptive optics, visual fields, OCT and multifocal ERG, and understand the clinical and structural-functional correlation in TM. According to us, this is the first case report to describe the adaptive optics imaging findings in Torpedo maculopathy in English Medical literature.

Ruly Morganna

This paper is written under the purpose of exploring in details about one of popular language teaching methods namely Genre based Instruction (GBI). GBI as how it is today is very famous to be applied for teaching writing where the same case occurs in Indonesia in that GBI is implemented into the English classroom for teaching English writing. GBI is uniquely powerful in its substance since it not only focuses on the process of writing itself, but also stresses on the quality of writing work. This teaching method makes students learn a language as how it is used in a particular social setting because that is the obvious phenomenon that happens when people use a language. Therefore, this teaching method underlies its essence on teaching language meaningfully based on the social staging. In this paper, there are several elements which are discussed regarding GBI. They encompass its theories including linguistic principles and learning principles, both pedagogical and practical views in the classroom, and a brief practical view about GBI in Indonesia.

Autran José Silva Jr

Modelo de Estudo: Revisão de Literatura. Introdução: O tecido adiposo produz um elevado número de peptídeos e não peptídeos denominados de adipocinas que atuam no controle metabólico e atividade. Objetivo: O estudo pretende um modelo explicativo que relaciona a obesidade com a diabetes tipo 2 a partir destas adipocinas. Metodologia: A revisão de literatura constou de consulta nas bases de dados: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), Highwire, PubMed no período de janeiro de 2000 até a presente data. Foram realizadas duas análises, na primeira utilizou os descritores obesidade e adipocinas e diabetes tipo 2 e adipocinas, perfazendo um total de 6 combinações. A necessidade de uma segunda análise foi porque na primeira foram observados um número excessivamente expressivo, e assim necessitou um novo refinamento. Os descritores e suas combinações em português, inglês e espanhol utilizados para a seleção bibliográfica na segunda análise no meio eletrônico foram: obesidade e diabetes tipo 2 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa; obesidade e diabetes tipo 2 e interleucina 6; obesidade e diabetes tipo 2 e resistina; obesidade e diabetes tipo 2 e adiponectina. Resultados: Foram selecionados 40 artigos, que estavam relacionados a obesidade, diabetes e adipocinas. Conclusão: O modelo proposto parecer ser coerente, pois inúmeros estudos relacionam individualmente os efeitos destas adipocinas. Conhecer estes efeitos, fatores liberadores e inibidores e o modelo proposto, é fundamental para um bom entendimento da associação entre ambas as patologias estudadas e assim propor novas metodologias de controle.   ABSTRACT Adipokines: Endocrine relationship between obesity and type II diabetes Study Model: literature review. Introduction: Adipose tissue produces many peptides and non-peptides called adipokines that act on metabolic control and activity. Aim: The study aims an explanatory model that links obesity with type 2 diabetes from these adipokines. Methodology: The literature review consisted of consultation in databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) Highwire, PubMed in January 2000 period to date. Two analyzes were performed, the first used the descriptors obesity and adipokines and type 2 diabetes and adipokines, for a total of 6 combinations. The need for a second analysis was because the first were observed an excessively large number, and so needed a new refinement. The descriptors and their combinations in Portuguese, English and Spanish literature used for selection in the second analysis in the electronic media were: obesity and type 2 diabetes and tumor necrosis factor; obesity and type 2 diabetes and interleukin 6; obesity and type 2 diabetes and resistin; obesity and type 2 diabetes and adiponectin. Results: We selected 40 articles, which were related to obesity, diabetes and adipokines. Conclusion: The proposed model appears to be consistent, because numerous studies individually relate the effects of adipokines. Knowing these effects, releasing and inhibiting factors and the proposed model, it is essential for a good understanding of the association between the two conditions studied and thus propose new methods of control.

Nouroddin Yousofi, Saman Ebadi, Farkhondeh Pursiah

This study aims to investigate cultural schemas and sociocultural norms underlying politeness conceptualization in Persian through a 14-item Likert-scale questionnaire which was completed by 150 Persian Native Speaker participants. The questionnaire also included three open-ended questions, which surveyed participants' conceptualization of politeness and required them to impart their views of politeness and ostensible politeness. The results indicate that Persian participants observe rules of politeness in order to appreciate social and cultural norms. They also tend to enhance their own as well as their interlocutor's face. Politeness for Persian speakers is mainly to be approved of and appreciated by their community and to avoid imposition on the hearer in order to maintain and enhance rapport. The results of the study can provide in-depth insights into intercultural and cross-cultural issues by raising awareness in cross-cultural studies.

James O’Leary

Duke Ellington and John Latouche made a number of pointed references to “highbrow” and “lowbrow” art in their 1947 musical Beggar’s Holiday. I argue that this dichotomy did more than classify; it also politicized the consumption and composition of art. Drawing upon the writings of such critics as Clement Greenberg, Dwight MacDonald, and Archibald MacLeish, my paper revives a 1940s aesthetic discourse that imposed strong divisions between highbrow and lowbrow art. By analyzing a number of recordings of Beggar’s Holiday’s opening song, “In Between,” I demonstrate that Ellington and Latouche simultaneously invoked and undermined this aesthetic dichotomy to make an intervention into post-World War II left-wing political debates.

Stewart Cooke