Hasil untuk "Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction"

Samukelisiwe P. Vilakazi, A. O. Odindo, P. Muchaonyerwa

There is limited information on the agronomic performance of fertiliser products from dehydration of mixtures of urine and solid waste materials under field conditions. This study investigated the effects of products derived from dehydration (glasshouse) of pine bark (PB), biochar, and ash mixed with artificial human urine as sources of nitrogen (N) for spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in field conditions. A field trial was conducted at the Ukulinga Research Farm to evaluate the effect of these pine bark urine-based products on spinach growth over two seasons. The products were applied at the recommended N rate for spinach in the first season. The pine bark feedstock, biochar, and ash that were not pretreated with urine were included as reference materials, whereas plots without N and with urea were included as negative and positive controls, respectively. In the second season, the same plots were used without any additional treatment to assess residual effects. In each season, the field trial lasted for approximately 3 months, from 04/06/2024–04/09/2024 and 12/09/2024–04/12/2024. Spinach dry matter yield, nutrient uptake, and tissue micronutrients were determined, together with soil pH, extractable phosphorus (P), and mineral N. The urine-based products improved dry matter yield and N uptake of spinach as compared with the negative control. However, high sodium (Na) concentrations were detected in plant tissues (first season). Residual applications led to an increase in dry matter yield of biochar-U (238 g plot−1) compared with the positive control (155.7 g plot−1). Residual application of urine-based fertilisers reduced the risk of sodium accumulation, as the initial crop absorbed most of the sodium. These findings suggest that urine-based (biochar-U) fertilisers are a viable and sustainable alternative to mineral N fertilisers. This supports the philosophy of circular economy through resource efficiency, as promising option for smallholder farmers, although Na concentrations need to be monitored.

Chengzhi Xiao, Xiangsheng Meng, Shan Gao et al.

ZHENG Changjie1, 2 , CUI Yiqin1, 2, DING Xuanming3, LUAN Lubao4

An analytical model for the "pile-soil-pile" horizontal interaction in pile groups that accounts for the scattering effect of the receiver pile is presented in this study based on the plane strain model, to modify the calculating theory for closely-spaced and large-diameter pile groups embedded in single-phase soils. The displacement and horizontal dynamic resistance of the surrounding soil are analytically obtained by decoupling the governing equations of the soil. After that, the displacement of the source pile caused by the applied horizontal load, the displacement of the receiver pile caused by the incident wave and the displacement of the source pile caused by the scattering wave are respectively derived by considering the "incident wave-receiver pile interaction" and the "scattering wave-source pile interaction". Following that, a new-defined scattering factor for horizontally vibrating groups is proposed to modify the reported "pile-pile" interaction factor. Then, this modified interaction factor is used to establish the calculating matrix for the pile groups subjected to horizontal dynamic loads, and to further derive the corresponding dynamic complex impedance accounting for the scattering effect of the receiver pile. It is found through some arithmetical cases that the pile spacing, pile diameter and surrounding soil's shear modulus dominate the scattering effect; the scattering effect is frequency-dependent, transitioning from a load-bearing favorable case to a load-bearing unfavorable case with the increase of the vibration frequency; the critical frequency governing the transition between the favorable and the unfavorable state of the scattering effect is dependent on pile spacing, pile diameter, the direction of the applied load and the shear modulus of the soil.

XIE Zhaohang 1, JIA Zheqiang 2, LUO Jiaxin 1, WANG Dong 2, Ren Li 3, DENG Rui 2, ZHANG Guangze 2, LU Huijun 1

To accurately analyze the risk of large deformation of tunnels under high geo-stress, a new multi-factor coupled prediction method for large deformation classification and evaluation is proposed, which comprehensively considers formation age, small angle influence coefficient, rock strength, rock layer thickness, rock mass integrity, and in-situ stress. Taking the Wangjiagou Tunnel project as an example, a true three-dimensional model is established and numerical simulation methods are used to invert and analyze the in-situ stress, thereby obtaining the maximum normal stress values at each tunnel mileage. According to the new method, the geological risk of the Wangjiagou Tunnel is mainly characterized by large deformation risk, with Class Ⅰ large deformation being predominant (1155 m, accounting for 21.62%), followed by Class Ⅱ large deformation (130m, accounting for 2.43%). Further comparison with the single strength stress ratio method has verified that the evaluation results based on the multi-factor coupled method are closer to the actual working conditions, indicating that the new evaluation method is more applicable and can provide theoretical support and a scientific basis for the safty design and construction of the Wangjiagou Tunnel project.

Adam Jabłonowski, Adam Krasiński, Piotr Kanty

The article describes the results of laboratory tests of reinforced concrete pile sections instrumented with several measurement systems. Compression tests were carried out on three 300-mm-by-1.2-m cylindrical pile elements, reinforced with an IPE140 steel profiles. The elements were equipped with vibrating wire sensors for measuring strains and stresses in concrete, and two elements had additional fibre optic cables installed for measuring strains. During the tests, external measurements were also made for axial force and longitudinal deformations of the elements. The aim of the research was to compare the measured values of all the internal and external systems and to evaluate the reliability of internal systems. The analysis of the measurement results showed generally good reliability of strain measurements using local vibrating wire sensors and extensometers and especially fibre optic sensors. Measurements of stresses in concrete using an internal vibrating wire sensor were unfortunately much less reliable. The reasons for the reduced reliability of the stress measurements are discussed and a correction coefficient is proposed. The conclusions state that the research and its results are valuable and useful for measuring and monitoring of foundation piles and columns purposes.

Hongwei Wang, Qing Wang, Yaodong Jiang et al.

YANG Qigui 1, WANG Yanli 2, ZUO Yongzhen 2

The long-term deformation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams is one of the key technical problems during their construction. Most studies have attributed the long-term deformation to rockfill creep, but the prototype monitoring data of some high concrete-faced rockfill dams show that it is difficult to explain the mechanism of their long-term deformation only from the viewpoint of rockfill creep. In this study, based on the analysis of the deformation monitoring data of Shuibuya concrete-faced rockfill dam for 17 years and the tests of the deformation characteristics of rockfill materials under low-frequency cyclic loading, the influences of cyclic loading caused by periodic change of reservoir water level on the long-term deformation characteristics of high concrete-faced rockfill dams are discussed. The results show that: (1) The instantaneous deformation and creep of rockfills body are caused by dam filling and initial water impoundment, and the post deformation of rockfill mainly results from the long-term action of cyclic loading of water. (2) When considering cycle loading of water, the deformation of rockfills exhibits two forms: one is the irrecoverable permanent deformation (also known as residual deformation), and the other is the recoverable elastic deformation. (3) The deformation of rockfills and its growth response obtained from the low-frequency cyclic load tests well verify the relationship between the cyclic loading of water and the post deformation of the rockfill dam as well as the mechanical significance of the later deformation. The research provides a new idea for the studies on the long-term deformation characteristics of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, and it also provides reference for the deformation and safety control of high concrete-faced rockfill dams with reciprocating characteristics.

WANG Zili 1, LI Jinfeng 1, TENG Jidong 1, 2, ZHANG Sheng 1, 2, SHENG Daichao 1, 2, 3

The frost heave and thaw settlement are the main frost damage in cold areas, which are the complex coupling process of water, temperature and stress fields. In this study, a coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical model is developed based on the water film theory, in which the temperature and void ratio of soils are the input variables. The novelty of this model is that the frozen water film pressure is used as the criterion for the generation of ice lens. The driving force of water migration is newly defined, and the frost heave includes the pristine frost heave and the amount of ice segregation. The fully coupled model is numerically solved based on the Matlab and COMSOL Multiphysics, generating the results of soil temperature, moisture, stress and the layered ice lens. The simulated results are then compared with those of the laboratory freezing tests, which shows that they match quite well and verify the validity of the proposed model. The simulation indicates that temperature gradient can promote the frost heave, and the overburden pressure can attract more water to the freezing front but decrease the amount of the frost heave. In addition, both the hydraulic conductivity and the compressive modulus have positive effects on the frost heave. The proposed model provides a new approach to understand the frost heave.

Pengfei Han, Xusheng Wang, Xiaowei Jiang et al.

Significance Groundwater flow paths may cross the surface divide at the regional scale, resulting in interbasin groundwater circulation that affects hydrological relationships and solute transport process between basins. However, research on interbasin groundwater circulation is still in its infancy internationally, and the progress achieved is a matter of concern. Progress This study systematically tracks and analyses the literature on interbasin groundwater circulation at home and abroad in the past 20 years and summarizes the existing research progress from three perspectives: formation mechanism, identification methods, and impact assessment. In terms of the hydrodynamic formation mechanism, the study theoretically determines the deviation characteristics between the surface divide, the highest point of the water table and the divide point of groundwater flow systems. Based on the deviation characteristics, multiple interbasin groundwater circulation paths can be separated between rivers.In terms of identifying the interbasin groundwater circulation, a series of real basin cases provide available methods, including the water balance method, basin-scale hydrological model and hydrogeochemical end element mixed model. The methods identify the existence of interbasin groundwater circulation and even evaluate the circulation fluxes, which can improve the recognition of the water balance in the basin. It is also found that the location, size, climate and geological conditions of the basin affect the occurrence and flux of interbasin groundwater circulation.In terms of impact assessment, it is preliminarily found that the interbasin groundwater circulation has an important impact on the assessments of climate sensitivity, state parameters of the Budyko framework and carbon source/sink in the basin. Ignoring its role may lead to obviously incorrect conclusions. Conclusions and Prospects At present, research on the dynamic process and material transport effect of interbasin groundwater circulation is relatively weak. Accurate and quantitative evaluation methods are also lacking. The focuses of future research are to reveal the circulation paths of interbasin groundwater in three-dimensional aquifer space and accurately assess the various impacts of interbasin groundwater circulation.

Hasan Rezaei, Mohamad Motamedi Rad

Introduction Increasing the efficiency of water consumption and water management is necessary to meet the water needs of agricultural plants which need to consider the variables affecting water consumption, including water needs and the amount of evaporation and transpiration. In this regard, evaporation and transpiration are important indicators in the process of plant growth and their amount is considered equal to the water requirement of the plant. On the other hand, climate change can affect water demand by changing the expected patterns for the average weather condition in a long term in a specific region or for the entire global climate. In the present study, the phenological stages of seedless barberry tree were determined based on field observations at Ghaen synoptic meteorological station. The seedless barberry tree is one of the commercial cultivars in Iran. In this research, the effect of climate change on the water requirement of barberry cultivation has been evaluated based on RCP scenarios in the near and far future. Materials and Methods In the field part, in order to identify the occurrence time of the phenology stages and temperature thresholds, a series of visits and daily and weekly notes were made in the field in the growing season of the barberry tree. For this purpose, a private and fertile commercial orchard with suitable cultivated area of ​​seedless barberry trees was selected. The studied garden group with three hectares of cultivated area in Qain city was identified as one of the most fertile gardens in the region. This private garden is located in Qain city, at the position of 33 degrees and 43 minutes of north latitude and 59 degrees and 10 minutes of east longitude and a height of 1432 meters above sea level. In this study, the phenology stages of seedless barberry tree as one of the commercial cultivars of Iran were determined. The BBCH coding system was used to record the phenology stages (Enriquez‐Hidalgo et al., 2020). This scale has a 100-part table with codes from 0 to 99 and is designed for different phases (Feldmann and Rutikanga, 2021). It was used in the synoptic meteorological station of Qain city during one year from the beginning of germination to the end of the dormant period. In fact, the codes of the phenology stages were observed and recorded in the field.After determining the phenological stages of barren barberry trees, the water requirement of the selected tree species has been calculated. In the next step, to determine the water requirement, the reference evaporation and transpiration rate must be multiplied by the plant coefficient. For this purpose, the available data including hours of sunshine, average temperature during the growing season, average rainfall, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, evaporation, and transpiration obtained from the National Meteorological Organization for 18 valid meteorological stations from 1987 to 2017 on hourly and daily time scales were used to predict the climatic condition. Toward this, the climatic condition of the near future (2059-2030) and the far future (2089-2060) has been predicted considering pessimistic (RCP8.5), and optimistic (RCP4.5) scenarios. Results and Discussion The results showed that barberry needs six phenological stages to complete the growth period from early April to late November. Also, the amount of water requirement for barberry treesin the base period (1987-2017) on a daily basis in the eastern region under study is more than in the west and northwest of the region. The water requirement in the northwest and west parts is more than in the east of the region under study, which is the reason for the increase in the length of the barberry phenology stage in the region has been mentioned. The results of climate change analysis showed that the daily water requirement of barberry (2030-2059) based on the RCP8.5 model during the growing season varies between 4.5-5.8 mm per day and the total water requirement is 990-1260 mm. According to the RCP4.5 model, the daily water requirement of barberry varies between 5.6-5.8 mm per day and the total water requirement is 1290-990 mm. The daily water requirement of barberry according to the RCP4.5 model (2060-2089) varies between 4-5 mm per day and the total water requirement is 960-1150 mm. Also, the daily water requirement of barberry according to the RCP8.5 model varied between 4.5-8.2 mm per day. The total water requirement of the barberry tree is 950-1300 mm. ConclusionThe present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the phenology stages of the seedless barberry tree and the water requirement of the barberry tree according to the conditions of climate change in the areas prone to its cultivation in Iran. The results showed that the barberry tree needs six phenology stages to complete its growth cycle. The growth period according to climatic conditions and topography lasts from early April to late November. The results of estimating the water requirement in the base period showed that the cities of Kerman, Yazd, Qain, Birjand, Zahedan and Torbat Heydarieh need the most water during the growth stage (1330-1240 mm per day) and the lowest water requirement of the barberry tree in the north It is in the west and west of the country, but in the future, the amount of water needed by the barberry tree in the northwest and west is more than the center and east of the study area, which is the reason for the earlier completion of the phenology stages in the center and east of the country, for this reason, these areas are among the unsuitable areas. It is considered cultivation. Since the annual rainfall changes from year to year; Therefore, the irrigation project cannot be planned only based on one year's information, so long-term records are needed to calculate the effective rainfall based on the probability of occurrence. Cultivation of barberry is very desirable in terms of irrigation for dry and semi-arid areas where farmers are facing water shortage. Considering that water is the main and essential requirement of any product; Therefore, it is essential to estimate the water requirement of each plant.

WANG Nian-xiang 1, 2, ZHOU Chun-er 3, WU Jia-wu 3, JIANG Wen-bo 3, ZHANG De-en 3

For the slipped soft soil foundation in the storage yard of a wharf, the root pile-net composite foundation is used for reinforcement. The geotechnical centrifugal model tests are carried out to study the deformation and pile-soil stress characteristics of the root pile-net composite foundation under super-large loads. The foundation, root piles, reinforced cushions, dust nets, track beam foundation and ore loads are simulated. The variation laws of deformations and loads at the top of the root piles, the earth pressures between the root piles and the pile-soil stress ratio of the composite foundation are analyzed under super-large loads. The settlement of the composite foundation meets the requirements of the storage yard. The horizontal displacements and settlements of the dust net foundation and the track beam foundation are small. The pile-soil stress ratio is 60~69. The test results show that the root pile-net composite foundation in the slip zone is stable and safe under the load of 350 kPa, and the foundation reinforcement has achieved the expected effects.

LI Wei 1, 2, ZHOU Chun-er 3, WU Jia-wu 3, DONG Hua-gang 3, REN Hong-lei 1, 2

Based on the research background of pile-net composite foundation of the heavy-load storage yard of a wharf, the centrifugal model tests and three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out to study the deformation and stress characteristics of the pile-net composite foundation under heavy loads. The results show that the values of foundation deformation, axial force at pile top, pore water pressure and pile-soil stress ratio obtained by the centrifugal model and numerical simulation are in good agreement, and the two methods can be complemented and verified for each other. Under the heavy loads, the displacement of the pile-net composite foundation is mainly the vertical settlement component, and the horizontal displacement component is small. The change rate of displacement meets the control requirements of yard stability.The pile-soil stress ratio in the composite foundation is between 20 and 40, and the CFG piles share more than half of the loads of the overlying storage yard, playing a key role in load sharing.

Yonglai Zheng, Zhuorui Wu

Currently, double reduction method (DRM) is widely used in the field of slope stability. However, one of the main challenges of the double reduction method is how to define the comprehensive safety factor based on two reduction parameters. The trajectory reduction method developed by Isakov can be used to ensure the minimum comprehensive safety factor on different conditions. However, its main shortcoming is that the method needs expensive calculation to determine the safety factor for a certain slope configuration. The paper examines the relationship between the comprehensive safety factor and cohesive and internal friction angle of soil, by using the FEM and trajectory method to calculate the minimum safety factor and corresponding reduction factor with respect to different inclinations of the slope. The initial strength effect on double reduction parameters are analyzed accordingly. The result shows for a certain slope configuration; the initial strength has little effect on the critical strength which is related to the minimum comprehensive safety factor. It means that for a slope with a certain inclination, even if the strength of soil is different, the critical strength is identical. The critical strength of soil slope is linear with the inclination of the slope, which means that every inclination corresponds to one critical cohesive and one critical internal friction angle. Consequently, a novel method to calculate the minimum safety factor is proposed in this paper. The result obtained by this method is close to the result which is from the limit equilibrium method, and compared with the original method by Isakov, this alternative method can simplify the calculation, and keep the result as accurate as the limit equilibrium method. Thus, it can be used to analyze the stability of slope.

Chunhua Zhou, Jianming Yin, Yunan Li et al.

Rockburst is characterised by the wide occurrence areas and the long delayed time at a pumped storage power station in Heilongjiang province of China. For the study, a new method is proposed to identify the induced rockburst based on the combination of microseismic (MS) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) monitoring methods. EMR monitoring method is introduced to make up for the shortcomings of the monitoring blind area caused by the propagation path of wave velocity during MS monitoring and a beneficial attempt is carried out for the comprehensive application of the two methods to monitor the rockburst. Firstly, a MS monitoring system is established around the underground powerhouse to recognize the propagation of micro-fracture during the deep excavation, while the typical five parameters including the frequency of the microseismic events, the total energy of daily events, energy index (EI), cumulative apparent volume (CAV) and microseismic signal b-value are analyzed to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution law of microseismic events. Secondly, an EMR monitoring system is also established near the MS events clusting area to study the characteristics of EMR produced from the fractured rock mass. The temporal and spatial variation of the two parameters including electromagnetic radiation intensity and pulse number are also analyzed and the distribution of higher values are compared with the geological structure. Finally, the correlation of electromagnetic signals, microseismic signals and local stress is studied based on theories of geophysics, electromagnetism and rock mechanics, and some credible results are obtained. Here are the following resluts: (1) The microseismic events are characterized by spatial clustering, and the joint action of the excavation disturbance and the weak structure body of the surrounding rock mass are the main factors for rockburst. The trend of sharp decrease of energy index and sudden increase of cumulative apparent volume generally indicates the occurrence of rockburst or macro-fracture. The magnitude of b value indicates that the rockburst failure type in the project belongs to fracture-slip rockburst. (2) The sudden change of electromagnetic radiation intensity in the fault fracture zone of the underground powerhouse can be used as the precursor information of rockburst or large-scale rupture events.(3) The micro-fracture activities revealed by EMR and MS methods are consistent in spatial distribution. The distribution of the peak values of electromagnetic radiation pulse number are basically consistent with the direction of the apparent stress migration disturbed by the field construction situation. So we can infer that it will play an important role to improve the accuracy of rockburst prediction based on the analysis of the multi-source singals.

Longlong Dong, Guoxiong Mei, Wenbing Wu et al.

In order to study the working characteristics of energy pile groups, based on the Abaqus finite element simulation, assigns the average temperature of the heat transfer stable stage to the pile body for steady-state thermo-mechanical coupling calculation, and proposes a simplified analysis method for the bearing characteristics of energy pile groups.The reliability of this research method is verified through the comparative analysis with field data.Combined with an example, this method is used to analyze the bearing characteristics of energy group piles under the action of pure mechanical load and thermal coupling.The results show that the non-uniform settlement of the distributed symmetrical arrangement of energy piles in the pile group foundation is significantly less than that of the centralized arrangement, and the layout has a great influence on the response characteristics of the pile foundation structure.Under the condition of equal stiffness of pile foundation, the control effect of pile group tilt is better by increasing pile diameter and decreasing pile spacing.The research results of this paper can provide some reference value for the engineering application of energy pile group.

ZHANG Zi-shan , WANG Shu-hong , WANG Peng-yu 1, WANG Cun-gen

As an important prerequisite for modeling the high steep rocky slope, a fast and accurate parametric modeling for fracture networks of rocky slopes has become a popular research topic in recent years. Focusing on the deep learning and intelligent algorithmic clustering method, a UAV photography-based joint detection technique is proposed to identify and extract the geometric parameters of the fracture network on high steep slope surface. A dilated convolution is adopted to improve the traditional U-net segmentation network, and a GMM-EM algorithm is employed to cluster the segmented fractures on the binary images. Finally, a RANSAC algorithm is used to perform the extraction process of geometric parameter of the fracture network. Seen from the comparative results of DICE similar index, the accuracy of segmentation recognition is more than 97%, which shows that the proposed fracture extraction technique is more efficient and accurate than other traditional algorithms. The improved technique is applied to the slope of Lukuishan open pit, implementing the in-site rapid data extraction of fracture networks on the slope surface. This technique may provide an effective technical support for the refined modeling of high and steep rocky slopes.

Linlin Huang, Xiangjun Liu, Jian Xiong et al.

In this paper, the pore structure characteristics of shale samples from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in South of Sichuan Basin of China were investigated by total organic carbon (TOC) content determination, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), low pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA) and high pressure mercury injection (HPMI). The fractal dimension of shale samples was calculated based on Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model and thermodynamic relation model. The results showed that the major mineral compositions of shales were quartz and clay content. Organic pores, intergranular pores, intragranular pores, microfractures were widely developed in the shale samples, of which organic pores were the most developed. The pore morphology was mainly ink bottle-shaped pores and slit-shaped pores; the pore size distribution of shale samples was complex with multiple distribution peaks, the pore size between 3 and 40 nm occupied the most of storage space. The fractal dimension Dn1 of pores between 2 nm and 10 nm was 2.7177–2.7933, while fractal dimension Dn2 of pores between 10 nm and 50 nm was 2.2439–2.5468. The fractal dimension Dr of macropores calculated by the thermodynamic model was 2.6401–2.7025.

Richeng Liu, Sha Lou, Xiaojing Li et al.

In this context, we experimentally studied the anisotropic mechanical behaviors of rough-walled plaster joints using a servo-controlled direct shear apparatus under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The shear-induced variations in the normal displacement, shear stress, normal stress and sheared-off asperity mass are analyzed and correlated with the inclination angle of the critical waviness of joint surfaces. The results show that CNS condition gives rise to a smaller normal displacement due to the larger normal stress during shearing, compared with CNL condition. Under CNL conditions, there is one peak shear stress during shearing, whereas there are no peak shear stress for some cases and two peaks for other cases under CNS conditions depending on the geometry of joint surfaces. The inclination angle of the critical waviness has been verified to be capable of describing the joint surface roughness and anisotropy. The joint surface is more significantly damaged under CNS conditions than that under CNL conditions. With increment of the inclination angle of the critical waviness, both the normal displacement and sheared-off asperity mass increase, following power law functions; yet the coefficient of determination under CNL conditions is larger than that under CNS conditions. This is because the CNS condition significantly decreases the inclination angle of the critical waviness during shearing due to the larger degree of asperity degradation. Keywords: Joint, Constant normal load (CNL), Constant normal stiffness (CNS), Shear anisotropy, Surface roughness

Ngoc Anh Do, Daniel Dias, Van Diep Dinh et al.

The amount of tunnels excavated along stratified/sedimentary rock masses in Quangninh coal mine area, Vietnam, is gradually increasing. Rock mass in Quangninh is characterized by beddings between rock layers. The behavior of stratified rock masses surrounding the tunnels depends on both the intact rock and the beddings between rock layers. The main characteristics of stratified rock masses that need to be considered are their heterogeneity and anisotropy. Depending on the dip angle of rock layers, movements and failure zones developed surrounding the tunnels can be asymmetrical over the vertical axis of tunnel. This asymmetry causes adverse behaviors of the tunnel structures. The objective of this study is to highlight convergences and yielded zones developed in rock masses surrounding noncircular tunnels in Quangninh coal mine area using a finite element method. The presence of bedding joints is explicitly simulated. The numerical results indicated that with the increase in dip angle of bedding joints, the stress asymmetry over the tunnel vertical axis increases. It gradually leads to an asymmetry of the failure zone surrounding the tunnel. An increase of rock mass quality means a decrease of rock mass sensitivity to the discontinuities. In addition, a dip angle of the bedding joints of approximately 45° could be considered as the critical angle at which the rock mass mechanism changes between sliding and bending. Keywords: Tunnel, Bedding, Stratification, Anisotropic, Heterogeneity